BDwbU

1
†hvMv‡hvM cwiwPwZ
(Introduction to Communication)

Avgiv †hLv‡bB _vwKbv †Kb, hvnvB wKQz Kwi bv †Kb, †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ i‡q‡Q Avgv‡`i AvZ¥vi AvwZ¥K
m¤úK©| †hvMv‡hvM Qvov †Kvb KvR, e¨emvq ev Ab¨ †Kvb wKQz KLbB Avgv‡`i c‡¶ Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB
e¨emvqmn me©‡¶‡Î †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg|

GB BDwb‡U i‡q‡Q †hvMv‡hvM, e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM, †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cwiwa, D‡Ïk¨, ¸iyZ¡, bxwZgvjv, dj`vqK
†hvMv‡hvM I Bnvi c~e©kZ©, †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv Ges †hvMv‡hv‡Mi evavmg~n|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

†hvMv‡hvM I e¨emvq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv, AvIZv Ges D‡Ïk¨

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -

†hvMv‡hvM I e¨emvq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi AvIZv ev cwiwa eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

welqe¯‘
†hvMv‡hvM (Communication)
mnR K_vq fve, aviYv I Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`vb ev wewbgq‡K ejv nq †hvMv‡hvM| e¨vcK A‡_© D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi
Rb¨ ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ †Kvb wel‡q fve, aviYv, gZvgZ, Z_¨, wb‡`©kbv BZ¨vw`i wewbgq‡K ejv nq
†hvMv‡hvM| †hvMv‡hvM m¤ú‡K© KÕwU msÁv Avcbvi AeMwZi Rb¨ wb‡gœ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv t
wbDg¨vb I mvgvi Gi g‡Z †hvMv‡hvM n‡”Q `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ Z_¨, fve, AwfgZ ev Av‡eM-
AbyfywZi wewbgq|
Av‡gwiKvb e¨e¯’vcbv mwgwZi g‡Z †hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z Ggb me AvPiYB Avgiv ey‡S _vwK hv †Kvb A_© ev
fv‡ei wewbgq NUvq|
KzÄ Ges DwqPwi‡Pi g‡Z †hvMv‡hvM n‡jv ‡cÖi‡Ki wbKU †_‡K cÖvc‡Ki wbKU Z_¨ ¯’vbvšÍi, †h Z_¨ Øviv
cÖvcK AeMZ n‡Z cv‡i|
myZivs g~j D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ GKR‡bi wbKU †_‡K Ab¨ R‡bi wbKU Z_¨, fve, aviYv, msev`, gZvgZ
†cÖiY cÖwµqvB n‡jv †hvMv‡hvM| †gŠwLK, wjwLZ, AvKvi-Bw½Z, †Uwj‡dvb, d¨v·, GmGgGm, †U‡j·,
wPwVcÎ, cÎ-cwÎKv, msev` BZ¨vw` †h †Kvb gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨
wbwðZKi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖvc‡Ki wbKU Zv †evaMg¨ n‡Z n‡e Ges cÖZz¨Ëi _vK‡Z n‡e|

Kvievi †hvMv‡hvM (Business Communication)

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© AskB n‡jv Kvievi †hvMv‡hvM| GKK_vq Kvievi cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ
†hvMv‡hvM‡K Kvievi †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| e¨vcK A‡_© Kvievi cwiPvjbvq Drcv`b, eÈb I G‡`i mnvqK
Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K e¨w³ I cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ fve, aviYv I Z‡_¨i
Av`vb-cÖ`vb‡K Kvievi †hvMv‡hvM ejv nq|
Kvievi †hvMv‡hvM m¤ú‡K© KwZcq ¸iyZ¡c~Y© msÁv Gevi Avgiv Rvbvi †Póv Ki‡ev -
Aa¨vcK †R. nv÷ e‡jb- myôzfv‡e Kvievi cwiPvjbv I msMV‡bi Rb¨ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ †h
†hvMv‡hvM msNwUZ nq, Zv‡K Kvievi †hvMv‡hvM e‡j|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-2
 e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM

Aa¨vcK †eªbvb e‡jb wkí I evwYR¨ msµvšÍ aviYvi cÖKvk, †cÖiY, msMÖn I cvi¯úwiK Av`vb-cÖ`vbB
n‡jv Kvievi †hvMv‡hvM|
Aa¨vcK †P÷vi AvB evb©vW e‡jb, †hvMv‡hvM n‡jv Kvievi cwiPvjbvi †K›`ª we›`y| Avi e¨e¯’vc‡Ki mKj
Kvh©B n‡jv †hvMv‡hvM †K›`ªxK|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ Kviev‡ii mKj c‡¶i e¨w³ I
cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ fve, aviYv I Z‡_¨i wewfbœ cÖKvi Av`vb-cÖ`vbB n‡jv Kvievi †hvMv‡hvM| Kviev‡ii
mvwe©K mdjZv myôz Kvievi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi DciB wbf©i K‡i|

Kvievi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ (Objectives of Business Communication)

Kvievi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv cÖwZôv‡bi j¶¨ wbwð‡Zi Rb¨ mKj c‡¶i mv‡_ Kvh©Ki I dj`vqK
†hvMv‡hvM i¶v Kiv| Kvievi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨‡K Avgiv wbgœiƒ‡c Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvwi t-
1. Z_¨, fve, aviYvi Av`vb-cÖ`vb t e¨e¯’vcbv Kvh© myôziƒ‡c cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ e¨e¯’vcbvi KvRB n‡jv
Z_¨, fve, aviYv msMÖn, wePvi-we‡kølK Ges wewbgq| mwVK mg‡q mwVK Z_¨ msMÖn I mwVK ¯’v‡b
wewbgq Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j cÖwZôv‡bi j¶¨ AR©b m¤¢e bq| Kvievi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Zv mwVKiƒ‡c
wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e|
2. wb‡`©kbv I civgk© `vb t Kvievi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Aaxb¯’‡`i wb‡`©kbv Ges mnKwg©‡`i civgk©
†`qv hvq| d‡j mwVK wb‡`©kbv I civgk© †c‡q mK‡jB hvi hvi Kvh© m¤úv`‡b Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i|
3. `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv t Kvievi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi mKj ¯Í‡ii Kwg©‡`i
`vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Kiv hvq| d‡j mK‡j mKj welq Rvb‡Z cv‡i Ges me©¯Í‡ii
m‡PZbZv e„w× cvq|
4. AskMÖnYg~jK e¨e¯’vcbvq mnvqZv t †hvMv‡hvM Qvov AskMÖnYg~jK e¨e¯’vcbv Am¤¢e| DËg
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g kªwgK I e¨e¯’vcbvi g‡a¨ we‡Øl I wØav-Ø›Ø `~i Kiv m¤¢e nq Ges AskMÖnYg~jK
e¨e¯’vcbv wbwðZ Kiv hvq|
5. wm×všÍMÖnY I ev¯Íevqb t mwVK wm×všÍMÖnY I Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi †¶‡Î †hvMv‡hvM AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©|
†Kbbv, evwn¨K wewfbœ e¨w³, cÖwZôvb Ges Af¨šÍixY wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii ÷vd‡`i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Qvov
h_vh_fv‡e mwVK wm×všÍ MÖnY Ges Zv mwVKiƒ‡c ev¯Íevqb Kiv hvq bv|
6. mgš^qmvab t e¨e¯’vcbv Kvh© myôziƒ‡c m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZôv‡b wewfbœ wefvM, Dc-wefvM Ges kvLv-
cÖkvLv _v‡K| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ myôz mgš^‡qi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvMB GKgvÎ cš’v|
7. D‡Ïk¨ I bxwZgvjv Kwg©‡`i ÁvZ Kiv‡bv t cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨ I bxwZgvjv Kwg©‡`i Rvbv‡Z nq|
G‡¶‡Î †hvMv‡hvM AwZ Avek¨K| †hvMv‡hvM Qvov Kwg©‡`i D‡Ïk¨ I bxwZgvjv Rvbv‡bv m¤¢e bq|
8. Kwg©‡`i cÖwk¶Y, ZË¡veavb I †cÖlYv cÖ`vb t Kwg©‡`i cÖwk¶Y, ZË¡veavb I †cÖlYv cÖ`vb Qvov D‡Ïk¨
AR©b wbwðZ Kiv hvq bv| wKš‘ †hvMv‡hvM Qvov cÖwk¶Y, ZË¡veavb I †cÖlYv cÖ`v‡bi K_v wPš—vB Kiv
hvq bv|
9. wkí m¤úK© Dbœqb t kªwgK-gvwj‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK©B n‡jv wkí m¤úK©| GB m¤úK© cÖwZôv I Dbœq‡bi
Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvM Acwinvh©| †hvMv‡hvM h‡Zv fvj n‡e, GB m¤úK©I Z‡Zv fv‡jv n‡q _v‡K|

BDwbU GK c„„ôv-3
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

10. cwiKíbv I wbqš¿‡Y mnvqZv t cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ ¯’vb †_‡K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Z_¨
msMÖnY Ki‡Z nq| Aciw`‡K wbqš¿Y wbwð‡Zi Rb¨I me©Î †hvMv‡hvM ivL‡Z nq| ZvB myôz cwiKíbv
cÖYqb Ges wbqš¿‡Y †hvMv‡hvM Avewk¨K|
11. ‡h †Kvb mgm¨v `ªyZ mgvavb t cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ ¯Í‡i me©`vB †Kvb bv †Kvb mgm¨v †j‡M _v‡K| G
mKj mgm¨v `ªyZ mgvav‡bi †¶‡Î †hvMv‡hvM AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRb|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K Dfq †¶‡ÎB †hvMv‡hvM
AwZ Avek¨K|

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cwiwa (Scope of Communication)

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cwiwa cÖwZôv‡bi cÖK…wZ, Kv‡Ri aviv, AvqZb, Ae¯’vb cÖf„wZi cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx ¶z`ª ev e„nr †h
†Kvb ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| wb‡gœ wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY n‡Z †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cwiwa ev AvIZv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
1. e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b †hvMv‡hvM t gvby‡li Rb¥ †_‡K g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ Rxe‡bi mKj ¯Í‡i †hvMv‡hvM ¸iyZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| e¨w³MZfv‡e evj¨Kvj n‡Z ïiy K‡i QvÎRxeb, Kg©Rxeb, ivR‰bwZK Rxeb ev
Ab¨ †h †Kvb †ckvq RwoZ _vKzK bv †Kb, Zv‡K me©mgqB †hvMv‡hvM i¶v Ki‡Z nq| GB me ¯Íi ev
mg‡q †h †hvMv‡hvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K, Gi meUvB †hvMv‡hv‡Mi AvIZvfy³|
2. ag©xq Rxe‡b †hvMv‡hvM t †hvMv‡hvM gvby‡li ag©xq Rxe‡bI m¤úK©hy³| wewfbœ ag© cÖPviKMY
‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡gB ¯^ ¯^ a‡g©i evYx Ges g~jgš¿ mªóvi wbKU n‡Z cÖvß n‡q‡Qb, Avevi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
gva¨‡gB Zv mvaviY gvby‡li wbKU cÖPvi K‡i‡Qb|
3. mvgvwRK †¶‡Î †hvMv‡hvM t gvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe Ges Zv‡K mgvRe× n‡q evm Ki‡Z nh| ZvB Zv‡K
mgv‡Ri wewfbœ e¨w³, cwievi, cÖwZôvb QvovI wewfbœ Abyôvbvw` I Kg©Kv‡Ûi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ †_‡K
me©¶Y †hvMv‡hvM i¶v K‡i Pj‡Z nq|
4. ivóªxq Rxe‡b †hvMv‡hvM t iv‡óªi wewfbœ gš¿Yvjq, wefvM, `ßi Ges cwi`߇i wewfbœgyLx Kg©KvÛ mPj
ivLvi Ges mgš^q Kivi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvM cÖ‡qvRb| ivóªxq †hvMv‡hvM `yB cÖKvi h_v t (K) Af¨šÍixY I
(L) ˆe‡`wkK| Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hvM iv‡óªi Af¨šÍ‡i mKj miKvwi Awdm I cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ n‡q
_v‡K Ges ˆe‡`wkK †hvMv‡hvM †`‡ki evB‡ii †Kvb iv‡óªi mv‡_ n‡q _v‡K| ZvB ejv hvq miKv‡ii
mKj ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ mPj ivLvi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvM AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©|
5. e¨emvq RM‡Z †hvMv‡hvM t e¨emvq †¶‡Î †hvMv‡hvM AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ges cÖwZwU cÖwZôv‡bi j¶¨ I
D‡Ïk¨ wba©viY Ges Zv ev¯Íevq‡b Drcv`b, eÈb Ges G‡`i mnvqZvKvix e¨w³ I cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_
me©mgqB †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z nq| e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM wewfbœ cÖKvi n‡Z cv‡i t-
K) Drcv`‡bi †¶‡Î t ‡Kvb cY¨ Drcv`b Ki‡Z KuvPvgvj msMÖn I KuvPvgvj gRyZ Ki‡Z nq|
gRyZK…Z KuvPvgvj I Ab¨vb¨ DcKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ Drcv`b Avi¤¢ nq| GRb¨ Drcv`b cwiKíbv,
KviLvbvi hš¿cvwZ web¨vm, Drcv`b wbqš¿Y BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mvnvh¨ wb‡Z nq|
L) eȇbi †¶‡Î t cY¨ ev †mev Drcv`‡bi ci Zv cÖK…Z †fv³vi wbKU †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z nq| Drcvw`Z
cY¨ †fv³vi Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q †`qvi j‡¶¨ weÁvcb, cÖPvi Ges eȇb mvnvh¨Kvix cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_
Pzw³ m¤úv`b BZ¨vw` me©‡¶‡Î †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb nq|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-4
 e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM

M) Drcv`b I eȇbi mnvqZvg~jK Kvh©Kjv‡c †hvMv‡hvM t Drcv`b I eȇb mnvqZvKvix

Kvh©Kjvc †hgb, e¨vsK, exgv, cwienY I ¸`vgRvZKiY cÖf„wZ †¶‡Î wbqZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mvnvh¨
wb‡Z nq| Ab¨_vq e¨emvq wVKgZ cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq bv|
6. e¨e¯’vcbvq †hvMv‡hvM t AvaywbK e¨e¯’vcbvi me‡P‡q eo nvwZqvi n‡jv †hvMv‡hvM| e¨e¯’vcbvq mKj
Kvh©µ‡gi myôz ev¯—evqb †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Dci wbf©ikxj| †hgb t-
K) cwiKíbvq t e¨e¯’vcbvi cÖ_g KvR n‡jv cwiKíbv cÖYqb| cwiKíbv cÖYq‡b wewfbœ cÖKvi DcvË
I Z_¨vw`i Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| GB me Z‡_¨i msMÖn, wePvi-we‡kølY I cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb|
L) msMVb t msMVb ej‡Z Drcv`‡bi DcKiYvw`, †hgb - f~wg, kªg, g~jab, cÖhyw³ cÖf„wZi msMÖn
Kiv‡K eySvq| Avi GUv m¤¢e nq DËg †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g|
M) wb‡`©kbvq t Drc`v‡bi DcKiYvw` †hvMvo Kivi ci D”P¯Íi †_‡K wbgœ¯Í‡i Kvh© ïiy Kivi wb‡`©k
cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Giƒc wb‡`©k cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î e¨e¯’vcbv‡K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi DciB wbf©i Ki‡Z nq|
N) mgš^q t Kv‡h©i myweav Ges `¶Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z KvR‡K Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx wef³ K‡i †`qv
nq| msMV‡bi g~j j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ Avevi G¸‡jvi msnwZ I ms‡hvR‡biI cÖ‡qvRb
nq| GB cÖwµqv‡K ejv nq mgš^q mvab| ZvB ejv hvq Kvh© wefw³ I mgš^q mva‡bi Rb¨
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi f~wgKv AZ¨vek¨K|
O) cÖ‡Yv`bvq t kªwgK Kwg©‡`i g‡bvej, B”Qv, AvMÖn, Kg©kw³ Ges DÏxcbv e„w×i GKwU †KŠkj n‡jv
cÖ‡Yv`bv| Zviv hLb KvR Ki‡Z Ki‡Z K¬všÍ, Aembœ nq ZLb Zv‡`i cÖ‡Yvw`Z Ki‡Z nq|
kªwgK-Kwg©‡`i g‡a¨ myôz cÖ‡Yv`bv cÖ`vb †hvMv‡hvM ØvivB m¤¢e|
P) wbqš¿Y t e¨e¯’vcbvi †kl cÖwµqv n‡jv wbqš¿Y| c~e© cwiKwíZ j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ nvwmj n‡”Q wK bv
Zv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvM cÖ‡qvRb| Drcv`bKvix cY¨ I †mevi gvb wVK ivLvi Rb¨
wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g wewfbœ e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| ZvB ejv hvq myôz wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ DbœZ
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi `iKvi|
7. wkí m¤úK© i¶vq †hvMv‡hvM t e¨emv‡qi gvwjK-gRy‡i †mŠnv`©¨c~Y© m¤ú‡K©i Dci AvaywbK e¨emvq
e¨e¯’vcbvq h‡_ó ¸iyZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Kv‡RB gvwjK-kªwg‡K myôz wkí m¤úK© cÖwZôv I
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©|
ZvQvov AvaywbK e¨emv‡q Rbms‡hvM wefvM, MYZ_¨ wefvM BZ¨vw` †hvMv‡hvM i¶‡Yi Rb¨ †Lvjv n‡q
_v‡K| Z_¨ msMÖn I mieivn KivB G‡`i g~j KvR|
8. evwn¨K I AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© cÖwZôvq †hvMv‡hvM t †h †Kvb e¨emvq cÖwZôvb‡K evwn¨K e¨w³, cÖwZôvb,
Z_v mieivnKvix ms¯’v, miKvwi wefvM BZ¨vw`i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq| Aciw`‡K
AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© cÖwZôvqI †hvMv‡hv‡Mi f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©| wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi mv‡_
(K‚U‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, evwYwR¨K I Z_¨ ev msev` G‡RwÝ cÖf„wZ) †hvMv‡hvM i¶v Kiv Qvov Pjv hvq
bv| G‡¶‡Î †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v hZ DbœZ n‡e, ZZB g½jRbK|

BDwbU GK c„„ôv-5
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq, wewfbœ e¨w³ I cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ fve, Z_¨, aviYvi Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨
†hvMv‡hvM msNwUZ nq| ZvB †hvMv‡hvM GKwU mve©Rbxb welq Ges Bnvi cwiwaI e¨vcK|

cvV ms‡¶c
D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Z_¨, fve, aviYvi Av`vb-cÖ`vbB n‡jv †hvMv‡hvM| Avi GKvR hLb Kvievi ev e¨emvq
cwiPjvbvi Rb¨ Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K ejv nq Kvievi †hvMv‡hvM| Kvievi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Z_¨,
fve aviYvi Av`vb-cÖ`vb, wb‡`©kbv I civgk© `vb, `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv, AskMÖnYg~jK
e¨e¯’cbvq mnvqZv, wm×všÍMÖnY I ev¯Íevqb, mgš^qmvab, D‡Ïk¨ I bxwZgvjv Kwg©‡`i ÁvZ Kiv‡bv,
Kwg©‡`i cÖwk¶Y, ZË¡veavb I †cÖlYv cÖ`vb Ges wkí m¤úK© Dbœqb| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cwiwaI e¨vcK| hvi
g‡a¨ i‡qQ e¨w³Rxe‡b †hvMv‡hvM, ag©xq †hvMv‡hvM, mvgvwRK †¶‡Î †hvMv‡hvM, ivóªxq Rxe‡b †hvMv‡hvM,
e¨emvq RM‡Z †hvMv‡hvM (Drcv`b, eÈb, Drcv`b I eȇb mnvqZvg~jK Kvh©Kjvc), e¨e¯’vcbvq
†hvMv‡hvM (cwiKíbv, msMVb, wb‡`©kbv, mgš^q, cÖ‡Yv`bv, wbqš¿Y), wkí m¤úK© i¶vq †hvMv‡hvM Ges
evwn¨K I AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© cÖwZôvq †hvMv‡hvM|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 1.1

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. e¨emvq cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ hLb fve, aviYv I Z‡_¨i Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq -
K) †hvMv‡hvM L) Z_¨ wewbgq
M) Av`vb-cÖ`vb N) e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM
2. Kvievi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv -
K) Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb L) cwiKíbv
M) msMVb N) wbqš¿Y
3. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cwiwa AZ¨šÍ -
K) msKxY© L) e¨vcK
M) ga¨g cÖK…wZi N) meKwU
4. e¨w³, mgvR, ag©xq, ivóªxq Rxebmn me©‡¶‡Î i‡q‡Q wK‡mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv?
K) Z_¨ cÖhyw³i L) †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
M) wPšÍvavivi N) meKwU|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-6
 e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM

e¨emvq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ I bxwZgvjv

(Importance and Principles of Business
Communication)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

e¨emvq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ eY©bv K‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges

e¨emvq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi bxwZgvjv eySv‡Z cvi‡eb|

welqe¯‘
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ (Importance of Communication)
gvbeRxe‡bi mKj ¯Í‡iB †hvMv‡hvM Nwbó fv‡e m¤ú„³| Rb¥ †_‡K g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ cÖwZwU gvby‡liB cÖ‡qvRb
c~i‡Yi Rb¨ †hgb †hvMv‡hvM Avek¨K, †Zgwb e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi ïiy †_‡K D‡Ï‡k¨i ¯^v_©K ev¯Íevq‡bi
Rb¨I †hvMv‡hvM cÖ‡qvRb| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ØvivB fve, Z_¨, msev`, gZvgZ, Afve-Awf‡hvM cwi‡ekb Kiv
nq| cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c/wm×všÍ †bqv nq Ges Zv h_v¯’v‡b †cuŠ‡Q †`qv nq| ZvB e¨w³Rxeb, e¨emv I
mgvR Rxeb, ag©xq Ges RvZxq Rxe‡b †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg|
wb‡gœi c‡q›U¸‡jvi Av‡jv‡K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡‡K we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t-
1. j¶¨ AR©‡b mvnvh¨
2. `¶ e¨e¯’vcbv
3. mgš^q mvab
4. wb‡`©kbv
5. ˆeÁvwbK e¨e¯’vcbvq fywgKv
6. Kwg©i `¶Zv e„w×
7. †cÖlYv I g‡bvej e„w×
8. †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb
9. Kvh© m‡š‘vwó weavb
10. cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv I mg‡SvZv e„w×
11. Z_¨vbymÜvb I M‡elYv
12. `ªyZ wm×všÍ MÖnY
13. cÖPvi BZ¨vw`|
wb‡gœ G¸‡jv we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
1. j¶¨ AR©‡b mvnvh¨ t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi g~j j‡¶¨i Av‡jv‡K wewfbœ e¨w³ I `‡ji j¶¨
m¤ú‡K© AewnZ Kiv nq Ges Zv‡`i AbycÖvwYZ Kivi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póvi Kvg¨
(optimum) wb‡qvM wbwðZ Kiv nq| d‡j j¶¨ ev D‡Ïk¨ AR©b wbwðZ nq|
2. `¶ e¨e¯’vcbv t e¨e¯’vcbv‡K `¶ Kivi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvM Avek¨K| myôz I kw³kvjx †hvMv‡hvM Qvov
e¨e¯’vcbv Kvh©vewj (h_v t cwiKíbv, msMVb, cwiPvjbv, †cÖlYv, mgš^q I wbqš¿Y) mym¤úbœ n‡Z cv‡i
bv| cÖwZwU Kv‡h©i mv_©K ev¯Íevq‡bB e¨e¯’vcbv `¶ nq Ges GRb¨ †hvMv‡hvM Acwinvh©|
3. mgš^qmvab t cÖwZôv‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi me©¯Í‡ii wb‡qvwRZ Kwg© Ges Zv`i
Kv‡h©i g‡a¨ myôz mgš^q GKvšÍ `iKvi Ges GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb kw³kvjx †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v|

BDwbU GK c„„ôv-7
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

4. wb‡`©kbv t D”P e¨e¯’vcbvi cwiKíbv, Kg©m~wP cÖf„wZ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ bvbv cÖKvi wb‡`©kbv, civgk© I
Dc‡`kvejx ga¨ I wbgœ¯Í‡ii Kwg©‡`i wbKU †cÖiY Ki‡Z nq| KviY, D”P e¨e¯’vcbvi wb‡`©k bv †c‡j
Zviv h_vh_fv‡e Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †hvMv‡hvM Qvov †Kvb wb‡`©k Ges civgk©B Dchy©³
¯’v‡b †cÖiY m¤¢e bq|
5. ‰eÁvwbK e¨e¯’vcbvq f~wgKv t ‰eÁvwbK e¨e¯’vcbvq Kwg©‡`i gvbexq w`‡Ki cÖwZ ¸iyZ¡ w`‡q _v‡K
h_v t Kwg©‡`i †cÖlYv cÖ`vb, wPË we‡bv`b, ‡Ljva~jv, wkí m¤úK© Dbœqb Ges G‡¶‡Î fyj eySveywSi
Aemvb K‡i mn‡hvwMZvi fve cÖwZóv I KviLvbvi Kvh© cwi‡e‡ki Dbœq‡bi cÖwZ h‡_ó ¸iyZ¡ †`qv nq|
G‡¶‡Î myôz †hvMv‡hv‡Mi f~wgKv me©v‡MÖ|
6. Kwg©i `¶Zv e„w× t myôz †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Kwg©iv D”P I ga¨ e¨e¯’vcbvi cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kvejx Qvov
Zv‡`i `vwqZ¡, KZ©e¨ I Zv m¤úv`‡bi DËg c×wZ I cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© c~‡e©B AewnZ n‡Z cv‡i| d‡j
Kwg©‡`i Kvh© `¶Zv, Kv‡h©i cwigvY I ¸YMZgvb e„w× cvq|
7. cÖ‡Yv`bv I g‡bvej e„w× t myôz I wbqwgZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Kwg©‡`i mv‡_ msMV‡bi m¤úK© wbweo
nq| msMV‡bi D‡Ïk¨ mva‡b Zv‡`i Kv‡h©i ¸iyZ¡ Ges Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z Zv‡`i
ˆbKU¨, AbyMZ¨, g‡bvej I cÖ‡Yv`bv e„w× cvq|
8. ‡bZ…Z¡ `vb t me‡¶‡ÎB `¶ †bZv m‡Ë¡I myôz †hvMv‡hvM Qvov †bZ…Z¡ e¨_© n‡Z eva¨| cÖwZôv‡bi †bZv
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Zvi wPšÍv-‡PZbv, a¨vb-aviYv, Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ, civgk©, wb‡`©k Aaxb¯’‡`i g‡a¨
cÖPvi K‡i cÖwZôv‡bi j¶¨ AR©b wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
9. Kvh© m‡š‘vwó weavb t myôz, `¶ I wbqwgZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Øviv Kwg©‡`i m‡e©v”P Kvh© m‡š‘vwó weavb Kiv
hvq| KviY, †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g gvwjK ev e¨e¯’vcK‡`i B”Qv, AvKv•¶v, evwÂZ Kg©, Kg© c×wZ
Kwg©iv Rvb‡Z cv‡i| d‡j gvwjK I kªwg‡Ki g‡a¨ DËg gvbweK m¤úK© M‡o D‡V| Ef‡qi m‡e©v”P
¯^v_©-msi¶Y m¤¢e nq| d‡j Kv‡h©i cÖwZ AvMÖn I AvbyMZ¨ e„w×mn Kwg©‡`i me©vwaK Kvh© m‡š‘vwó e„w×
cvq|
10. cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv I mg‡SvZv e„w× t ¯^xq g‡bi fve Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hv‡Mi e¨e¯’v
Kwg©‡`i cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv I mg‡SvZv e„w× K‡i| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Kwg©iv Zv‡`i Afve-
Awf‡hvM‡K e¨e¯’vcbv‡K Rvbv‡Z cv‡i| d‡j e¨e¯’vcbv I Kwg©‡`i m¤úK© wbweo nq| hv cÖwZôv‡bi
mvdj¨ e‡q Av‡b|
11. Z_¨ AbymÜvb I M‡elYv t cÖwZôvb‡K eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i wUK‡Z n‡j cÖwZ‡hvMx‡`i
Ae¯’vb, msL¨v, evRvi cwiwa, †µZv‡`i g‡bvfve BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq|
†hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v G mKj Z_¨ AbymÜvb, msMÖn Ges M‡elYv ev wePvi-we‡kølY K‡i e¨e¯’vcbv‡K
mwVK c`‡¶c I wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i| d‡j, cÖwZôv‡bi DbœwZi c_ myMg nq|
12. `ªyZ wm×všÍ MÖnY t AvaywbK RwUj I cwieZ©bkxj evRvi e¨e¯’vq wbZ¨ bZzb mgm¨vi m„wó nq| d‡j
e¨e¯’vcbv‡K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g welqvw` AeMZ n‡q `ªyZ wm×všÍ MÖnY Ges ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g
cwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vi †gvKv‡ejv K‡i evRv‡i wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i|
13. cÖPvi t cÖwZôv‡bi cY¨ `ª‡e¨i cÖPvi I evRvi m„wó QvovI †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v cÖwZôv‡bi mybvg cÖKv‡k
Ab¨Zg gva¨g wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| d‡j mgv‡Ri me©¯Í‡ii RbMY Z_v MÖvnK, AbyMÖvnK, c„ô‡cvlK I
m¤¢ve¨ †µZv‡`i wbKU cÖwZôv‡bi mybvg e„w× cvq|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi Kwg© I Kv‡h©i g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i, †mŠnv`©¨c~Y© wkí m¤úK©
eRvqmn Kwg©‡`i m‡e©v”P cÖ‡Póv wb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g wgZe¨wqZvi mv‡_ Kvg¨ MwZ Kvh© Ae¨vnZ †i‡L Drcv`b
I Drcv`bkxjZv e„w× QvovI eȇb me©vwaK wgZe¨wqZv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ m‡e©v”P I
mv_©K ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi f~wgKv Acwimxg|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-8
 e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM

‡hvMv‡hvM ïay Kvievi RM‡ZB bq, e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK Rxe‡bI Zv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Bnv
e¨w³‡Z-e¨w³‡Z, mgv‡R-mgv‡R, wk¶v, ms¯‹…wZ I fv‡ei Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g e¨w³, mgvR Z_v RvwZi
DrKl© I kªxe„wׇZ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q Ges djkÖywZ‡Z e¨w³, mgwó, mgvR I RvwZ w`b-w`b
mf¨Zvi Av‡jv‡K D™¢vwmZ n‡”Q|
e¨emvq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi bxwZgvjv (Principles of Business Communication)
†hvMv‡hvM‡K mwVK, evavnxb I djcÖm~ Kivi Rb¨ KZK¸‡jv bxwZ AbymiY Ki‡Z nq| wb‡gœ Av`k© ev
DËg †hvMv‡hv‡Mi bxwZgvjv¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
1. cwiKíbvi bxwZ (Principle of Planning) t Kvh©Kifv‡e †hvMv‡hvM K‡i j¶¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ c~e©
cwiKíbv AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRb| KviY, †hvMv‡hvM †Kb Kiv n‡e, KLb Kiv n‡e, Kvi mv‡_ Kiv n‡e,
wKfv‡e Kiv n‡e G cÖkœ¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K c~‡e©B cwiKíbv cÖYqb K‡i AMÖmi n‡Z n‡e|
2. ¯úóZv I mijZvi bxwZ (Principle of Clearity and Simplicity) t mv_©K †hvMv‡hvM Aek¨B my¯úó
I cÖZ¨¶ n‡e| G‡Z †Kvbiƒc A¯úóZv, ب_©‡evaKZv I RwUjZv _vK‡e bv| GUv Aek¨B mnR mij
n‡e| mnR kãvewj I fvlvi e¨envi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mvij¨ wbwðZ K‡i| MÖvn‡Ki eySvi Dc‡hvMx fvlvqB
†hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. g‡bv‡hv‡Mi bxwZ (Principle of Attention) t msev‡`i welqe¯‘ I Gi D‡Ï‡k¨i cÖwZ c~Y© g‡bv‡hvM
cÖ`vb Av`k© †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU bxwZ| evZ©vi ¯úóZv m‡Ë¡I c~Y© g‡bv‡hv‡Mi Afv‡e GUv weK…Z n‡Z
cv‡i| G bxwZ e³v Ges †kªvZv Df‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨| e³v I ‡kªvZv Ef‡qiB ˆah©¨ I g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i
†hvMv‡hvM ïb‡Z n‡e|
4. fvlv e¨envi bxwZ (Principle of Using Language) t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi fvlv n‡e AZ¨š— mnR mij
me©Rb‡eva¨| Z‡e cÖ‡qvR‡b mvs‡KwZK fvlv e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| fvlv mnR mi‡ji mv‡_
e³e¨‡K ¯úó K‡i cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©vr †hvMv‡hv‡Mi fvlv n‡e MwZkxj I ¯úó Ges mvay I
PwjZ ev AvÂwjK fvlvi wgkªY eR©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. msnwZi bxwZ (Principle of Intergrity) t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ me©`vB cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨vewji
cwic~iK n‡Z n‡e| cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨vewji mg‡SvZv I mvgÄm¨ weavb †hvMv‡hvM Kvh©Ki Kivi
†¶‡Î we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
6. AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM e¨env‡ii bxwZ (Principle of Use of Informal Organisation) t
AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM‡K ¯úó, c~Y©v½ I Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cvkv-cvwk
AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z †hvMv‡hv‡Mi djcÖm~Zv e„w× cvq|
7. HK¨ I m¤ú~Y©Zvi bxwZ (Principle of Unity and Completeness) t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwZwU
e³e¨‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I e¨vL¨v-we‡kølYmn HK¨e×, myweb¨¯Í, myk„•Lj I ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©fv‡e †cÖiY
Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z †Kvbiƒc NvUwZ _vK‡j ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi †evaMg¨Zv e¨vnZ n‡e|
8. Dfq c‡¶i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i bxwZ (Principle of Presence of Both the Parties) t †hvMv‡hv‡M Aek¨B
`yB c‡¶i Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vK‡e| hvi GK c¶ msev` †cÖiK I Aci c¶ msev` MÖvnK| msev` MÖvn‡Ki
AeZ©gv‡b †cÖi‡Ki †hvMv‡hvM msev` n‡e wbi_©K Ges e¨_©|
9. Dchy³ gva¨g e¨env‡ii bxwZ (Principle of Using Suitable Media) t Dchy³ gva¨g e¨envi
‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© bxwZ| †hvMv‡hvM evZ©v wbw`©ó gva¨g Øviv MÖvn‡Ki wbKU †cÖiY Kiv nq|
ZvB †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡b Rb¨ Dchy³ gva¨g wbe©vPb AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©|

BDwbU GK c„„ôv-9
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

10. fve wewbg‡qi bxwZ (Principle of Exchange of Ideas) t †hvMv‡hvM †¶‡Î A_© ev fve wewbgq
Kiv nq| e¨e¯’vcK Zuvi Aaxb¯’‡`i wbKU A_© ev fve wewbgq K‡i _v‡K| G‡Z AwaK †hvMv‡hvM
†_‡K ‡ewk mydj jvf Kiv m¤¢e nq|
11. MwZkxjZvi bxwZ (Principle of Dynamism) t †hvMv‡hvM n‡e MwZkxj, Ab¨_vq MwZkxj c„w_exi
mv‡_ wgj ivLv hv‡e bv| cÖ‡qvR‡b fvlv I c×wZi cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e| ‡hgb, B‡jKUªwbK WvUv
cÖ‡mwms, †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM Ges m¨v‡UjvBU †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| d‡j ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi
MwZkxjZv e„w× cv‡e|
12. mgš^‡qi bxwZ (Principle of Co-ordination) t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨Zg bxwZ n‡jv cÖwZôv‡bi
cÖ‡Z¨K wefv‡Mi mv‡_ mgwš^Zfv‡e †hvMv‡hvM i¶v Kiv| G‡Z †hvMv‡hv‡Mi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©b
mnR nq|
13. cÖ‡ivPbvi bxwZ (Principle of Persuasion) t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi g~j j¶¨ n‡jv MÖvn‡Ki wbKU e³e¨
MÖnYxq K‡i †Zvjv| ZvB †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K AZ¨šÍ †KŠk‡j evZ©vMÖvnK‡K cÖ‡ivwPZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
14. djveZ©‡bi bxwZ (Principle of Feedback) t evZ©v †cÖi‡Ki Z_¨, msev`, evZ©v MÖvnK †c‡q‡Qb
wKbv, ey‡S‡Qb wKbv Ges Gi Av‡jv‡K Zvi cÖwZwµqv wK BZ¨vw` Rvbvi Rb¨ djveZ©‡bi bxwZ AbymiY
Kiv AwZ Riyix|
†hvMv‡hvMKvix I †hvMv‡hvM MÖnxZv DwjøwLZ bxwZ¸‡jv AbymiY K‡i Zv‡`i †hvMv‡hvM Kvh©µg m¤úv`b
Ki‡j `yB c‡¶iB e¨emvwqK mvdj¨ wbwðZ n‡e|
cvV ms‡¶c
e¨emv‡q †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ A‡bK| hvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Z_¨, aviYv I fve wewbgq, cwiKíbv I wb‡`©kbv,
†mŠnv`©¨c~Y© kªg e¨e¯’vcbv m¤úK©, j¶¨ AR©‡b mnvqK, `¶ e¨e¯’vcbv, mgš^q mvab, ˆeÁvwbK e¨e¯’vcbvi
f~wgKv, Kwg©i `¶Zv e„w×, cÖ‡Yv`bv I g‡bvej e„w×, †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb, cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv I mg‡SvZv e„w×,
Z_¨ AbymÜvb I M‡elYv, `ªyZ wm×všÍ MÖnY, cÖPvi I AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© BZ¨vw`| Avevi ‡hvMv‡hvM‡K djcÖm~
Kivi Rb¨ KwZcq bxwZgvj †g‡b Pjv cÖ‡qvRb h_v t- cwiKíbv bxwZ, ¯úóZv I mijZvi bxwZ, g‡bv‡hv‡Mi
bxwZ, fvlv e¨envi bxwZ, msnwZi bxwZ, AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM e¨envi bxwZ, HK¨ I m¤ú~Y©Zvi bxwZ, Dfq
c‡¶i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i bxwZ, Dchy³ gva¨g e¨env‡ii bxwZ, fve wewbg‡qi bxwZ, MwZkxjZvi bxwZ, mgš^‡qi bxwZ,
cÖ‡ivPbvi bxwZ Ges djveZ©‡bi bxwZ|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 1.2

1. Rb¥ †_‡K g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ gvby‡li cÖwZwU †¶Î wK‡mi Dci wbf©ikxj-
K) †hvMv‡hvM L) cwiKíbv
M) msnwZ N) me¸‡jv
2. †mŠnv`©¨c~Y© kªg-e¨e¯’vcbv m¤úK© wK‡mi Dci wbf©ikxj?
K) cwiKíbv L) †hvMv‡hvM
M) `¶ e¨e¯’vcbv N) AvbyMZ¨
3. †hvMv‡hvM mwVK, evavnxb I djcÖm~ Kivi Rb¨ KwZcq wK ‡g‡b Pjv DwPZ?
K) bxwZ L) Kvh©µg
M) a¨vb-aviYv N) me¸‡jv|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-10
 e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM

dj`vqK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Acwinvh© ¸Yvejx Ges †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv (Essential

Qualities of Effective Communication and Communication
Process)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

dj`vqK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸Yvejx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

†hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges

†hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvq Acwinvh© Dcv`vb eySv‡Z cvi‡eb|

welqe¯‘
dj`vqK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Acwinvh© ¸Yvejx (Essential Qualities of Effective Communication)
Av`k© Ges Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hv‡Mi KZK¸‡jv kZ© i‡q‡Q| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mdjZv Ges Kvh©KvwiZvi Rb¨ G
kZ©¸‡jv Acwinvh©| cÖL¨vZ †hvMv‡hvM weÁvb-wekvi` ‡gixû (Merrihue), j‡iÝ (Lawrence), RR© evU©b,
nPwKk I GWIqvW© †Rvbm& , Av‡gwiKvi e¨e¯’vcbv mwgwZ Ges RvZxq †hvM‡hvM Aa¨qb mwgwZi
(American Managment Association & National Society for the Study of Communication) gZvgZ
ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i wbgœwjwLZ Dcv‡q DËg ev dj`vqK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi kZ© ev ˆewkó¨ ev ¸Yvejxi D‡jøL Kiv
n‡jv -
1. aviYvi †kªYxweb¨vm
2. D‡Ïk¨ wba©viY
3. msw¶ßZv Ges fyjÎywU gy³Zv
4. mnR Dc¯’vcbv
5. Dchy³ mgq Ges cwi‡ek
6. gva¨g wbe©vPb
7. MÖvn‡Ki wk¶v I Ávb mbv³KiY
8. ‡hvMv‡hvM cwiKíbvi c~‡e© civgk©
9. Kɯ^i wbqš¿Y
10. ‡cÖiK I cÖvc‡Ki m¤úK© cwigvc
11. cvi¯úwiK ¯^v_© msi¶Y
12. djveZ©b
13. K_v I Kv‡Ri msnwZ
14. DËg ‡kªvZvi f~wgKv
15. ‡hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi cÖ‡qvM
16. wPšÍvaviv
17. fvlv wbqš¿Y
18. e³‡e¨i ¯úóZv

BDwbU GK c„„ôv-11
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

19. cÖ‡ivPbv
20. m¤ú~Y©Z; Ges
21. mybvg m„wó I msi¶Y|

1. aviYvi †kªYxweb¨vm t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi c~‡e©B †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K Bnvi A_© ev eve m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYvR©b
Ki‡Z n‡e| AZtci AwR©Z aviYv‡K wbqggvwdK Ges myPviyiƒ‡c †kªYxweb¨vm Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. D‡Ïk¨ wba©viY t †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi c~‡e©B †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K †Kb ev Kvi mv‡_ ev wK Kv‡Ri ev wK
D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvM Kiv n‡e Zv cix¶v-wbix¶v K‡i ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi j¶¨ ev D‡Ïk¨ wba©viY
Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. msw¶ß Ges fyjÎywU gy³Zv t `xN© e³…Zv I `xN© wb‡`©kbv ev weeiY †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gvb ¶zYœ K‡i Ges
G‡Z †hvMv‡hv‡Mi g~j welqe¯‘ w¯ÍwgZ n‡q c‡o| ZvB me©`vB †hvMv‡hvM msw¶ß Ges fyjÎywU gy³
n‡e| Ab¨_vq Zv cÖvc‡Ki g‡b weiƒc cÖwZwµqv m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. mnR Dc¯’vcb t ¯úôiƒ‡c Ges mnR-mijfv‡e evZ©vMÖvn‡Ki Dc‡hvMx K‡i †hvMv‡hvM Dc¯’vcb
Ki‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z †cÖiK hv eySv‡Z Pv‡”Qb, cÖvcK ZvB eyS‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e Dc¯’vcb KL‡bv RwUj I
`y‡e©va¨ n‡e bv, n‡e mnR-mij|
5. Dchy&³ mgq Ges cwi‡ek t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î we‡kl mgq Ges cvwicvwk¦©K cwi‡e‡ki cÖwZ j¶¨
ivL‡Z n‡e| mgq I cwi‡ek g‡Zv †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j Zv j¶¨ AR©‡b e¨_© n‡e| ZvB
j¶¨ ev mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K me©`vB mgq, ˆbmwM©K I gvbweK Abyf~wZ we‡ePbv
Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. gva¨g wbe©vPb t A‡bK gva¨g e¨envi K‡i †hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq| h_v - †gŠwLK I wjwLZ, kvwãK I
kãnxb, wPwVcÎ, `~ivjvcbx, `jxq mfv, msev`cÎ, cÖPvi cÎ , n¨vÛwej BZ¨vw`| ZvB †hvMv‡hvM
¯’vc‡bi c~‡e© my`¶ †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K mew`K wePvi-we‡ePbv K‡i Dchy³ gva¨g wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
7. MÖvn‡Ki wk¶v I Ávb mbv³KiY t AZ¨šÍ weP¶YZvi mv‡_ bvg, c`gh©v`v, †hvM¨Zv, wPšÍvaviv, c~e©
BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvMMÖnxZvi wk¶v I Ávb m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi aviYv AR©b K‡i Zvi
†evaMg¨fv‡e fvlvq †hvMv‡hvM iPbv Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq AbyK‚j cÖZz¨Ëi cvIqv hv‡e bv|
8. ‡hvMv‡hvM cwiKíbvi c~‡e© civgk© t †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi c~‡e© mswkøó wel‡q LyuwUbvwU ÁvZ Ges fyjÎywU
gy³ nIqv Avek¨K| GRb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b welq m¤úwK©Z mK‡ji mv‡_ civgk© K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I
hyw³ msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e Ges ÎywU `~i Ki‡Z n‡e|
9. Kɯ^i wbqš¿Y t †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcbKv‡j †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K Zvi Kɯ^‡ii cÖwZ j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e|
Ab¨_vq Zv †kªvZvi/MÖnxZvi g‡b weiw³i D‡`&ªK Ki‡Z cv‡i|
10. ‡cÖiK I cÖvc‡Ki m¤úK© cwigvc t evZ©v †cÖiK I evZ©v cÖvc‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© wKiƒc Zv we‡ePbv K‡i
†hvMv‡hvM wjwc ev evZ©v cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z `ªyZ Ges Kvh©Ki cÖZy¨Ëi jvf Kiv hvq|
11. cvi¯úwiK ¯^v_© msi¶Y t cÖ‡Z¨‡KB ¯^xq ¯^v_© wb‡q e¨¯Í _v‡K| ZvB †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ nvwm‡ji
Rb¨ †hgb cÖvc‡Ki ¯^v_© mswkøó Ges Zvi wbKU g~j¨evb n‡Z n‡e| wVK ‡Zgwb Zv †cÖi‡Ki ¯^v_©
mswkøóI n‡Z n‡e|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-12
 e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM

12. djveZ©b t †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi ciB Zv KZUzKz mdj ev e¨_© n‡jv Zv Abyave‡bi Rb¨ djveZ©b
cÖwµqvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| MÖvnK evZ©vi A_© ev Zvrch© ey‡S‡Q wKbv, G e¨vcv‡i Zvi cÖwZwµqv Rvbv
Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM‡K Kvh©Kwi Ki‡Z djveZ©b mvnvh¨ K‡i|
13. K_v I Kv‡Ri msnwZ t †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K Zvi K_vi mv‡_ ev¯Íe Kv‡h©i msMwZ ev wgj ivL‡Z n‡e|
K_vq I Kv‡R wgj bv _vK‡j †hvMv‡hvM `ye©j Ges nvjKv n‡e| Aci w`‡K †hvMv‡hvMMÖnxZvi g‡b
exZkª× fve RvM‡e, wek¦vm n«vm cv‡e Ges fwel¨‡Zi mKj †hvMv‡hvM‡KB †m nvjKvfv‡e MÖnY
Ki‡e|
14. DËg †kªvZvi f~wgKv t †hvMv‡hvM cÖ`vbKv‡j †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K fv‡jv †kªvZvI n‡Z n‡e| wg÷vi †Wj
Kv‡Y©Mx e‡j‡Qb - hw` Avcwb RbwcÖq n‡Z Pvb, Ab¨‡`i K_v ej‡Z Drmvn w`b| ZvB †gŠwLK
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi mgq Ab¨vb¨iv wKQz ej‡Q wKbv ev ej‡Z Pv‡”Q wKbv, Zv j¶¨ K‡i †kªvZvi cÖwZwµqv
eyS‡Z n‡e Z‡eB Avkvbyiƒc mydj cvIqv hv‡e|
15. ‡hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi cÖ‡qvM t wgt j‡iÝ ewY©Z †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mvZwU ¯Í‡¤¢i g‡a¨ GwU GKwU|
evZ©v‡cÖiK, †cÖiYgva¨g, evZ©vMÖvnK, cÖZz¨Ëi BZ¨vw` cÖwµqvi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM‡K Lvc LvIqv‡Z
n‡e| Ab¨_vq †hvMv‡hvM djcÖm~ n‡e bv|
16. wPšÍvaviv ev aviYv t wPšÍv n‡ZB †hvMv‡hv‡Mi m„wó Ges DËg wPšÍv DËg †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mnvqK| ZvB
†hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi c~‡e©B †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K Gi welqe¯‘, gva¨g, fvlv, e³e¨, Dc¯’vcb fw½ Ges
cÖwµqvi wbqš¿Y BZ¨vw` e¨vcv‡i mwVKiƒ‡c wPšÍv-fvebv K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
17. fvlv wbqš¿Y t fvlv wbqš¿Y Kvh©Kwi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi c~e©kZ©| †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K fvlvi gva¨‡gB wPšÍv K‡i,
Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i Ges cÖKvk K‡i| Aci w`‡K MÖvnKI fvlvi gva¨‡g msev` MÖnY K‡i,
Abyaveb/ü`q½g K‡i Ges cÖZz¨Ëi cÖ`vb K‡i| ZvB †hvMv‡hv‡M fvlv wbqš¿‡Yi ¸iyZ¡ AZ¨vwaK|
fvlvi mvgvb¨ GKUz e¨enviMZ I Dc¯’vcbMZ cÖ‡f‡`i Rb¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi A_© e¨vcK i`-e`j n‡q
†h‡Z cv‡i|
18. e³‡e¨i ¯úôZv t MÖvn‡Ki fvlv Áv‡bi cÖwZ `„wó †i‡L Ges †Kvb cÖKvi fyj eySv-eywSi my‡hvM bv
w`‡q mnR-mij fvlvq ¯úó K‡i MÖvn‡Ki wbKU †hvMv‡hv‡Mi welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv
welqe¯‘ cwi®‹vi bv n‡j evZ©v MÖvn‡Ki wbKU †_‡K cÖZz¨Ëi Avkv Kiv Am¤¢e| GRb¨ `y‡eva©¨,
ب_©‡evaK I Kvwe¨K fvlv ¯^h‡Zœ cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
19. cÖ‡ivPbv t cÖZ¨vwkZ mydj †c‡Z n‡j †hvMv‡hv‡M cÖ‡ivPbvi Dcv`vb _vK‡Z n‡e| †hvMv‡hv‡M
cÖ‡ivPbvi Dcv`vb‡K A‡b‡K weµwqKZv ev Salesmanship e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| A‡bK mgq
†hvMv‡hvMKvix MÖvnK‡K Awff~Z Kivi Rb¨ Av‡eMcÖeY fvlv e¨envi K‡i _v‡K| G‡Z wbwðZfv‡eB
MÖvn‡Ki wbKU †_‡K cÖZz¨Ëi cvIqv hvq|
20. m¤ú~Y©Zv t ‡hvMv‡hvM‡K mv_©K Ki‡Z n‡j Bnv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Zz‡j ai‡Z n‡e| evZ©vi AvswkK Dc¯’vcb
MÖvnK‡K mwVK cÖZz¨Ëi cÖ`v‡b weiZ iv‡L|
21. mybvg cÖwZôv I msi¶Y t †hvMv‡hv‡M mvdj¨vR©‡b mybvg GKwU g~j¨evb DcKiY| GRb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K
†hvMv‡hvMKvix‡KB †hvMv‡hv‡M mybvg cÖwZôv I msi¶Y Kiv DwPZ| †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvq mybvg fve
wewbg‡q mnvqZv K‡i Ges me©`vB ü`¨Zvc~Y© mn‡hvwMZv I cÖZz¨Ëi wbwðZ K‡i| GRb¨ †hvMv‡hv‡M
mybvg cÖwZôv I msi¶Y GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© w`K|
mybvg cÖwZôv I msi¶‡Y KwZcq ¸Yvejx Av`k© Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i, h_v t -
K) mnvqK †mevi g‡bve„wË L) †mŠRb¨ cÖKvk M) Avkvev`

BDwbU GK c„„ôv-13
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

N) cÖMwZkxjZv O) Kjv-‡KŠkj cÖ‡qvM P) mZZv

Q) AKcUZv R) †mŠ›`h© S) eÜzZ¡ T) gvbeZv|
GmKj ¸Yvejx †g‡b †hvMv‡hvM Kiv n‡j Zv Aek¨B djcÖm~ I mv_©K n‡e|

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwµqv (The Communication Process)

mnR K_vq Z_¨, msev`, aviYv †cÖiY †_‡K ïiy K‡i MÖnY ch©šÍ †h cÖwµqv AbymiY Kiv nq Zv‡KB
†hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv ejv nq|
Aa¨vcK Koontz & Weihrich Gi g‡Z ‡h wbe©vwPZ P¨v‡b‡ji gva¨‡g †cÖiK Zvi msev` cÖvc‡Ki wbKU
†cÖiY K‡i Zv‡K †hvMv‡hvM cÖ‡mm e‡j (Communication Process involves the sender who
transmits a massage through a selected channel to the receiver)| Zvn‡j Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h,
†cÖiK †_‡K MÖvnK Gi wbKU Z_¨ †cuŠQvi †h MwZ c_, †mUvB n‡jv †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv| †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvq
KZ¸‡jv c`‡¶c i‡q‡Q| wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv eY©bv Kiv n‡jv t
†hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv
djveZ©b
(Feedback)

Z_¨ †cÖiY cÖvwß MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i Abyaveb cwieZ©b

wPš—v Z_¨ msMwVZ
(Transmission mvRv‡bv
(Thought) Kiv (Receiption) (Understanding) (Changing)
of Massage) (Dicoding)
(Encoding)
†cÖiK (Sender)
msev` MÖvnK

¸Re/†Mvj‡hvM
(Noise)

1. msev` †cÖiK (The Sender of the Message) t msev` †cÖi‡Ki wbKU †_‡KB †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi
DrcwË nq| msev‡`i welqwU/aviYvwU msev` †cÖi‡Ki g‡bi g‡a¨ cÖ_g D™¢e nq| wZwb
Z_¨/msev`/aviYvwU wb‡q wPšÍv K‡ib Ges Zv‡K msMwVZ K‡ib| AZtci w¯’i K‡ib Kvi wbKU Ges
wK iƒ‡c †cÖiY Ki‡eb| me©‡k‡l wZwb cÖvc‡Ki eySvi Dc‡hvMx K‡i msev`wU ˆZwi K‡ib|
2. Z_¨ †cÖi‡Y P¨v‡bj e¨envi (Use of a Channel to Transmit the Message) t Z_¨, msev`,
aviYv GKwU P¨v‡bj w`‡q †cÖiK †_‡K cÖvc‡Ki wbKU †cÖiY Kiv nq| Bnv n‡Z cv‡i wjwLZ, gy‡L-
gy‡L, †dv‡b, †gvevB‡j, ‡UwjwcÖ›Uv‡i, †UwjMÖv‡g, wUwf, †iwWI‡Z| Awdwmqvj Kvq`vqI msev`wU †cÖiY
Kiv hvq| Avevi GKB mv‡_ GKvwaK P¨v‡bjI e¨envi Kiv hvq| †Kbbv cÖwZ P¨v‡b‡jiB wKQz
†`vlÎywU Av‡Q| ZvB myweav-Amyweav we‡ePbv K‡i dj`vqK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi P¨v‡bjwU †e‡Q wb‡Z n‡e|
KviY P¨v‡bj fv‡jv bv n‡j †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© n‡q hvq|
3. msev` cÖvcK/msMÖvnK (The Receiver of the Message) t msev` cÖvcK ev MÖvnK msev` cvevi
Rb¨ me©`vB ˆZwi _v‡Kb| Zv‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡iB msev` †cÖwiZ nq| wZwb Zv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i †kv‡bb

BDwbU GK c„ôv-14
 e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM

ev wjwLZ n‡j AvMÖn mnKv‡i c‡ob| msev` cvIqv gvÎB wZwb Zv wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i mvwR‡q †bb ev
decode K‡ib| mwVK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi kZ© n‡j †cÖiK I cÖvc‡Ki wbKU msev`wU cwi®‹vi nIqv ev GKB
A_© cÖKvk Kiv| cÖK…Z Abyave‡bi c~‡e© †Kvb †hvMv‡hvMB cwic~Y© nq bv| GB Abyaveb ïay MÖvn‡Ki
bq, cÖvc‡Ki Rb¨I Avek¨K| cÖvcK‡K cy‡iv msev` Abyaveb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Zvi Av‡jv‡K wK
KiYxq Zv w¯’i ev mwVK wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| Aciw`‡K †cÖiK‡K Abyaveb Ki‡Z n‡e msev`wU
cÖvcK †c‡q‡Q Ges cÖZz¨Ëi K‡i‡Qb| GRb¨ PvB Feed back|
4. †hvMv‡hvM †Mvj‡hvM/¸Re (Noise in Communication) t †cÖiK KZ©„K msev` †cÖiY †¶‡Î A_ev
MÖvnK KZ©„K msev` MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î Noise Øviv †hvMv‡hvM AcÖZ¨vwkZfv‡e cÖfvweZ nq| ‡hgb -
K) GKwU ¸Re ev mxgve× cwi‡ek my¯úó wPšÍvavivi Dbœq‡b evav †`q;
L) mshy³ m‡›`nRbK ev AwbwðZ kã, cÖZxK ev wPý e¨env‡ii d‡j Encoding Ges Dceoding ÎywU
hy³ n‡Z cv‡i;
M) P¨v‡b‡ji MwZïb¨Zvq msev` †cÖiY evavi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- Acv‡iU‡ii AwfÁZv Kg n‡j
†Uwj‡dvb ms‡hv‡M mgm¨vi m„wó n‡e;
N) Ag‡bv‡hvwMZvi Kvi‡Y Am¤ú~Y© msev`/Z_¨ MÖnY n‡Z n‡e;
O) c~e©aviYvi Øviv Abyaveb evavcÖvß n‡Z cv‡i; Ges
P) cwieZ©‡bi m¤¢ve¨ cÖfv‡ei Kvi‡Y cÖZ¨vwkZ cwieZ©b bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
D‡jøwLZ me©‡¶‡Î mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e hv‡Z ¸Re Øviv msev` MÖnY ev †cÖi‡Y mgm¨vi m„wó bv nq|
5. djveZ©b (Feed back) t †cÖi‡Ki msev` cÖvcK †c‡q‡Qb wKbv, GKB A‡_© ey‡S‡Qb wKbv Ges
cÖZz¨Ëi K‡i‡Qb wKbv BZ¨vw` Rvbvi Rb¨ PvB djveZ©b| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi djcÖ`Zv cix¶vi Rb¨
djveZ©b AZ¨vek¨K| djveZ©b Øviv msev` msMwVZ, Z_¨ Abyaveb, Z_¨ †cÖiY, MÖnY m¤ú‡K©
cÖvc‡Ki g‡bvfve m¤ú‡K© Rvbv, eySv Ges wbwðZ nIqv hvq| Bnv Qvov djveZ©b Øviv eySv hvq cÖvcK
(e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb) wK ai‡bi c`‡¶c wb‡”Q|

†hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi Avek¨Kxq Dcv`vb (Essential Elements of Communication Process)

†hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi KZK¸‡jv Avek¨Kxq Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q, h_v t
1. Z‡_¨i Drm (Source of Information)
2. †cÖiK (Sender)
3. †cÖiY‡hvM¨ mvRv‡bv (Encoding)
4. msev` (Message)
5. gva¨g (Channel)
6. MÖvnK/cÖvcK (Receiver)
7. MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i mvRv‡bv (Decoding)
8. djveZ©b (Feedback)
9. ¸Re (Noise)

BDwbU GK c„„ôv-15
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

1. Z‡_¨i Drm (Source of Information) t Z_¨ Qvov †hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq bv| fv‡jv †hvMv‡hvM
Ki‡Z †M‡j fv‡jv Z_¨ Avek¨K| †Kvb bv †Kvb Drm †_‡K Zv msMÖn Ki‡ZB n‡e| Drm n‡Z cv‡i
e¨w³, cÖwZôvb, cwÎKv, wUwf, †iwWI cÖf„wZ| D‡jøL¨ †h, Z_¨B n‡jv †hvMv‡hvM Gi cÖ_g Dcv`vb|
Z_¨ Qvov Avgv‡`i Ae¯’vb nq AÜKv‡ii b¨vq|
2. †cÖiK (Sender) t †hvMv‡hvMKvix ev †cÖiKB msev`, aviYv I Z_¨ msMÖn K‡ib, Zv wb‡q wPš—v I
KvR K‡ib Ges †Kvb& †Kvb& e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡eb ZvI w¯’i K‡ib| †cÖi‡Ki
wbKU †_‡KB †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv ïiy nq|
3. †cÖiY‡hvM¨ mvRv‡bv (Encoding) t †hvMv‡hvMKvixi wPšÍv-‡PZbv, a¨vb-aviYv‡K cÖvc‡Ki D‡Ï‡k¨
†cÖiY‡hvM¨ K‡i mvRv‡bv nq| †hvMv‡hvM K_vq n‡j wK wK K_v ej‡j cy‡iv eySv‡bv hv‡e, †hvMv‡hvM
wjwLZ n‡j †KvbUvi ci †KvbUv Ges wKfv‡e wjLv n‡e BZ¨vw` w¯’i KivB n‡jv Encoding ev
MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i mvRv‡bv|
4. msev` (Message) t Z_¨ ev msev`B †hvMv‡hvM Gi cÖvY ev g~j welq| gy‡L ev wj‡L hv wKQz cvVv‡bv
nq, ZvB msev`| msev` Qvov †hvMv‡hvM nq bv| †hvMv‡hvM mv_©K n‡Z n‡j msev` cwic~Y© n‡Z n‡e
Ges Dc¯’vcb Ggb n‡e †hb cÖvcK mn‡RB eyS‡Z cv‡ib| Avevi msev‡`i welqwU cÖvcK I †cÖi‡Ki
wbKU Zv GKB A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© n‡e|
5. gva¨g (Channel) t cÖvc‡Ki Kv‡Q msev` †cuŠQvi c_B n‡jv gva¨g| mivmwi, †gŠwLK, †Uwj‡dvb,
†gvevBj Øviv, wjwLZfv‡e wPwV, †UwjMÖvg, †UwjwcÖ›Uvi, d¨v· Øviv, Avevi wUwf, †iwWI I cÎ-cwÎKvi
gva¨‡gI †hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq| wKš‘ cÖwZwU gva¨‡giB wKQz myweav-Amyweav i‡q‡Q| ZvB †cÖiK‡K ¯^xq
myweav g‡Zv mv_©K I dj`vqK P¨v‡bj †e‡Q ‡b‡e| P¨v‡bj h_chy³ bv n‡j †hvMv‡hvM ev msev` h‡Zv
fv‡jvB nDK Zv e¨_© n‡Z cv‡i|
6. MÖvnK (Receiver) t MÖvn‡Ki D‡Ï‡k¨B msev` †cÖiY Kiv nq| wZwb msev` MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ m`v cÖ¯‘Z
_v‡Kb| Zvi nv‡Z msev` †cuŠQv gvÎB †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv mgvß nq|
7. MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i mvRv‡bv (Decoding) t msev` cvevi ci wZwb Zv eySvi †Póv K‡ib| GRb¨
MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i, wb‡Ri K‡i, ¯^xq a¨vb-aviYvi Av‡jv‡K mvwR‡q †bb| A_©vr cy‡iv e¨vcviwU wZwb
eySvi †Póv K‡ib|
8. djveZ©b (Feedback) t M„nxZ Z_¨ cy‡iv eySvi ci wZwb wPšÍv K‡ib †cÖiK‡K wK Rvbv‡eb| Ôn¨vÕ ev
ÔbvÕ ev ms‡kvab Kivi Aby‡iva K‡i †cÖi‡Ki wbKU wZwb ¯^xq cÖwZwµqv e¨³ K‡ib, hv‡K ejv nq
djveZ©b| cÖwZwµqv Rvbv‡bvi g‡a¨ w`‡q †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv e„ËvKv‡i Ny‡i _v‡K| djveZ©b Qvov
†cÖiK eyS‡Z cv‡i bv Zvi msev` cÖvcK †c‡q‡Q wKbv, †c‡jI cÖ¯Ív‡e ivRx n‡q‡Q wKbv| ZvB mv_©K
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ djveZ©b AZ¨vek¨K|
9. ¸Re (Noise) t ¸Re ev †Mvj‡hvM n‡jv †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi A`„k¨, A¯úk©bxq, aiv †Qvqvi evB‡ii
Dcv`vb| Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †¶Î †_‡K djveZ©b MÖnY ch©šÍ me©ÎB Gi A`„k¨ wePiY| GUv Øviv †hvMv‡hvM
AcÖZ¨vwkZfv‡e cÖfvweZ nq| ZvB Z_¨ msMÖn †_‡K me©‡¶‡Î G‡K Gov‡bvi Rb¨ mRvM `„wó w`‡Z
n‡e| Ab¨_vq †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© n‡e|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-16
 e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM

†hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv mwVK, mv_©K I Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z n‡j DwjøwLZ Acwinvh© Dcv`vb¸‡jv †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e|
Ab¨_vq †hvMv‡hvM †_‡K cÖK…Z mydj cvIqv hv‡e bv|

cvV ms‡¶c
cÖK…Z D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ dj`vqK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi i‡q‡Q KwZcq ¸Yvejx, h_v- aviYvi †kªYx web¨vm,
D‡Ïk¨ wba©viY, msw¶ßZv I fyjÎywU gy³Zv, mnR Dc¯’vcb, Dchy³ mgq I cwi‡ek, gva¨g wbe©vPb,
MÖvn‡Ki wk¶v I Ávb mbv³KiY, c~e© civgk©, Kɯ^i wbqš¿Y, †cÖiK-cÖvc‡Ki m¤úK© cwigvc, cvi¯úwiK
¯^v_© msi¶Y, djveZ©b, K_v I Kv‡Ri msMwZ, DËg †kªvZvi f~wgKv, †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi cÖ‡qvM, wPšÍvaviv,
fvlv wbqš¿Y, e³‡e¨i ¯úôZv, cÖ‡ivPbv, m¤ú~Y©Zv Ges mybvg m„wó I msi¶Y| hvi gva¨‡g msev`, Z_¨,
aviYv, †cÖi‡Ki wbKU n‡Z cÖvc‡Ki wbKU †cÖiY Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv| †hvMv‡hvM
cÖwµqvi i‡q‡Q cÖavbZ 5wU avc, h_v t †cÖiK, msev`, cÖvcK, ¸Re Ges djveZ©b| †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv
dj`vqK n‡Z n‡j Bnv‡Z KZ¸‡jv Dcv`vb we`¨gvb _vK‡Z n‡e| h_v t Z‡_¨i Drm, †cÖiK, †cÖiY‡hvM¨
K‡i mvRv‡bv, msev` gva¨g, cÖvcK/MÖvnK MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i mvRv‡bv, djveZ©b Ges ¸Re|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 1.3

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. cÖK…Z D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ dj`vqK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi KwZcq wK _vKv DwPZ?
K) ¸Yvejx L) Kvh©µg
M) D‡Ïk¨ N) Z_¨
2. hvi gva¨‡g Z_¨, aviYv, msev` †cÖi‡Ki wbKU †_‡K MÖvn‡Ki wbKU †cÖiY Kiv nq, Zv‡K ejv nq ....
K) †hvMv‡hvM L) †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv
M) djveZ©b N) meKÕwU
3. †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi KwU Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q?
K) 6wU L) 7wU
M) 9wU N) 13wU

BDwbU GK c„„ôv-17
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwZeÜKZv Ges cÖwZKvi (Barriers and Overcome of

Communication)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwZeÜKZv¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges

cÖwZeÜKZv cÖwZKv‡ii cš’v Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

welqe¯‘
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi evav ev cÖwZeÜKZv (Barriers/Problems of Communication)
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi e¨_©Zv e¨e¯’vcbvi GKwU cÖavb mgm¨v| †h me Kvi‡Y †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© nq †m¸‡jv wbgœiƒc t
1. myôz cwiKíbvi Afve t mv_©K I djcÖm~ †hvMv‡hvM Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb cwiKíbv| wKš‘ e¨e¯’vcbv
memgq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î myôz cwiKíbvi ¸iyZ¡ Abyaveb K‡ib bv| d‡j †hvMv‡hvM Kvw•¶Z j¶¨
AR©b Ki‡Z e¨_© nq|
2. A¯úó AbywgwZ t †cÖwiZ Z‡_¨i g~j aviYv I e³e¨mg~n MÖvn‡Ki Kv‡Q A¯úó ev Ae¨³ _vK‡j
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ Abyave‡b e¨_© nq| d‡j †hvMv‡hvMI e¨_© nq|
3. kãv_©MZ weK…wZ t kãv_©MZ weK…wZ †Kvb c‡¶i †MvP‡i ev A‡MvP‡i n‡Z cv‡i| GgZve¯’vq cÖZz¨Ëi
GKBiƒc ev Avkvbyiƒc nq bv| d‡j G‡Z †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© nq|
4. evZ©vi `y‡e©va¨Zv t evZ©v †cÖiK I MÖvn‡Ki wbKU evZ©vi A_© †evaMgv bv n‡j †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© n‡e|
5. `ye©j kªeY, `ªyZ g~j¨vqb I Lvg-‡Lqvjxcbv t MÖvnK evZ©vi mwVK A_© g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q bv ïb‡j ev
evZ©vi g~j¨vqb bv Ki‡j ev Lvg †Lqvjx Ki‡j †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ ¯úó n‡e n‡e bv| d‡j Zv e¨_©
n‡e|
6. myôz cwi‡e‡ki Afve t evZ©v cwi‡ek‡bi mgq hw` †Lvjv‡gjv ev gy³ cwi‡ek eRvq bv _v‡K, Z‡e
†hvMv‡hvM evavMÖ¯’ n‡e, e¨_© n‡e|
7. Awek¦vm, ûgwK I fxwZ t Awek¦vm, ûgwK I fxwZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi djcÖm~Zv‡K e¨vnZ K‡i| mPivPi
D”P¯—‡ii mvgÄm¨nxb AvPi‡Y Gme AbvKvw•¶Z mgm¨vi m„wó nq|
8. gwbe‡K Lywk Ki‡Z evZ©vi weK…wZ t Aaxb¯’iv gwb‡ei AvbyK~j¨ I AbyMÖn cvevi Avkvq gwb‡ei
cQ›`gZ e³e¨ KvUQvU K‡i, Zvi K_v ejvi Xs, fvefw½, bxieZv BZ¨vw`‡K ¸iyZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i| d‡j
g~j e³e¨ Dc¯’vwcZ nq bv, evZ©vi weK…wZ nq| ZvB †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© nq|
9. gvÎvwZwi³ Z_¨ t A‡bK mgq mswkøó msev‡` gvÎvwZwi³ Z‡_¨i AšÍfy©w³i Kvi‡YI †hvMv‡hvM
e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ nq|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-18
 e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM

10. cwieZ©‡b cÖwZeÜKZv t gvbyl ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB cwieZ©b‡K, bZzb †Kvb wKQz‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z Pvq bv|
myZivs, nVvr K‡i †Kvb cwieZ©b Avm‡j †m me©kw³ w`‡q evav †`q| d‡j †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î
cÖwZeÜKZvi m„wó nq|
11. Kg©e¨¯—Zvi evav t e¨e¯’vcKMY me mgqB ¸iyZ¡c~Y© KvR wb‡q e¨¯Í _v‡Kb| d‡j Aaxb¯’iv wVKgZ
Zv‡`i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| myZivs e¨e¯’vcbvi Kg©e¨¯ÍZvi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hM e¨vnZ nq|
12. e¨e¯’vcbv ¯Í‡ii AvwaK¨ t e„n`vqZb Kvievi msMV‡b e¨e¯’vcbv ¯Í‡ii msL¨vwaK¨, `xN© †hvMv‡hvM
jvBb, RwUj jvBb ÷vd m¤úK© _v‡K| d‡j e¨e¯’vcbv I kªwgK‡`i `~iZ¡ †ewk nq, †hvMv‡hvM RwUj
nq|
13. wb‡`©kbv I `vwqZ¡ eÈb t msMVb KvVv‡gv‡Z wK fv‡e †hvMv‡hvM Kiv n‡e Zvi mwVK w`K wb‡`©kbv
Ges Aaxb¯’‡`i g‡a¨ G m¤úwK©Z KZ©„Z¡ I `vwqZ¡ myôziƒ‡c eȇbi Afv‡e ¯^v_©K I `¶ †hvMv‡hvM
¯’vc‡b evavi m„wó nq|
14. ZË¡veavb I mgš^‡qi Afve t e¨e¯’vcbK I kªwgK-Kwg©‡`i g‡a¨ myôz ZË¡veavb I mgš^‡qi Afv‡e
†hvMv‡hvM evavi m¤§yLxb nq| d‡j Zv mdj nq bv|
15. AvÂwjK I mvs‡KwZK kã e¨envi t e³v ev †kªvZviv hw` AvÂwjK fvlv ev mvs‡KwZK kã Øviv
†hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i, Z‡e AwaKvsk †¶‡Z Zv e¨_© nq| KviY, e³vi AvÂwjK ev mvs‡KwZK fvlv
nq‡Zv †kªvZviv eyS‡e bv, Avevi †kªvZv‡`i AvÂwjK fvlvI e³v Abyaveb Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| d‡j
†hvMv‡hvM e¨_© nq|
16. e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK evavmg~n t †kªvZv‡`i iywP, wk¶v, fvlvÁvb, AvPvi-AvPiY BZ¨vw`i wewfbœZvi
Kvi‡Y †hvMv‡hv‡M evavi m„wó nq| G QvovI e¨w³MZ Ø›Ø-we‡Øl, g‡bvgvwjb¨, c¶cvwZZ¡, KcUZv
BZ¨vw` †hvMv‡hv‡M myôz evavi m„wó K‡i|
17. Ab¨vb¨ evav t Dc‡iv³ evav¸‡jv QvovI Av‡iv eû ai‡bi evav †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î weNœ m„wó K‡i, h_v -
Av‡eM-Abyf~wZi cÖwZwµqv, evwn¨K cwiw¯’wZ, e³‡e¨i Awgj, mg‡qi Afve, cÖwk¶Y, †Mvjgvj ev ˆn-‰P
BZ¨vw`|

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi evav `~i/wbimb Kivi Dcvq (Means of Overcoming/Removing Barriers of

Communication)
†hvMv‡hvM hZ mnR, mij, mvewjj, cÖvYešÍ I `¶ n‡e msMV‡bi mg„w×I ZZ‡ewk e„w× cv‡e|
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi evavmg~n `~i Kivi Rb¨ e¨e¯’vcK we‡kl KZ¸‡jv †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡ib, hv wbgœiƒc t-
1. myôz cwiKíbv MÖnY t †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi c~‡e©B Gi welqe¯‘ wba©viY, Dchy³ gva¨g wbe©vPb Ges
Dc¯’vc‡bi †¶‡Î mywbw`©ó cwiKíbv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. msMVb KvVv‡gv mnRxKiY t msMVb KvVv‡gv‡Z ZË¡veavb ¯Í‡ii msL¨vwaK¨, KZ©„Z¡ I `vwq‡Z¡i
AmvgÄm¨Zv `~i K‡i G‡K mnR-mij Ki‡Z n‡e|

BDwbU GK c„„ôv-19
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

3. ‡hvMv‡hvM †KŠkj/gva¨g cÖwk¶Y t ¯^v_©K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ Kwg©‡`i‡K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Kjv-‡KŠkj, fve
wewbgq, welqe¯‘, gva¨g, Dc¯’vcb fw½, Kvh©Ki kªeY BZ¨vw` wel‡q c~‡e©B cÖwk¶Y cÖ`vb Ki‡Z
n‡e|
4. KvR †ewk, K_v Kg t †hvMv‡hv‡M eo eo Avùvjb I evMvo¤^i c~Y© K_v ej‡j Kv‡Ri †P‡q AKvRB
n‡e †ekx| KviY K_vi mv‡_ Kv‡Ri wgj bv _vK‡j †kªvZviv Av¯’v I wek¦vm nvwi‡q †d‡j| G Awek¦vm
`~i Kivi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K K_vi †P‡q KvR †ewk Ki‡Z n‡e Ges K_vq I Kv‡R wgj ivL‡Z
n‡e|
5. Kɯ^i wbqš¿Y t †hvMv‡hvMKvixi Kɯ^i kÖywZgayi n‡Z n‡e| KviY Kɯ^i wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cvi‡jB
welqe¯‘i cÖwZ †kªvZv g‡bv‡hvMx, Drmvnx I AvK…ó n‡e|
6. mwVK A½fw½ t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi evnb wn‡m‡e e³vi A½-cÖZ¨‡½i mwVK I Dchy³ mÂvjb Øviv
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi evav `~i Kiv hvq|
7. fyj aviYv cwinvi t e³‡e¨i e¨vcv‡i hw` †Kvb Awek¦vm, AjxK ev åvšÍ aviYv _v‡K Z‡e Zv e³‡e¨i
weK…wZ NUvq| GRb¨B cÖ_‡g cÖK…Z NUbv eY©bv K‡i Zv cÖPvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
8. A¯^xK…wZ cwinvi t †cÖi‡Ki B”QvgZ cÖZz¨Ëi cvIqv bv †M‡j A_ev Zv mv‡_ mv‡_ A¯^xKvi Ki‡j
MÖvn‡Ki g‡b weiƒc cÖwZwµqvi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RB AZ¨šÍ webxZfv‡e I ‡KŠk‡j †cÖiK Zv
cwinvi Ki‡e|
9. AbvbyôvwbK m¤úK© cÖwZôv t AbvbyôvwbK Dcv‡q †hgb - cvwievwiK Abyôvb, cÖxwZ‡fvR BZ¨vw`
Abyôv‡b e¨e¯’vcK Kg©Pvwi‡`i wewfbœ mgm¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i GKUv mg‡SvZvq †cuŠQ‡Z cv‡i|
d‡j †hvMv‡hvM mdj nq|
10. wbqwgZ Kwg© m‡¤§jb t wbqwgZfv‡e Kg©Pvwi‡`i m‡¤§jb AvnŸvb K‡i cvi¯úwiK gZ wewbg‡qi
gva¨‡g RwUj wel‡qI Lye mn‡R g‰Z‡K¨ †cuŠQv m¤¢e nq| KviY G ai‡Yi m‡¤§j‡b Kwg©iv ¯^vaxb I
gy³ gb wb‡q †Lvjv‡gjv Av‡jvPbv K‡i| d‡j †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mdjZv I MwZkxjZv e„w× cvq|
11. e¨e¯’vcbv Dbœqb t e¨e¯’vcbv Dbœqb mvab K‡i msMV‡bi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Dbœqb mvab Kiv m¤¢e|
we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g ¶gZv Ac©Y K‡i Kwg©‡`i `¶Zv e„w× Kiv m¤¢e|
12. Z_¨ cÖwµqvKiY t Kw¤úDUvi Ges AvaywbK Ab¨vb¨ h‡š¿i gva¨‡g Z_¨ cÖwµqvRvZ K‡i wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y
wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³‡`i g‡a¨ Zv †cÖiY Kiv hvq| d‡j †hvMv‡hv‡Mi MwZ I mdjZv e„w× cvq|
13. djveZ©b t GKgvÎ djveZ©‡bi e¨e¯’v _vK‡jB †cÖiK †hvMv‡hvMMÖnxZvi cÖwZwµqv Rvb‡Z cv‡i Ges
†m g‡Z cieZ©x c`‡¶c †bqv mnR nq|
14. fvlv ev kã e¨envi t AvÂwjK ev †UKwbK¨vj fvlv ev kã e¨envi bv K‡i †hvMv‡hvM‡K †kªvZvi
†evaMg¨ K‡i mnR, mij I cÖvÄj K‡i Zyj‡Z n‡e| Z‡eB Zv e¨_© bv n‡q mdj n‡e|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-20
 e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM

15. †hvMv‡hvM wbix¶Y t †hvMv‡hvM wbix¶Y ej‡Z †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cwjwm, †bUIqvK©, Kvh©vejx BZ¨vw`i cix¶v-
wbix¶v Kiv‡K eySvq| D‡jøL¨ †h, cÖwZôv‡bi Dbœqb I Kvh©KvwiZv eûjvs‡k †hvMv‡hvM wbix¶‡Yi DciB
wbf©ikxj|
16. Ab¨vb¨ evav t †Kv¤úvbxi D‡Ïk¨, bxwZ, c×wZ, Kvh©µg BZ¨vw`i mv‡_ cwiPq Kiv, †Mvjgvj I ˆn-‰P
`~i Kiv, MÖvn‡Ki Rxeb I RMZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv †bqv, Z_¨ fvivµvš— Ae¯’vb wbimb Kiv cÖf„wZ
c`‡¶c †hvMv‡hv‡Mi evav `~i Ki‡Z ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|

cvV ms‡¶c
myôz I dj`vqK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î A‡bK¸‡jv evav ev cÖwZeÜKZv i‡q‡Q| h_v t (1) myôz
cwiKíbvi Afve (2) A¯úó AbywgwZ (3) kãv_©MZ weK…wZ (4) evZ©vi `y‡e©va¨Zv (5) `ye©j kªeY I
`ªyZ g~j¨vqb I Lvg‡Lqvjxcbv (6) myôz cwi‡e‡ki Afve (7) Awek¦vm, ûgwK I fxwZ (8) gwbe‡K Lywk
Ki‡Z evZ©vi weK…wZ (9) gvÎvwZwi³ Z_¨ (10) cwieZ©‡b cÖwZeÜKZv (11) Kg©e¨¯ÍZvi evav (12)
e¨e¯’vcbv ¯Í‡ii AvwaK¨ (13) wb‡`©kbv I `vwqZ¡ eÈb (14) ZË¡veavb I mgš^‡qi Afve (15) AvÂwjK
I mvs‡KwZK kã e¨envi (16) e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK evavmg~n| GB cÖwZeÜKZv¸‡jvi cÖwZKvi bv n‡j
†hvMv‡hvM mdj I Kvh©Ki nq bv| cÖwZeÜKZv¸‡jv `~i Kivi Dcvq n‡jv t (1) myôz cwiKíbv MÖnY (2)
msMVb KvVv‡gv mnRxKiY (3) ‡hvMv‡hvM †KŠkj/gva¨g cÖwk¶Y (4) KvR †ewk, K_v Kg (5) Kɯ^i
wbqš¿Y (6) mwVK A½fw½ (7) fyj aviYv cwinvi (8) A¯^xK…wZ cwinvi (9) AbvbyôvwbK m¤úK© cÖwZôv
(10) wbqwgZ Kwg© m‡¤§jb (11) e¨e¯’vcbv Dbœqb (12) Z_¨ cÖwµqvKiY (13) djveZ©b (14) fvlv ev
kã e¨envi (15) ‡hvMv‡hvM wbix¶Y BZ¨vw`|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 1.4

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. myôz I dj`vqK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î A‡bK¸‡jv wK i‡q‡Q?
K) cÖwZeÜKZv L) bxwZ
M) D‡Ïk¨ N) j¶¨
2. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb cÖwZeÜKZv n‡jv --
K) myôz cwiKíbvi Afve L) Kg©e¨¯—Zvi evav
M) `ye©j kªeY N) cwieZ©b cÖwZeÜKZv
3. wK `~i bv n‡j †hvMv‡hvM djcÖm~ nq bv?
K) cÖwZeÜKZv L) e¨_©Zv
M) A¯úóZv N) me¸‡jv
4. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwZeÜKZv `~i Kivi cÖavb cš’vB n‡jv-
K) msMVb mnR Kiv L) Kɯ^i wbqš¿Y
M) Z_¨ cÖwµqvKiY N) myôz cwiKíbv MÖnY|

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weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
msw¶ß cÖkœvejx
1| †hvMv‡hvM I e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM wK?
2| †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi wPÎwU AsKb Kiyb|
3| dj`vq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸Yvejx wK wK?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœvejx
1| Kvievix †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cwiwa I D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv eY©bv Kiyb|
2| e¨emvq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ eY©bv Kiyb|
3| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwZeÜKZv Ges cÖwZKvi¸‡jv Av‡jvPbvq Kiyb|

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.1 t 1| L 2| K 3| L 4| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.2 t 1| K 2| L 3| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.3 t 1| K 2| L 3| 5wU
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.4 t 1| 2| 3| 4|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-22