STARCH-BASED BIOPLASTIC BAGS AS ALTERNATIVE FOR

COMMON PETROCHEMICAL PLASTIC BAGS

A research paper presented to the

Faculty of Tanauan City College-
Senior High School

In partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the subject
Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion/Capstone Project

By:
Libang, Cholo D.
Liwanag, Lyden O.
Terrible, John Harold B.

June 2021

i
 APPROVAL SHEET

This research paper entitled, “STARCH-BASED BIOPLASTIC BAGS

AS ALTERNATIVE FOR COMMON PETROCHEMICAL PLASTIC
BAGS,” prepared and submitted by Cholo D. Libang, Lyden O. Liwanag, and
John Harold B. Terrible in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject,
Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion/Capstone Project, has been examined and
is recommended for Oral Examination.

VIA YSABEL M. MANACOP KEVIN L. GARCIA, LPT

Adviser Adviser

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with the grade of __________.

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

ROJANE F. BERNAS
Chairman

MARRY QUEENIE M. GONZALES, LPT SHARA MAY J. LOGAN, MAEd, LPT

Member Member

Date of Oral Examination: June 17, 2021

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

subject, Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion/Capstone Project.

JASCELYNN N. OLIMPIADA, LPT

SHS Principal

ii
 ABSTRACT

Title : Starch-Based Bioplastic Bags As Alternative For

Common Petrochemical Plastic Bags

Researchers : Cholo D. Libang

: Lyden O. Liwanag

: John Harold B. Terrible

Grade & : 12 STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and

Section Mathematics) Fortitude

School : Tanauan City College

Adviser : Via Ysabel M. Manacop

: Kevin L.Garcia, LPT

The world where humans live is full of resources that support life. It is very

complex as it seems to be because every raw material that can be found in every

direction can make another substance that will provide convenience to people.

And now that civilization is becoming better, advancements in technology and

industrial processing played a significant role in transforming the world.

Petrochemical plastic is usually created from synthetic chemicals which are

derived from fossil fuels. Due to its convenient properties, it does not lose its trend

on the market. However, these resources that manufacturing companies

continually use are depleting rapidly. Just like fossil fuels, which took millions of

years to form, the uncontrollable consummation of these substances will leave

iii
nothing to the next generation which is why it is needed to find an alternative

solution.

Bioplastics give new hope of helping this problem to be solved. These do

not need any chemicals but they can be created within pure renewable materials.

This type of plastic won’t just benefit people with their daily lives but most

importantly, the environment. The researchers used starch as its main component

to produce a bioplastic enough to be an alternative to petrochemical plastics.

Moreover, the general objective of this study is to address the need to find

an alternative way on lessening waste pollution prevailing all over the world by

introducing these types of products. This also aims to promote environment-

friendly substances to the market and to lessen the consummation of non-

renewable materials.

Results revealed that starch is feasible being the main component of a

bioplastic. Moreover, it was found that there are properties that meet the standard

and can be an alternative plastic bag than petrochemical plastic bags.

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers wish to express with sincerity their profound appreciation

and gratitude to the following people who have in one way or another offered their

hands to support the researchers for the accomplishment of this study.

To Ms. Via Ysabel M. Manacop, their adviser, for the invaluable time,

effort, knowledge, and support for the completion of this work;

To Mr. Kevin L. Garcia, LPT, their instructor, for giving insights and ideas

for the betterment of this study;

To the panelists, Mr. Rojane F. Bernas, Ms. Marry Queenie M. Gonzales,

LPT, Mrs. Shara May J. Logan, MAEd, LPT, for giving us significant ideas,

suggestions, and recommendations to further strengthen our study;

To the researchers’ families who support and love them unconditionally

while they are in the process of creating this piece of work;

Above all, the Almighty God, for giving them great wisdom, good health,

faith, and determination to finish this study.

Their sincerest and utmost gratitude is offered. They are every piece of this

research endeavor.

The Researchers

v
 DEDICATION

This research is lovingly dedicated to our parents who have been

our constant source of inspiration. They have given us the drive

and discipline to tackle this task with enthusiasm and

determination. Without their love and

support, this project would

not have been made

possible.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………… i

APPROVAL SHEET ………………………………………………… ii

ABSTRACT ………………………………………………… iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………… v

DEDICATION ………………………………………………… vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………… vii

LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………… ix

Chapter

1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction ………………………………………………………………...1

Statement of the Problem …………………………………………………..4

Hypotheses …………………………………………………………………4

Significance of the Study …………………………………………………..5

Scope and Limitation ………………………………………………………6

Definition of Terms ………………………………………………………..6

2. A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Conceptual Literature ……………………………………………………...8

Conceptual Framework …………………………………………………...13

Research Literature ……………………………………………………….14

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 Synthesis ………………………………………………………………….19

3. METHODOLOGY

Research Design ………………………………………………………….21

Data Gathering Procedure ………………………………………………...21

Materials ………………………………………………………………….22

Procedure …………………………………………………………………23

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ………………………………………...34

5. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings …………………………………………………….42

Conclusions ……………………………………………………………….43

Recommendations ………………………………………………………...44

BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………….46

CURRICULUM VITAE ………………………………………………..49

viii
 LIST OF TABLES

Tabl Page

1 Materials and Ingredients with Their Respective Quantities ……………22

2.1 Main Component and Supporting Ingredients in Making Petrochemical

Plastic Bag and Bioplastic Bag ………………………………………….35

2.2 Results of the Durability Test for Petrochemical Plastic Bag

and Bioplastic Bag ………………………………………………………36

2.3 Results of the Degradability Test for Petrochemical Plastic Bag

and Bioplastic Bag ………………………………………………………37

2.4 Results of the Texture Test for Petrochemical Plastic Bag

and Bioplastic Bag ………………………………………………………38

2.5 Results of the Weight Test for Petrochemical Plastic Bag

and Bioplastic Bag ………………………………………………………39

2.6 Results of the Tensile Strength Test for Petrochemical Plastic Bag
and Bioplastic Bag ………………………………………………………40

ix
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

The world where humans live has been an amazing habitat. It provides all

of the beings’ needs and makes them survive. Even from the beginning of human

civilization, this world served as a fortress for progress and development. The

planet has been giving its ‘ecosystem services’ which refers to food, water,

medicine, materials for shelter, and also includes natural cycles such as climate

and nutrients. And now, with the rising of technology and modernization and with

the help of the inhabitants’ brilliant minds, the world has been progressing rapidly

and tries to achieve its better state. But, it doesn’t change the fact that humans still

rely on the world.

The complexity of this planet also gave flexibility in different aspects. One

of these is the natural resources that people have been using throughout time.

Many different substances, materials, and tools can be created from all the things

that can be extracted out of the natural environment. These things that can be seen

in the environment that are known to be existing from the time that humans

civilized the planet can be considered as natural resources. They have also made a

list of products and services that can be made out of natural products such as trees

that can be used to make paper, furniture, and fuel; cotton for clothing; iron ore for

1
steel products and so much more. These examples support why the planet is very

complex.

However, not all of these are unlimited. Most of them are non-renewable

which means that they can be consumed and if so, will not be available in the

future and cannot be created and retrieved anymore. One of these is fossil fuels

which include oil, natural gas, and coal. These were formed within the Earth from

dead plants and animals over millions of years. These types of resources, however,

can also be dependable in some cases. One example of these is the trees. If all the

trees will be depleted on the Earth’s surface, with deforestation all over the globe

and no actions like reforestation, then they will be extinct and will also not be

retrieved anymore.

Petrochemicals are divided into three groups namely olefins, ethylene, and

butadiene. However, plastics are commonly derived from ethylene. Common

plastics are made from polyethylene which is derived from petrochemicals. These

plastics are handy for carrying things. However, they have been causing immense

effects on the environment. Plastics take decades before decomposing which

means that landfills will be caught up by these substances and will fill them up.

Also, plastics that are perished under the sunlight release toxic substances to the

soil, and if were burned will release toxic pollutants to the air. These might lead to

serious effects not just on a community but on the whole world. Also, because

plastics take too much time before decomposing, those which are not properly

2
littered are blocking canals and drainage systems causing floods. These immense

effects could have been prevented if all of the people were being responsible for

their duties as inhabitants of this planet. Proper waste management and

segregation might have helped to prevent these effects and so that humans

wouldn’t suffer. The good thing is that communities are now being responsible

and starting to make a change. Cities have made ordinances to make sure that

these kinds of plastics will get rid of.

However, the use of these kinds of containers for holding up things cannot

be prevented. Some use paper bags because they say that it is more eco-friendly.

But, these papers which are commonly made from trees are like making things

worse. This method needs to cut more trees to make several more paper bags,

which is not a good thing either.

For all of these reasons, the researchers came up with the study of

bioplastics. Bioplastic bags are an alternative to those kinds of containers. These

kinds of plastic use renewable resources which is beneficial to the remaining non-

renewable resources. It can carry things that typical petrochemical plastic and

paper bags can handle. This eco-friendly type of plastic will help not just only the

environment but also the people.

3
Statement of the Problem

This study aims to identify the effectiveness of bioplastic bags as an

alternative to petrochemical plastic bags. Specifically, it seeks answers for the

following:

1. Is it feasible to produce bioplastic bags based on starch as an alternative for

petrochemical plastic bags?

2. Is there a significant difference between the properties of petrochemical

plastic bags and bioplastic bags in terms of:

a. Main Component

b. Durability

c. Degradability

d. Texture

e. Weight

f. Tensile Strength

3. Can the bioplastic bags produced from starch be an alternative plastic bag if

used?

4. Based on the results, what recommendations can be proposed to the

beneficiaries?

Hypotheses

H1: It is feasible to produce bioplastic bags as an alternative for

petrochemical plastic bags.

4
 H2: There is a significant difference between the characteristics of

petrochemical plastic bags and bioplastic bags in terms of the main component,

durability, degradability, texture, weight, and tensile strength.

H3: The bioplastic bags from starch are effective as a substitute for

petrochemical plastic bags.

Significance of the Study

The researchers deem that the following will benefit from the result of the

study:

To the Government. This study will give them the idea of considering

bioplastic bags when it comes to the primary bag to be utilized by the consumers

in their everyday lives by making policies and regulations upon using these

To the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).

This will serve as another notice for the Department that the crisis on waste

management and disposal is getting worse unless solutions and eco-friendly

products will be introduced to people.

To the Companies. This will enlighten companies, specifically those who

produce plastic products, to refrain from making synthetic products but instead

with these renewable and eco-friendly substances that will help greatly to the

environment.

To the Community. This will serve as an instrument for them to be aware

of the prevailing global issues about plastics and will encourage them to be ones

5
who will give concern and take care of the environment by using these kinds of

products.

Future Researchers. This would be a venue for more possible researchers

in conducting further studies about bioplastics and other alternatives for

petrochemical plastics.

Scope and Limitation

The main purpose of this study is to find the effectiveness of bioplastic bags

as an alternative to petrochemical plastic bags. This is also limited upon studying

certain properties between petrochemical plastic bags and bioplastic bags. This

will be a huge advance in helping the environment to fight and managing waste

pollution. This research was conducted by the Grade 12 STEM students of

Tanauan City College.

Definition of Terms

For a clearer understanding of the study, the following terms are

conceptually and operationally defined.

Alternative – one of two or more available possibilities.

Bioplastic – is a type of plastic made from renewable resources or materials.

Degradability – the ability to break down, decompose, or deteriorate chemically.

Durability – the ability to withstand wear, pressure, or damage.

6
Fossil Fuels – are materials that were formed beneath the Earth. These include oil,

coal, and natural gas. These were created from dead plants and animals originating

millions of years ago – hence was termed as fossils.

Non-Renewable Resources – are resources that cannot be readily replaced by

natural means. It takes time to create these materials and they cannot be retrieved

quickly once consumed.

Petrochemicals – are a set of chemical compounds that fuel a wide array of

products across the globe. They are made of hydrocarbons that are separated and

extracted from petroleum and natural gas.

Polyethylene – is a lightweight, durable thermoplastic with a variable crystalline

structure. It is the most commonly used plastic all over the world.

Renewable Resources – are resources that will naturally replenish to replace the

portion depleted by usage and consumption.

Starch – is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined

by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by most green plants for

energy storage.

Tensile Strength – the resistance of a material to breaking under tension.

Texture – the feel, appearance, or consistency of a surface or a substance.

Weight – a substance’s relative mass or the quantity of matter contained by it; the

heaviness of a thing.

7
 Chapter 2

A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

In this chapter, the research described the facet of the main problem, its

current situation, and its variable through related literature and studies sourced

mainly in books, journals, the internet, and other studies. All sources have

provided the researchers with further understanding vital in establishing the

framework and methodology for this study. The review focuses on the factors

included in the further understanding of bioplastics. This chapter also includes the

conceptual framework of the study and the research paradigm.

Conceptual Literature

The world is currently being filled with toxic wastes and different kinds of

pollutions start to dominate. Smoke in the air caused by vehicles, waste chemicals

being dumped into bodies of water, and trashes all over the land are one of the

major problems that the world is facing. Yet, scientists and researchers are finding

answers to these to stop the global catastrophe that is about to happen.

Speight (2020) described petrochemicals as a chemical product produced

from crude oil while some are formed through chemical compounds found in

fossil fuels such as coal. He categorized petrochemicals into three which are: (1)

olefin derivatives composed of ethylene and propylene used for industrial

chemicals and plastic products and butadiene for synthetic rubbers; (2) aromatic

chemicals composed of benzene, toluene, and xylene isomers used in producing

8
synthetic detergents, polyurethanes, plastic and synthetic fibers; (3) synthesis gas

composed of carbon monoxide and ammonia which are further derived to produce

synthetic substances.

In the past few decades, petrochemicals have made a significant role in

society (CPV Manufacturing, 2018). It is believed that the media were just

blinding people with its negative effects. However, a report by the American

Petroleum Institute as cited from their article says that the industry exports in 2011

provided the United States with about $111 billion. Also, it supports about $1

trillion to the economy which is 7.3% of the country’s gross domestic product

(GDP).

However, as manifested by many, harmful effects are being dispersed

around the globe. Sharma, et al. (2017) stated that petrochemical industries played

a huge part in the economy, but the concern for environmental issues brought by

this industry shall be prioritized. Unsafe emissions of chemicals might be caused

by improper production processes, poor maintenance practices, and internal

operational process problems. It has been discovered that it takes 10-20 years for

normal plastics to decompose and some reach for up to 450-1000 years, depending

on the composition. They’ve also discussed its effects on health like acute and

chronic health diseases like ulcer, allergy, cancer, and liver and kidney problems.

That is why an immediate solution is needed to endure that no further problems

will arise regarding this issue.

9
 On another topic, bioplastics are eyed to be one of the solutions for this

problem. The different properties of this substance which petrochemicals don’t

have provide an advantage for its utility. It is now a spot of different researches

and many have already given results and assumptions about this topic. Starch, also

known as amylum, is one of the most common ingredients upon making this

substance. According to Egharevba (2019), it is an important versatile material and

food product used globally in many industrial sectors like food, health, textile,

chemical, and engineering. In the past few years, it was known to have just a

limited amount of functionality, but the advancements in biotechnology and

chemical technology led scientists to a wide range of modifications of starch for

different uses.

Moreover, Cornejo-Ramirez, et al. (2018) added additional information

about starch stating that it is composed of amylose and amylopectin, hence the

nickname amylum, and deposited as granules of different sizes and shapes.

Surface pores, channels, and larger surface areas are properties of smaller starch

granules that enhance water uptake. High hydration adds up to the swelling,

viscosity, and gelatinization ability of these granules.

In an article published by Green Dot Bioplastics (2021), they stated that

starch can be used to minimize the carbon footprint of traditional resins for they

can replace petroleum-based polymers with natural ones. Also, it is highly

10
degradable meaning it can be used alongside a compostable polymer without

interfering with the degradation process.

Moving on to the general topic, Gibbens (2018) said that bioplastic refers to

plastic made from plants or other biological material instead of petroleum. It is

also often called bio-based plastic. There are two types of bioplastic: polylactic

acids (PLAs) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). Polylactic acids (PLAs) are

made by extracting sugar from plants like corn and sugarcane.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are microorganisms. PLA plastic is widely used

for different products including food packaging while PHA is utilized in medical

devices like sutures and cardiovascular patches. PLA happens to be the cheapest

source of bioplastic because it comes from the same industrial facilities making

products like ethanol. It’s also the most common type and used in plastic bottles,

utensils, and textiles.

Blackwood (2016) stated that bioplastics are plastics that are bio-based

meaning they break down in a natural process and takes much less time upon

decomposing. There are durable bioplastics made from sugar cane and some

biodegradable plastics derived from non-renewable resources. Bio-based means

that a percentage of the carbon found in plastic comes from a renewable resource.

Resources used to make bio-based bioplastics are called feedstocks including corn,

sugar cane, castor beans, sawdust, and even algae. Biodegradable means that

bioplastics break down completely through a natural process within a short period

11
into elements found in nature. Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, and

larger creatures like earthworms, eat the plastics for food, converting them into

carbon dioxide, methane, and water.

In addition, Gisagara (2016) defined biodegradable as a substance that will

be consumed completely with the assistance of microorganisms such as bacteria or

fungi. When biodegradable plastic (bioplastics) is disposed of, it will be broken

down into biomass, carbon dioxide, and water, if in an oxygen-rich environment,

or methane, if in an oxygen-poor environment. There are different methods to

make biodegrade materials, such as marine degradation, soil degradation, or

home/industrial composting.

Alankar (2020) also published an article with IUPAC saying that a bio-

based polymer is derived from biomass or issued from monomers and can be

shaped by flow. Bioplastic research is on a high trend due to the visible effects of

manufactured plastics on the environment. Petroleum-based plastic is non-

degradable as well as no recyclable. Increasing uses of plastic also fill up trash not

only in landfills but also in oceans. Many aquatic organisms die every year due to

plastic wastes. Contaminated soil effects show on crop productivity. Bioplastic

studies try to solve this phenomenon. Bioplastic is degradable and environment-

friendly plastic. Bioplastic first tries to replace one-time useable, short periods

using plastic such as packaging, containers, begs, bottle, pots, crockery, cutlery,

bowls, and straws.

12
 An article made by Narancic, et. al. (2020) concluded that plastic is

traditionally derived from petrochemicals that have a growing demand for

production. On the other hand, plastic using renewable resources, or also known as

bioplastic, is one of the alternatives to its petrochemical-derived counterparts. All

bioplastics are produced by a natural resource but not all are biodegradable. The

biodegradable bioplastic is found in the variation in biodegradation rates and

routes.

Conceptual Framework

To arrive at a clearer understanding of the study, the researchers made use

of the IPO model. The flow of the study is shown through the use of the

succeeding figure whose first box is the input, the second one is the process, and

the last one is the output.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Durability Test

Degradability Test
Starch-Based Bioplastic Results for Different
Bag Texture Test Property Test
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Common Weight Test Findings, Conclusions,
Petrochemical Plastic Figure 1 and Recommendations
Bag Tensile Strength Test

Observations

Research Paradigm

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 The first box deals with the input of the study which is composed of the

main variables of the study composed of starch-based bioplastic bags and common

petrochemical plastic bags. These will be undergone through a systematic process.

A directional arrow leads to the second box which presents the process of

the study. Procedure and method were taken by the researchers including the steps

on how to make the tests for the different properties on both samples.

A directional arrow leads to the third box which is the study’s output. The

result of the taken process will lead to the results of the different tests, a summary

of findings, conclusions, and recommendations.

Research Literature

The following related studies were gathered to give further information and

significant insights made by the earlier researchers. They can give more meaning

and elaboration to the study discussing bioplastics as an alternative for

petrochemical plastics.

A study made by Barrett (2019) published that bioplastic is created using

the components called pectin and carrageenan which are derived from mango

peels and seaweeds. Moreover, it is not only a bioplastic that they can make in

mango peels and seaweeds, but they can also create a tissue scaffold that protects

the burned area of the skin or stop local bleeding. Bioplastic is unique because it

doesn’t disintegrate into microplastic that could harm the environment. It breaks

down on water without releasing harmful chemicals.

14
 Meanwhile, because the word ‘bioplastics’ contains the ‘bio’, it must be

made by organic materials, unlike non-renewable fossil fuels. From the study

made by Saharan and Sharma (2012), bioplastic can be defined as plastic made of

biomass such as corn and sugarcane. The substance will be increasingly

highlighted for saving fossil fuels by reducing CO2 emission and plastic waste.

Bioplastic has been publicized in society and the demand for packing will be

rapidly increasing among the retailers and the food industry on a large scale.

Additionally, Ashter (2016) studied that bioplastics are made wholly or

apart from renewable biomass sources such as sugarcane and corn or microbe such

as yeast. Some of them are biodegradable or even compostable under the right

circumstances. They are also made from naturally breaking down sources that

limit the use of fossil fuels. Therefore, bioplastic is sustainable, largely

biodegradable, and biocompatible.

On the other hand, according to the Journal of Fundamentals of Renewable

Energy and Applications (2020), bioplastics are plastic materials produced from

renewable biomass sources such as vegetable fats and oils, corn starch, recycled

food waste, and the like. They can also be made from microorganisms derived

from agricultural by-products. Not all bioplastic is biodegradable nor biodegrades

more readily than commodity fossil-fuel-derived plastic.

Now, bioplastics are already known to give benefits not only to their users

but also to the environment. A study conducted by Maulida, et. al. (2016) stated

15
that biodegradable polymers or bioplastics are eco-friendlier to the environment

than conventional plastics which is one of the problems that we have. Starch is a

biodegradable polymer or bioplastic that becomes a reasonable material to at least

lessen the problem of conventional plastic. Therefore, the production of bioplastics

is one of the breakthrough innovations to solve the environmental issues of

conventional plastic by using renewable and degradable natural resources and to

provide a more cost-effective bioplastic.

Shamsuddin (2017) also said that plastic is used mostly in everyday life and

routine by holding packing materials in bottles, cellphones, printers, etc.

Nowadays, people are aware of the effect of petrochemical-derived plastic in the

environment. They find an eco-friendly and alternative plastic and the eco-friendly

alternative is a bioplastic, which is disposed of actions of microorganism. The

degradation of biodegradable plastic gives rise to carbon dioxide, methane, water,

biomass, and various natural substances which can be readily eliminated.

The study made by Saraswat, et al. (2018) also concluded that the

environment has improper waste disposal and one of the alternative ways to at

least improve the waste disposal is to use the bioplastic made from starch.

Bioplastic is environment-friendly and biodegradable that provides an effective

way to replace conventional plastic.

The study of Marichelvam, et. al. (2019) also showed that the percentage of

plastic in municipal solid waste continues to grow rapidly. Hazardous chemicals

16
are formed when dumped plastic wastes interact with water. By then, the quality of

drinking water may also be affected. Efforts are currently taken to reduce the use

of synthetic plastic and to promote bioplastic. The development of bioplastic is

assumed to reduce fossil fuel usage and plastic waste as well as carbon dioxide

emissions. At present, bioplastic signifies approximately one percent of almost

300 million tons of plastic formed once a year. Bioplastic may be openly taken out

from natural resources like lignin, proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides (e.g.,

starch, chitin, and cellulose).

Moreover, according to Selvamurugan and Pramasivam (2019),

manufacturing bioplastics has the potential to reduce the dependence of the world

on petrochemical-based substances and will help largely on environmental-related

problems. The expansion and development of bioplastic and their products would

lead to an increase in the sustainability of the environment and a reduction in the

emission of greenhouse gases. This will also be the key and a long-term solution

to the continually arising effects of petrochemical plastics. However, public

awareness plays an important role in resolving this issue.

Additionally, bioplastic has advantages and disadvantages. The advantage

of bioplastic products is that they are produced from renewable resources rather

than fossil resources. The use of renewable resources would contribute to a

reduction of greenhouse gases emission through a reduced carbon footprint.

However, they are also having a disadvantage that needs to be taken into account.

17
The uncontrolled and improper disposal of bioplastic wastes also contributing to

the problems like littering, soil and water pollution. Bioplastic waste littering can

also be harmful to wildlife. The disposal of bioplastics wastes into a landfill may

contribute to waste pollution.

Meanwhile, according to Goswami (2014), bioplastic has an advantage over

petroleum-based plastic. The difference of bioplastics apart from petroleum-based

plastic is the process used to make it can also be reversed when the plastic finds its

way into a compost heap. The microorganisms found in compost consume the

bioplastic then break it down into humus, a nutrient-packed, soil-like substance

that acts as natural plant food. Carbon dioxide and water will become waste

products.

Additionally, according to Chen (2014), bioplastic has an advantage in

terms of the potential of a much lower carbon footprint. It should be pointed out

that the carbon footprint of the bioplastic is crucially dependent on the plastic

permanently store and also reduces the litter and improved the compostability

from using the biodegradable bioplastic. Bioplastic is growing rapidly because of

its advantages. Also, it can provide excellent degradability and helping the world

deal with the increasing problems of litter.

In another context, Abdullah, et al. (2018) conducted a study wherein they

tested different properties of fabrication and characterization of sweet potato

starch-based bioplastics plasticized with glycerol. They executed the study by

18
extracting different amounts of starch from sweet potatoes and mixing it with

glycerol to test for the different characteristics. They included the properties like

physical and mechanical properties, tensile strength and elongation, and relative

hydrophobicity. They have concluded that the bioplastic with the highest sweet

potato starch: glycerol ratio showed the most excellent results in the study.

The reviewed pieces of literature and studies stated above have

significantly provided background to the topic. The researchers have also relied

upon these in their studies for support.

Synthesis

Bioplastics are indeed a trend when it comes to research. Several scholarly

articles and researches have already been made on this topic. However, rooms for

further discovery can still be found.

The study of Selvamurugan and Pramasivam (2019) is almost similar to

what the current researchers are studying for the study which is to find out whether

bioplastics can be used as an alternative for common petrochemical plastics and

the testing of different properties.

The studies of Saharan and Sharma (2012), Maulida, et al. (2016),

Shamsuddin (2017), and Saraswat, et al. (2018) is similar to the purpose of the

current study which is to find a better alternative for common petrochemical

plastics and how to help the world to get rid of waste pollution.

19
 Abdullah, et al. (2018) are similar to the current study in terms of testing

different properties. However, different grounds are used between the two studies.

Ashter (2016) is similar to the study in terms of testing the property of

bioplastics for degradability which examines if they are decomposing faster than

common petrochemical plastics.

The studies of Goswami (2014) and Chen (2014) are similar to the current

study in terms of stating the advantages of bioplastics with petrochemical ones.

The study of Marichelvam, et al. (2019) and the Journal of Fundamentals of

Renewable Energy and Applications (2020) are similar to the study in terms of

using starch as the main component of making bioplastic.

On the other hand, Barrett (2019) uses other substances aside from starch in

making the product.

The similarities and differences of the study to the stated literature above

provided additional information and evidence to the researchers upon making the

study.

20
 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, the data gathering procedure, and

all the necessary processes and materials that are needed in making this research.

Research Design

This study made use of the descriptive-comparative method of research. In

this method, the investigator considers two variables that are not manipulated and

establishes a formal procedure to conclude that one is better than the other.

According to Cantrell (2011), a descriptive-comparative research design can be

also called casual comparative research and pre-experimental research. One of the

basic objectives of this design is to determine the relationship between variables.

The most important distinctions of this type of research are that it has no

manipulation of the independent variable, has no random assignment to groups,

and often has the inclusion of a control or comparison group.

The researchers believed that through a descriptive-comparative method,

they could be able to compare certain properties between petrochemical plastic

bags and bioplastic bags and will be able to derive conclusions and

recommendations for its beneficiaries.

Data Gathering Procedure

After the approval of the research title and the statement of the problem was

finalized, the researchers started gathering the materials needed to produce the

21
product. After gathering all the materials, ingredients, and equipment, they began

the procedure of cooking/making the bioplastic. Upon making them, they

consulted with their advisers for the approval of the product. Then, they started on

executing the tests for the different properties. Observations and analyses were

made to arrive at the results and recommendations of the study.

Materials

To produce the product, the researchers have undergone research

concerning the materials and ingredients that will be used in the effectiveness of

the project. These are:

Table 1

Materials and Ingredients with Their Respective Quantities

Material/Ingredient Quantity/Amount/Size

Cooking pan 1, with no particular size

Spatula 1, with no particular type and size

Preferably with teaspoon and

Measuring spoons
tablespoon

Corn starch 4 tablespoons

Vinegar 4 teaspoons

Glycerin/Glycerol (Pure vegetable) 4 teaspoons

Tap water 16 tablespoons

Metallic Foil 1, Minimum of 20 cm x 30 cm

22
 Bowl 1, with no particular size

1 with kilogram measurements and 1

Weighing scale
with gram measurements

1 kilogram (already packed into ¼

Poultry feed
kilograms)

8” x 11” Plastic Bag 1 roll

Primary Materials and Ingredients for Bioplastic

Procedure

The researchers will undergo a systematic procedure in completing the

project. The procedures are as follows:

A. Cooking/Making The Bioplastic

1. Combine all the ingredients in the cooking pan and mix thoroughly.

23
2. Turn the pan on low heat stir the mixture continuously with the spatula.

3. Initially, the mixture will be cloudy but it will eventually become clear

and “gooey” and begin to bubble. Turn off the heat and prepare to pour

it out.

24
4. Pour the mixture onto a metallic foil. Spread it out to a thickness of

about ¼ cm to ½ cm.

5. Leave the mixture to dry out overnight, preferably in warm, dry

conditions.

6. To make the bag, put a sheet of bioplastic to another.

7. Use the excess mixture as a paste to join the sides together.

8. Wait until it dries out.

Petrochemical Plastic Bag Bioplastic Bag

25
 B. Durability Test

1. Prepare a sample of a bioplastic bag and a common petrochemical

plastic bag.

2. On the first trial, put ¼ kg of poultry feed on each of the bags, lift them

and hold for a minute to see whether any of them breaks or didn’t carry

on with the contained weight.

3. If none of them breaks, put another ¼ kg of poultry feed on each of the

bags, lift them and observe for a minute.

4. Gradually add ¼ kg of poultry feed to each of the bags as long as none

of them breaks and if it is still not reaching the full capacity of the bag.

5. Record the results of the experiment if one of them breaks or if they

both reached their maximum capacities without breaking off.

Durability Test (1/4 kg)

26
 Petrochemical Plastic Bag Bioplastic Bag

Durability Test (1/2 kg)

Petrochemical Plastic Bag Bioplastic Bag

Durability Test (3/4 kg)

27
 Petrochemical Plastic Bag Bioplastic Bag

Durability Test (1 kg)

Petrochemical Plastic Bag Bioplastic Bag

C. Degradability Test

1. Prepare a sample of bioplastic and a common petrochemical plastic.

2. In a bowl, bury each sample with soil.

3. For every 4 days, take out each sample and take a photo.

28
4. Record the observations whether one of them decomposes faster or none

of them does.

Day 0 Day 4

Petrochemical (Right) Petrochemical (Top)

Bioplastic (Left) Bioplastic (Bottom)

29
 Day 8 Day 12

Petrochemical (Top) Petrochemical (Bottom)

Bioplastic (Bottom) Bioplastic (Top)

Day 16

Petrochemical (Bottom)

Bioplastic (Top)

D. Texture Test

1. Prepare a sample of bioplastic and a common petrochemical plastic.

2. Touch each of the samples to test whether their textures are smooth or

rough.

3. Record the observations.

Petrochemical Plastic Bag

30
 Bioplastic Bag

E. Weight Test

1. Prepare a sample of bioplastic and a common petrochemical plastic.

2. Weigh each of the samples on a weighing scale (in grams).

3. Record the observations.

Petrochemical Plastic Bag Bioplastic Bag

31
 F. Tensile Strength Test

1. Prepare a sample of bioplastic and a common petrochemical plastic.

2. Pull each sample to test whether it is strong from tension or not.

3. Record the observations.

Petrochemical Plastic Bag

Bioplastic Bag

Procedure Flowchart

MAKING THE
DURABILITY DEGRADABILIT
BIOPLASTIC
TEST Y TEST
BAG

TENSILE
TEXTURE TEST WEIGHT TEST
STRENGTH TEST

32
 Chapter 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the interpretation and analysis of data gathered to

discuss the answers to the research problems of the study. The discussion follows

the sequence of how the statements of the problem are laid out in the first chapter.

1. IS IT FEASIBLE TO PRODUCE BIOPLASTIC BAGS BASED ON

STARCH AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR PETROCHEMICAL

PLASTIC BAGS?

From the experiment conducted, the researchers were able to

produce bioplastic bags based on starch. It only implies that it is feasible to

produce bioplastic bags made from the mentioned main component. It is

supported by the Journal of Fundamentals of Renewable Energy and

Applications (2020) wherein they said that bioplastics are plastic materials

produced from renewable biomass sources such as vegetable fats and oils,

corn starch, recycled food waste, and the like. They can also be made from

microorganisms derived from agricultural by-products.

2. IS THERE A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE

PROPERTIES OF PETROCHEMICAL PLASTIC BAGS AND

BIOPLASTIC BAGS IN TERMS OF:

33
 2.1 Main Component

Table 2.1

Main Component and Supporting Ingredients in Making Petrochemical

Plastic Bag and Bioplastic Bag

Petrochemical Plastic Bag Bioplastic Bag

 Polyethylene  Starch

 Combination of products like  Glycerol

ethylene and propylene  Vinegar

 All are derived from fossil fuels  Water

and coals

(See p. 23 for the image of Primary Materials and Ingredients for Bioplastic)

Table 2 shows the main components and the supporting ingredients of the

production of both petrochemical plastic bags and bioplastic bags. The

petrochemical plastic bag uses polyethylene as its main component. It is formed by

combining ethylene and propylene which were derived from ethane and propane

through the process of “cracking”. These substances are from fossil fuels and coals

which are considered non-renewable materials. For the bioplastic bag, starch was

used as its main component together with glycerol, vinegar, and water. Starch is

known for its swelling power and its gelatinization. Glycerol is used as a catalyst

and enhancer for speeding up the swelling of the substance and also adds

lubrication to the substance. The use of vinegar breaks up some of the polymer

34
chains which makes them less brittle. All of the ingredients used for the bioplastic

are purely organic and are also renewable. This is supported by the study of

Abdullah, et al. (2018) wherein they also used starch from sweet potatoes in

producing bioplastic.

2.2 Durability

Table 2.2

Results of the Durability Test for Petrochemical Plastic Bag and Bioplastic

Bag

Petrochemical Plastic Bag Bioplastic Bag

Has reached its full capacity of 1 Has reached its full capacity of 1

kilogram without breaking or tearing. kilogram without breaking or tearing. It

had also reached the standard quality of

the commercial plastic bag.

(See p. 27 for images of Durability Test)

Table 3 shows the results from the Durability Test made by the researchers

on both samples. Each of the plastics is congruent in measurements with 8 inches

by 11 inches. Poultry feeds were used as the component for testing the durability

of the samples and because it is the available materials. At last, it was found that

both have reached their maximum capacity without breaking or tearing. This can

be also be supported by the study of Abdullah, et al. (2018) wherein, upon making

35
the bioplastic, they have tested for its properties including physical and

mechanical properties, a property that is almost the same with durability.

2.3 Degradability

Table 2.3

Results of the Degradability Test for Petrochemical Plastic Bag and Bioplastic

Bag

Petrochemical Plastic Bag Bioplastic Bag

Day 0: No sign/s of decomposition Day 0: No sign/s of decomposition

Day 4: No sign/s of decomposition Day 4: Total volume of the substance

decreased as compared to Day 0 and

soil is evident to be sticking to it

Day 8: No sign/s of decomposition Day 8: Total volume became smaller as

compared to Day 4

Day 12: No sign/s of decomposition Day 12: Substance became very much

smaller as compared to Day 8 and from

the petrochemical plastic within the

same day

Day 16: No sign/s of decomposition Day 16: Substance is not very visible

and soil completely stuck to it

(See p. 29 for images of Degradability Test)

36
 Table 4 shows the results of the Degradability Test made by the

researchers. This test is done by burying the samples into the soil and exposing it

to different weathers for the authenticity of the results. Based on the results of the

experiment. It was found out that after 16 days, the petrochemical plastic bag

showed no signs of decomposition. On the other hand, the bioplastic bag showed a

faster breakdown rate as compared to the other sample. From Day 0 to day 16, the

bioplastic bag almost made its full decomposition process. This part can be

attested by the study of Ashter (2016) where she tested other properties of

bioplastic like its biodegradability along with sustainability and biocompatibility.

2.4 Texture

Table 2.4

Results of the Texture Test for Petrochemical Plastic Bag and Bioplastic Bag

Petrochemical Plastic Bag Bioplastic Bag

All sides, in and out, are smooth. The The side facing the foil when the plastic

material is very thin. was made is smoother than the other

side. The substance is also thicker than

petrochemical plastic.

37
 Table 5 shows the results of the Texture Test made by the researchers. It

was observed that petrochemical plastic bags have smoother surfaces compared to

bioplastic bags. Also, the petrochemical plastic bag is thinner. This might be one

of the first studies to compare the texture property between conventional plastic

bags and bioplastic bags.

2.5 Weight

Table 2.5

Results of the Weight Test for Petrochemical Plastic Bag and Bioplastic Bag

Petrochemical Plastic Bag Bioplastic Bag

Weighs 1.5 grams Weighs 8.5 grams

38
 Table 6 shows the results of the Weight Test conducted by the researchers.

It was found that petrochemical plastic bags have a relatively lower weight as

compared to the produced bioplastic bag. This might also be one of the first

studies for comparing the weight of common petrochemical plastic bags and

bioplastic bags which serves as a bridge to the undiscovered information made by

earlier researchers.

2.6 Tensile Strength

Table 2.6

Results of the Tensile Strength Test for Petrochemical Plastic Bag and

Bioplastic Bag

Petrochemical Plastic Bag Bioplastic Bag

The substance, when stretched, The substance, when stretched out,

becomes thinner before tearing almost still has the same thickness

before tearing.

39
 Table 7 shows the results of the Tensile Strength Test performed by the

researchers. It was discovered that the petrochemical plastic bag can be stretched,

becomes thinner, before tearing. But on the bioplastic bag, the substance almost

maintains its original thickness before tearing. This means that the bioplastic bag

can withstand stronger pressure than the petrochemical plastic bag. This can be

supported by the study of Abdullah, et al. (2018) where they tested the properties

of bioplastic including tensile strength of bioplastics

3. CAN THE BIOPLASTIC BAGS PRODUCED FROM STARCH BE

AN ALTERNATIVE PLASTIC BAG IF USED?

Based on the results of the tests made to the different properties of

the starch-based bioplastic bag, it can be inferred that the substance can be

used and recommended as an alternative for common petrochemical plastic

bags. Several studies gave recommendations for bioplastics to be utilized

like those of Ashter (2016), Maulida (2016), Saraswat (2018), and

Selvamurugan and Pramasivam (2019).

40
41
 Chapter 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions, and

recommendations based on the data gathered and presented.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

Based on the experiment and after a careful and thorough analysis of the

produced starch-based bioplastic bag, the following are the findings of the study is

summarized form.

1. IT IS FEASIBLE TO PRODUCE BIOPLASTIC BAGS BASED ON

STARCH AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR COMMON

PETROCHEMICAL PLASTIC BAGS

The researchers were able to produce a bioplastic bag from starch. It

implies that it is feasible to make a bioplastic bag from the mentioned

component and can be an alternative for common petrochemical plastic

bags.

2. SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE PROPERTIES OF

PETROCHEMICAL PLASTIC BAGS AND BIOPLASTIC BAGS

WERE FOUND

The researchers found out that there are significant differences

between common petrochemical plastic bags and starch-based bioplastic

42
 bags in their properties. In terms of their main component, petrochemical

plastic bags uses polyethylene, a non-biodegradable material, while

bioplastic bags use starch, a biodegradable material. For durability, both

reached their maximum capacities without tearing. For degradability, the

bioplastic bag decomposed while the petrochemical plastic bag did not. It

has also shown an advantage when it comes to tensile strength for it can

receive more tension than a petrochemical plastic bag. However,

petrochemical plastic bags only showed advantages over bioplastic bags in

terms of texture and weight. If the variables will be scored based on the

properties where they excel, petrochemical plastic bags will get 3 out of

while bioplastic bags will get 4 out of 6 which means that the produced

bioplastic bag reached and surpassed the petrochemical plastic bags within

the tested properties.

3. BIOPLASTIC BAGS PRODUCED FROM STARCH CAN BE AN

ALTERNATIVE PLASTIC BAG

The researchers found out that the tests conducted on the different

properties of the bioplastic bag are successful and can be used as an

alternative plastic bag.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the aforementioned findings of the study, the following

conclusions may be derived:

43
 1. The possibility of the production of bioplastic bags is a breakthrough and

will contribute largely to nations all over the world in a long-term manner.

2. There were significant differences between the properties of common

petrochemical plastic bags and starch-based bioplastic bags, especially in

the main component, durability, degradability, and tensile strength. These

can justify why bioplastic bags are a better choice than using petrochemical

plastic bags which are hassling the nations with the crisis that it brought.

3. Bioplastic bags made from starch can be an alternative plastic bag and is a

better choice for consumers to use rather than petrochemical plastic bags.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the findings summarized and conclusion drawn, the following

recommendations are hereby offered:

1. The researchers recommend that the government should start taking action

and adopting environment-friendly projects like this to maintain the

environment in its natural state and to formulate policies that will

encourage more people to use it.

2. The researchers recommend that the Department of Environment and

Natural Resources (DENR), as the country’s pillar for taking care of the

environment and its natural resources, should start implementing stronger

waste management policies and start encouraging people to use renewable

and eco-friendly products with their everyday lives.

44
3. The researchers also suggest that companies should also start making this

kind of bioplastic and further disseminate it unlike those made with

petrochemicals.

4. The researchers recommend that the community should start making and

using this kind of plastic which does not only help their daily lives but most

importantly, the environment. This will have a macro effect and will reduce

waste pollution.

5. The researchers suggest that future researchers should investigate and study

more about this topic, especially the properties like texture and weight to

further justify why bioplastics are important and can be an alternative to

petrochemical plastics.

45
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Goswami, G. (2014, February). Bio-Plastic From Waste Newspaper. Retrieved
from Research Gate:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271826000_Bio-
Plastic_From_Waste_Newspaper
Shamsuddin, I. M. (2017, January). Bioplastics as Better Alternative to
Petroplastics and Their Role in National Sustainability: A Review.
Retrieved from Research Gate:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321649504_Bioplastics_as_Better
_Alternative_to_Petroplastics_and_Their_Role_in_National_Sustainability
_A_Review
B. Others
Abdullah, A. D., Pudjiraharti, S., Karina, M., Putri, O., & Fauziyyah, R. (2018,
December 15). Fabrication and Characterization of Sweet Potato Starch-
based Bioplastics Plasticized with Glycerol. Retrieved from Science Alert:
https://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=jbs.2019.57.64
Alankar, A. (2020, June 11). Bioplastic – Definition, Type, Advantages,
Disadvantages. Retrieved from The Biology Notes:
https://thebiologynotes.com/bioplastic/
Applications, J. o. (2020). Bioplastics. Retrieved from Longdom:
https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/bioplastics-17343.html
Ashter, S. (2016). Bioplastics. Retrieved from Science Direct:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/bioplastics
Barett, A. (2019, July 29). Philippines Makes Bioplastic From Mango and
Seaweed. Retrieved from Bioplastics News:
https://bioplasticsnews.com/2019/07/29/philippines-makes-bioplastic-from-
mango-and-seaweed/
Bioplastics, G. D. (2021). The utility of starch-based plastics. Retrieved from
Green Dot Bioplastics: https://www.greendotbioplastics.com/starch-based-
plastics/

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Blackwood, I. (2016, April 4). Bioplastics 101. Retrieved from Plastics Industry
Association: https://www.plasticsindustry.org/article/bioplastics-101
Cantrell, M. (2011, July/August). Demystifying the Research Process:
Understanding a Descriptive Comparative Research Design. Retrieved
from ProQuest:
https://www.proquest.com/openview/ef559977720e1df10082783c9b9daa9f
/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=47659
Chen, Y. J. (2014). Bioplastics and their role in achieving global sustainability.
Retrieved from Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research:
https://www.jocpr.com/articles/bioplastics-and-their-role-in-achieving-
global-sustainability.pdf
Cornejo-Ramirez, Y., Martinez-Cruz, O., Del Toro-Sanchez, C., Wong-Corral, F.,
Borboa-Flores, J., & Cinco-Moroyoqui, F. (2018, November 24). The
structural characteristics of starches and their functional properties.
Retrieved from Taylor & Francis Online:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19476337.2018.1518343
Gibbens, S. (2018, November 16). What you need to know about plant-based
plastics. Retrieved from National Geographic:
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/are-bioplastics-
made-from-plants-better-for-environment-ocean-plastic
Gisagara, D. (2016, July 28). IS YOUR PRODUCT INDUSTRIALLY
COMPOSTABLE? Retrieved from Plastics Industry Association:
https://www.plasticsindustry.org/article/your-product-industrially-
compostable
Manufacturing, C. (2018). Why Are Petrochemicals Important? The Role of the
Petrochemical Industry in the US Economy. Retrieved from CPV
Manufacturing: https://www.cpvmfg.com/news/why-are-petrochemicals-
important/
Marichelvam, M. K., Jawaid, M., & Asim, M. (2019, April 9). Corn and Rice
Starch-Based Bio-Plastics as Alternative Packaging Materials. Retrieved
from MDPI: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6439/7/4/32/htm

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Maulida, Siagian, M., & Tarigan, P. (2016). Production of Starch Based Bioplastic
from Cassava Peel Reinforced with Microcrystalline Cellulose Avicel
PH101 Using Sorbitol as Plasticizer. Retrieved from Journal of Physics:
Conference Series: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-
6596/710/1/012012/pdf
Narancic, T., Cerrone, F., Beagan, N., & O'Connor, K. E. (2020, April 15). Recent
Advances in Bioplastics: Application and Biodegradation. Retrieved from
NCBI: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7240402/
Saharan, B., & Sharma, D. (2012, January). Bioplastics-For Sustainable
Development: A Review. Retrieved from Research Gate:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235652278_Bioplastics-
For_Sustainable_Development_A_Review
Saraswat, Y., Patel, M., Sagar, T., & Shil, S. (2018, February 6). Bioplastics from
Starch. Retrieved from Research & Scientific Innovation Society
International:
https://www.rsisinternational.org/virtual-library/papers/bioplastics-from-
starch/
Selvamurugan, M., & Pramasivam, S. (2019, April). Bioplastics – An Eco-friendly
Alternative to Petrochemical Plastics. Retrieved from Research Gate:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332975960_Bioplastics_-
_An_Eco-friendly_Alternative_to_Petrochemical_Plastics
Sharma, A., Sharma, P., Sharma, A., Richa, T., & Dixit, A. (2017, September 22).
Hazardous Effects of Petrochemical Industries: A Review. Retrieved from
Juniper Publishers:
https://juniperpublishers.com/rapsci/pdf/RAPSCI.MS.ID.555607.pdf
Speight, PhD, DSc, PhD, J. G. (2020). Chapter 12 - Petrochemicals. Retrieved
from Science Direct:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128099230000126

48
CHOLO D. LIBANG
#264 Barangay Banjo West,
Tanauan City, Batangas
Mobile No: 09614199975
E-mail Address: chololibang@gmail.com

OBJECTIVES

 To be a competent contributor to the school and community

 To be a model student

HIGHLIGHTS OF QUALIFICATION

 MS Office app proficient

 A critical and good decision-maker

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School Tanauan City College

Trapiche, Tanauan City, Batangas
June 2019 – July 2021

Junior High School Banjo Laurel National High School

Banjo West, Tanauan City, Batangas
June 2015 – April 2019

Primary Banjo Laurel Elementary School

Banjo West, Tanauan City, Batangas
June 2009 – March 2015

ACHIEVEMENTS

MTAP-DepEd Math Challenge Delegate: Banjo Laurel National High School

Banjo West, Tanauan City, Batangas
S.Y. 2016 – 2017

49
 PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age : 18 years old

Sex : Male

Date of Birth : December 21, 2002

Place of Birth : Tanauan City

Religion : Roman Catholic

Civil Status : Single

Father’s Name : Melchor P. Libang

Mother’s Name : Lorna D. Libang

50
LYDEN LIWANAG
#352 Sitio Mahabang Buhangin,
Brgy. Maria Paz, Tanauan City, Batangas
Mobile No: 09519658800
E-mail Address: denliwang19@gmail.com

OBJECTIVES

 I want to be part of the success in an environment of growth and excellence.

 To make use and enhance my skills and knowledge and to be competent in
the workforce that will help maximize human resources.

HIGHLIGHTS OF QUALIFICATION

 Adaptive to any kind of work

 Have a good heart

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School Tanauan City College

Trapiche, Tanauan City, Batangas
June 2019 – July 2021

Junior High School Boot National High School

Barangay Boot, Tanauan City, Batangas
June 2015- April 2019

Primary Maria Paz Elementary School

Sitio, Mahabang Buhangin, Brgy. Maria
Paz, Tanauan City, Batangas.
June 2009 – March 2015

AFFILIATIONS

Eco Club
Boot National High School
Boot, Tanauan City, Batangas
President : 2018 – 2019

51
Project IMPROVE
Boot National High School
Boot, Tanauan City, Batangas
Member : 2018 – 2019

PRAESPERO Mini-Grants
Boot, Tanauan City, Batangas
Sponsor : 2018 – 2019

ACHIEVEMENTS

Achiever : Tanauan City College

Trapiche, Tanauan City, Batangas
S.Y. 2019 – 2020

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age : 18 years old

Sex : Female

Date of Birth : November 19, 2002

Place of Birth : Balete, Batangas

Religion : Roman Catholic

Civil Status : Single

Father’s Name : Ronald O. Liwanag

Mother’s Name : Lilibeth O. Liwanag

52
JOHN HAROLD B. TERRIBLE
#101 Zone 4, Barangay San Jose,
Tanauan City, Batangas
Mobile No: 09567223700
E-mail Address: haroldterrible17@gmail.com

OBJECTIVES

 To be a competent student who exhibits honor and excellence towards

success in education
 To be a member of the new generation whose goal is for the good of the
country and of the Filipino citizens

HIGHLIGHTS OF QUALIFICATION

 Adaptive to the changing environments

 With good logical and critical thinking skills
 Computer literate
 With strong organizational and time management skills

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School Tanauan City College

Trapiche, Tanauan City, Batangas
June 2019 – July 2021

Junior High School Luyos National High School

Luyos, Tanauan City, Batangas
June 2015 – April 2019

Primary San Jose Elementary School

San Jose, Tanauan City, Batangas
June 2009 – March 2015

SEMINARS AND TRAINING ATTENDED

F. Sionil Jose Lecture Series in CALABARZON

Rizal Division Conference Room
Taytay, Rizal
May 2016

53
Division Cliniquing on Campus Journalism
Bernardo Lirio Memorial Central School
Darasa, Tanauan City, Batangas
November 2017

MTAP Program of Excellence in Mathematics

Tanauan City National High School
Trapiche, Tanauan City, Batangas
January 2018

MTAP Program of Excellence in Mathematics

Tanauan Integrated High School
Trapiche, Tanauan City, Batangas
January 2019

AFFILIATIONS

Supreme Pupil Government

San Jose Elementary School
San Jose, Tanauan City, Batangas
President : 2014 – 2015

Science Club
Luyos National High School
Luyos, Tanauan City, Batangas
President : 2018 – 2019

Ang Sinag
Luyos National High School
Luyos, Tanauan City, Batangas
Editor-in-Chief : 2018 – 2019

ACHIEVEMENTS

Class Top 1 : San Jose Elementary School

San Jose, Tanauan City, Batangas
2011 – 2015

Class Valedictorian : San Jose Elementary School

San Jose, Tanauan City, Batangas
S.Y. 2014 – 2015

54
Best in Science : San Jose Elementary School
San Jose, Tanauan City, Batangas
S.Y. 2014 – 2015

Leadership Awardee : San Jose Elementary School

San Jose, Tanauan City, Batangas
S.Y. 2014 – 2015

Class Top 1 : Luyos National High School

Luyos, Tanauan City, Batangas
2015 – 2019

With High Honors : Luyos National High School

Luyos, Tanauan City, Batangas
S.Y. 2018 – 2019

With Highest Honors : Tanauan City College

Grade 12, 1st Semester Trapiche, Tanauan City, Batangas
S.Y. 2020 – 2021

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age : 17 years old

Sex : Male

Date of Birth : December 30, 2003

Place of Birth : Saint Frances Cabrini Medical Center, Santo Tomas,

Batangas

Religion : Iglesia Ni Cristo

Civil Status : Single

Father’s Name : Macario M. Terrible

Mother’s Name : Rosalinda B. Terrible

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