The document provides a historical overview of psychometrics and psychological assessment. It discusses early influences from ancient Chinese civil service testing and the work of Charles Darwin and Francis Galton on individual differences. It then covers the contributions of early experimental psychologists in the 19th century and the development of intelligence testing starting with Alfred Binet's early scales. The rise of personality testing is also summarized, from early structured self-report measures to the development of projective techniques like the Rorschach test.
The document provides a historical overview of psychometrics and psychological assessment. It discusses early influences from ancient Chinese civil service testing and the work of Charles Darwin and Francis Galton on individual differences. It then covers the contributions of early experimental psychologists in the 19th century and the development of intelligence testing starting with Alfred Binet's early scales. The rise of personality testing is also summarized, from early structured self-report measures to the development of projective techniques like the Rorschach test.
The document provides a historical overview of psychometrics and psychological assessment. It discusses early influences from ancient Chinese civil service testing and the work of Charles Darwin and Francis Galton on individual differences. It then covers the contributions of early experimental psychologists in the 19th century and the development of intelligence testing starting with Alfred Binet's early scales. The rise of personality testing is also summarized, from early structured self-report measures to the development of projective techniques like the Rorschach test.
The document provides a historical overview of psychometrics and psychological assessment. It discusses early influences from ancient Chinese civil service testing and the work of Charles Darwin and Francis Galton on individual differences. It then covers the contributions of early experimental psychologists in the 19th century and the development of intelligence testing starting with Alfred Binet's early scales. The rise of personality testing is also summarized, from early structured self-report measures to the development of projective techniques like the Rorschach test.
PERSPECTIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS • Chinese influence • Individual Differences: Darwin and Galton • Experimental Psychologists • The study of mental deficiency • Intelligence Testers • Personality Testers HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: CHINESE INFLUENCE • 2000 B.C.E. – Scattered evidence of civil service testing in China • 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E. – Han Dynasty in China develops test batteries • two or more tests used in conjunction. • Test topics include civil law, military affairs, agriculture, revenue, geography HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: CHINESE INFLUENCE • 1368 C.E. to 1644 C.E. – Ming Dynasty in China develops multistage testing – Local tests lead to provincial capital tests; capital tests lead to national capital tests – Only those that passed the national tests were eligible for public office • 1832 – English East India Company copies Chinese system to select employees for overseas duty. HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: CHINESE INFLUENCE • 1855 – British Government adopts English East India Company selection examinations. – French & German governments follow shortly. • 1883 – United States establishes the American Civil Service Commission – Developed & administered competitive examinations for government service jobs. HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES, DARWIN AND GALTON • Individual differences - despite our similarities, no two humans are exactly alike. • Why? • Darwin – some of these individual differences are more “adaptive” than others – these individual differences, over time, lead to more complex, intelligent organisms HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES, DARWIN AND GALTON • Galton - cousin of Darwin – “Applied Darwinist”: some people possessed characteristics that made them “more fit” than others. – Wrote Hereditary Genius (1869) – Sets up an anthropometric laboratory at the International Exposition of 1884 – For 3 pence, visitors could be measured with: • The Galton Bar - visual discrimination of length • The Galton Whistle (aka “dog whistle” - determining highest audible pitch HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES, DARWIN AND GALTON • Galton’s Anthropometric Lab HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES, DARWIN AND GALTON • Galton Whistle (circa 1900)
• Galton Bar INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES: DARWIN AND GALTON • Galton also noted that persons with mental retardation also tend to have diminished ability to discriminate among heat, cold & pain. • Other advances (?) of Galton’s: – Considered by some the founder of psychometrics – pioneered rating scales & questionnaires – first to document individuality of fingerprints – studied efficacy of prayer – first to apply statistics in the measurement of humans – Founder of eugenics HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: GALTON’S FAMOUS STUDENTS • Karl Pearson – Does the name Pearson sound familiar? – student of Galton – extended Galton’s early work with statistical regression • James McKeen Cattell – first to use the term “mental test” – U.S. dissertation on reaction time based upon Galton’s work HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: EARLY EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS • Early 19th century scientists, generally interested in identifying common aspects, rather than individual differences. – Differences between individuals was considered a source of error which rendered human measurement inexact. – Sounds a lot like things from your past (e.g. ANOVA) and your coming future HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: EARLY EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS • Johan Friedrich Herbart - mathematical models of the mind; founder of pedagogy as an academic discipline; went against Kant • Ernst Heinrich Weber - sensory thresholds; just noticeable difference (JND) HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: EARLY EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS
• Gustav Theodor Fechner - mathematics of
sensory thresholds of experience; founder of psychophysics; considered of one founders of experimental psychology; Weber-Fechner Law first to relate sensation and stimulus; considered by some the founder of psychometrics HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: EARLY EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS • Fechner influenced many prominent psychologists (e.g. Wundt, Freud) – Wilhelm Wundt – considered one of the founders of psychology; first to set up a psych laboratory – Edward Titchner – succeeded Wundt; brought Structuralism to America; His brain is still on display in the psychology department at Cornell HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: EARLY EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS • Fechner influenced many prominent psychologists (e.g. Wundt, Freud) – Guy Montrose Whipple – Student of Titchner’s; pioneer of human ability testing; conducted seminars that changed the field of psych testing; APA issued its first set of standards for professional psychological testing because of his criticisms HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: EARLY EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS • Fechner influenced many prominent psychologists (e.g. Wundt, Freud) – Louis Leon Thurstone – Large contributor to factor analysis; attended Whipple’s seminars; approach to measurement was termed the law of comparative judgment HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: INTEREST IN MENTAL DEFICIENCY • 1805 – Jean-Étienne Esquirol, French Physician – Favorite Student of Philippe Pinel (founder of psychiatry) – Manuscript on “mental retardation.” • differentiated between insanity & mental retardation • insanity had a period of normal intellectual functioning HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: INTEREST IN MENTAL DEFICIENCY • 1805 – Jean-Étienne Esquirol, French Physician – Attempted to develop system to classify people into these many degrees but found that the individual’s use of language provided the most dependable continuum HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: INTEREST IN MENTAL DEFICIENCY • 1840s - Edouard Seguin, French Physician – Pioneer in training mentally-retarded persons. – Rejected the notion of incurably MR – 1837: opens first school devoted to teaching MR children. HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: INTEREST IN MENTAL DEFICIENCY • 1840s - Edouard Seguin, French Physician – 1866: experiments with physiological training of MR • sense-training / muscle-training still used today • leads to nonverbal tests of intelligence (Seguin Form Board) HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: INTELLIGENCE TESTING • Alfred Binet –50 years after Esquirol & Seguin -- 1905 –French Society for the Psychological Study of the Child urged French ministers to develop special classes for children who failed to respond to normal schooling. HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: INTELLIGENCE TESTING
• Alfred Binet –Ministers required a way to identify the children HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: INTELLIGENCE TESTING • Alfred Binet –First Intelligence Test: Binet-Simon Scale of 1905 –Standardization Sample • 50 Normal children aged 3-11yrs • 1908 Binet-Simon Scale – Introduction of Mental Age HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: INTELLIGENCE TESTING • Alfred Binet’s legacy –1911 Binet-Simon, minor revision • Binet dies –1912 Kuhlmann-Binet revision • Extends testing downward to 3 months of age HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: INTELLIGENCE TESTING • Alfred Binet’s legacy –1916 Lewis Madison Terman & Stanford Colleagues revise Binet’s test for use in the United States • Introduction of the term IQ • Mental Age / Chronological Age = IQ HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: INTELLIGENCE TESTING • World War I - Robert Yerkes – Need for large-scale group administered ability tests by the army – Army commissions Yerkes, then head of the American Psychological Association, to develop two structured tests of human abilities HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: INTELLIGENCE TESTING • World War I - Robert Yerkes • Army Alpha - required reading ability • Army Beta - did not require reading ability • Testing “frenzy” hits between World War I and the 1930s. HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: INTELLIGENCE TESTING • Testing Frenzy of the 1930’s – 1937 Revision of the Stanford- Binet includes over 3000 individuals in standardization – 1939 Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: INTELLIGENCE TESTING • Testing Frenzy of the 1930’s – 1939 Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale • David Wechsler • Subcales were “adopted” from the Army Scales • Evolves into the Wechsler Series of intelligence tests (e.g. WAIS, WISC, etc.) HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: PERSONALITY TESTING
• Personality Testing Intended to
measure personality traits –Trait: relatively enduring dispositions NOT temporary states HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: PERSONALITY TESTING • First Rise and Fall: Structured Tests • Woodworth Personal Data Sheet – First objective personality test meant to aid in psychiatric interviews – Developed during World War I – Designed to screen out soldiers unfit for duty – Mistakenly assumed that a subjects response could be taken at face value HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: PERSONALITY TESTING • Woodworth
Test Item Yes No
1. I wet the bed. 2. I drink a quart of whiskey each day. 3. I am afraid of closed spaces. 4. I believe I am being followed. 5. People are out to get me. 6. Sometimes I see or hear things that other people do not hear or see. HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: PERSONALITY TESTING
• Slow Rise: Projective Tests
• Herman Rorschach inkblot test (1921) – Started with great suspicion; first serious study in 1932. – Symmetric colored & b/w inkblots. HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: PERSONALITY TESTING • Rorschach inkblot example HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: PERSONALITY TESTING •Thematic Apperception Test –Henry Murray and Christina Morgan (1935) –“Ambiguous” pictures though considerably more structured than the Rorschach HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: PERSONALITY TESTING • Thematic Apperception Test – Subjects are shown the pictures and asked to write a story including: • what has led up to the event shown • what is happening at the moment • what the characters are feeling and thinking, and • what the outcome of the story was. HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: PERSONALITY TESTING • Thematic Apperception Test Example HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: PERSONALITY TESTING •Second coming of the Structured Test •Early 1940s – Structured Tests were being developed based on better psychometric properties. HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: PERSONALITY TESTING • Second coming of the Structured Test • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI; 1943) –Tests like the Woodworth made too many assumptions –The meaning of the test response could only be determined by empirical research –Most widely used (MMPI-2, MMPI-A) HISTORY OF PSYCHOMETRICS: PERSONALITY TESTING • Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire –Raymond B. Cattell (early 1940s) –Based on Factor Analysis Filipino testing u 1926 The University of the Philippines Department of Psychology is established within the School of Education. Agustin Alonzo is chairman. u 1930sThe Department of Psychology at the University of Santo Tomas is established. u 1932Sinforoso Padilla organizes the Psychological Clinic at the University of the Philippines. u 1933Jesus Perpinan sets up the Far Eastern University Psychological Clinic. u 1938Angel de Blas, OP, sets up the Experimental Psychology Laboratory in the University of Santo Tomas. u 1948Estefania Aldaba-Lim sets up the Institute of Human Relations at Philippine Women's University. u 1954 Joseph Goertz establishes the Psychology Department at the University of San Carlos. u 1961 Fr. Jaime Bulatao establishes the Department of Psychology and the Central Guidance Bureau at the Ateneo de Manila University. u 1962 The Philippine Psychological Corporation is founded. The corporation offers psychological services and is the main retailer of psychological tests. u The Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP) is founded. u 1963 The PAP holds its first annual convention, leading to its first publication, Symposium on the Filipino Personality. u 1968 The Philippine Journal of Psychology, the official journal of the PAP makes its first appearance. u The PAP, together with the Philippine Association of Social Workers, Philippine Economics Society, Philippine National Historical Association, Philippine Sociological Society, and Philippine Statistical Association form the Philippine Social Science Council. u 1970s Psychology becomes the most popular undergraduate major in many colleges and universities. u Psychological testing flourishes as the overseas contract workers boom begins. u 1975 The Pambansang Samahan ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino is founded by Virgilio Enriquez u 1975+ Several universities in the Visayas and Mindanao establish psychology departments. u 1982 The PAP decides the time has come for quality control in the practice of psychology. It introduces a bill in the Batasan Pambansa that would require practicing psychologists to be licensed. u 1985Amaryllis T. Torres is named an Outstanding Young Scientist by the NAST u 1986EDSA Revolution overthrows the Marcos dictatorship. Psychologists play a key role in the new government's Moral Recovery Program. u 1987 Ma. Lourdes Arrelano- Carandang's book Filipino Children Under Stress is published. The book is cited by the Catholic Mass Media Awards for "its facscinating probe of a sad social concern, written in lucid language for the lay reader who cares deeply about out children". u 1988 Alfredo V. Lagmay is named National Scientist by President Corazon Aquino.
