NEWTONS FIRST LAW © Ob 66s or CETESYITREEEEE objects in FISHSSISHYETHEEINNOrCON uniess acted vpon by an outside Force, This fo essentrany the lew er. NEWTONS SECOND Law ° The accereration oF an object is prepert € inversely propertionas te the moss NEWTONS THERD LAW [Fem-3) Kes eTTo every erion tnere isan equal ¢ opposite reaction STF Force i> appiied at center oF Mass te object wit Move a2 1Fi4 isa pind OTS net appiied a4 center oF mass, the objecr wilt rorate around tne center oF mass te the Force appied o The twisting Fore tnat couses rotation © Clockwise» negative 2 The Suctner From the center oF mass / Pivor pomnt, the less Jorce needed WORK & ENERGY © Energy transfered by 2 Force {work} oPbitity te do wort (energy) Ext fF Fema —- W:Fd a: Fy, ire atte alg ris ais fe d.cos(S) Ex vis 2ad i ‘ample derween FE d ned vs 28a vitor vio aris | w:Fd Ww soa Porentia Energy Change tn KE LAW OF CONSERVATION oF ENERGY Fy: 6ON swiss Re porn Fina the speed at the botiom of the hil) hss00sints*) Inisies Energy: PE=(QOU9.8\(s008in (5°) = 38,455 7 K RO Final Enenav + Eu- Extsceten s Evenson * GON - 500m: 30,000 173] Esenay = 84555 = imet: £902HOOKE's LAW (SPRINGS) © The Force appried is equally Pee] to distance com pres. sree cores fest > foal = F Gy the sestoretive Force ay ortginar Bee “Conserve vive “Force! * Wee done only depends on The initiar imal goss the path taken (gravity, spring) ne, Not This is ny you can Atsociave NS “Non Conservative Force! Se GRRE Sa esee e Depends on tne path taren (driction, air resistance POWER “srry Fecosun) ©THE Fate ae mmich someone er someming does werk wi weignt UPTECS it the same weignt, pot one rs it Faster PASCALS PRINCIPLE rrprenwre F: Force As rres © Ford Pisis av rest, a pressure change in one part acre eo oF the iqua transmitted this. means. ale rare Pie Pe sine ph FB 2 Therefore , the smnatier area ina hydronic system wut esa leno a larger force on the lerge area pee Ays100 eo Ee een Se F-5ON For Cees Treresore.. ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE Any ovyect comprerely ov per tiany Seomerged a rest is acted upon bye boyant Foree quai to the Exampie weignt (mg) oF tne fivid displaced. Odjee+ normotty erat AA ION, bv qraviry Wnen in waren is aay only 2N. What eM Is the votome oF tne cove? Pet Pa | F108 Formary pe oo Roe , Fema Ne Bas" Freon? PVS BN = (1000 "Imp V (4.8°%2) py, Beto BN 9800 "%mmst V eerFLUIOs IN MOTION Laminar Flow: Siow im wnicw the Sista travels smoot & ina requiar path Ly Velocity near woils may we less due 40 Sei Torovient Flow : Rough & disorderly Flow of Hiquia When wares Flows throug 2 pipes. velociry / yeas tion though Peea our = vetocity BERNovLETS EQUATION sett en ns Hae es of Energy jor=Ay) Fl Wj + PE:* KE;: We PE.+ KE, san chow? Assume the diquid is woter & it undergoes laminar Flow, Wheat is the Giox of the warer? Pi + poeis PE = PL o pak + por, oe a pw seis is Flux? 8? Rime Jo,000Fs + 4 1000 4RF 6,000 +4 (oon 2a SOUND ea Bee ieee, = ge © When grapning sing sin dunctien pueo en aet. ag eres ys "5, Qe Yoo ore grapning the escitarion oF a sree s Single Bie morecore Re 146s s+ 10900 Py 3s ~ petod: Time ir taxes gor one cycie (7 peed of sound ~ Frequency: Nomver oF oscillations per second (5) Homans con hear ZOH:-2.0 0001 o /sec oe = Wavtlength: distance between Herts (Ha) ——eyetes (09 Sound is a longitedinal wave cy 3 att a Since the wave travels paratiel to Leyte reat the oscillationsMORE ON SOUND WAVES eNote thet you cannot Change the speed oF sound viess You chanye the medium ( element, temp, den; te eras vitsee Pstiviness = 4 speed Sane rdutes Pa Le densinyEet density: 4 speed vv 4 *Stistness plays 2 Larger rote thon density though ® er Veolide 7 Vumeies > Vannes atu, DECIBEL SCALE ™ + Homan hearing ( LO“ > fim) PTS you are yetiing a+ an intensity oF 10*“/mi , how many 46 is nar? a fre pose area Bs 10dey,( AE.) > Bs 10stog,,(10°) = [Tove] Boviming ts 28 Cannot near But why does sound ger softer over larger distances?) Tor - Bie the SEakemsng hacer crsoona waves ~ Le Rees (since area incraases overtime, V the Intensity oF the sound decceases ) "Pm, ~ Remember tnese are Spheres So... P Finerefore as me tsivs increases, Le Gare the Tatemsity decreases by the spare oF tre radius. - eee eer soocgs es lost as CERETRRCEG ULTRASONIC IMAGING 2 Uses sound waves wnere F 720,000 H2 © Transducer Sends out sound wave © Wave intertaces (enas in mediom) & is reflected 2 Use wieraccund ble high Feequenctes & low Wavelength you get + diWrection \y Wares de ner spread out as much STANDING WAVES $1 dyn 0 tote He oe ie ary eee eee coe Je to oncittove > tend et eset cares om Tasojea ‘ va Ist harmonic Fondemenrat Ana harmonic waetengt L318 harmonic Ded L je Caer mene # could as set itey mete ea lite tris 134... Ra BE -™—— 1. —_4 re toe |MORE ON STANDING WAVES THE DOPPLER EFFECT OTF someming moving wien » velocity 1s emiHing a seund * Moving CBRE observer 4 cosere 2 WgNEt Freqvency + Moving BBY From observer tr omerse 2 GauiER Frequency. °Tnsteas oF memorit Exerc: Frequency of tain hom? 400 Ha Eeain is going TORMne ttain Coming toward £ going away F? orm tas 4 iminy econ se as Tome pimp acen em, veewne 25 Be org = (FHI (50 + M00 aoo-0.013 a aid *, 370 tt oe COULOMBS: LAW = (5,-2)65.: wenameim BO Gh’ Electeices force -werween two charges species 4 430M His proporrionat to the product oF tne quantity oF the charge d € inversely proportional to the distance between them ex. Gahetoe ane ‘Speed of Seong 343% osm renege 19 OT AQ (a) ry Fe (9210 Ys 10% -HHIO ks 8.98 x10" s5e10%¢ = Into’ os LAW OF CONS. OF CHARGE 722 -[ronwid Ui Gees es eaten aU eter decal petted eosetner AAD wreak nem apere, bur the overan cmarge never changes TNSULATORS @ CONDUCTORS ® condverors + elections Can move around Freely vi insulators can't Ecersa/4 Sararing COMBVETER pen era ag es 2o- fe, ge ee: Sy Poe en es Ce A eee = megeneyeiicinisame, con cratye somesning wlo tevening ++ [POM PUNO MEELECTRECAL EEELD © The Jorce thay woud verona posrFive unit tes¢ charge (1 coulomb) iF placed at d specigic location Ex. Whed is ane Fore acting on an electron placed in eaeaes Field of “100N/c ? BFE > wom phe PF end N Te ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL ENER. OSimitar ve wner we saw wi gravirariones Porentiol energy © Fuad nee W aiseuased wt enacge + ES cess ELECTRIC POTENT TAL (VOLTAGE) N= KS 2 The erectrieat potenties energy per unis oF charge 2% Unies = Votes (7) soneteses OHMS LAW ete te tance (A) onms PVortage: Etecriaan PE per onie cnarge 2 Cotsen How mucn enorge Jews pasta point ind second © Resistance: How much charge Flow is impeded indvcowed ost ajagged tine A When denoting current direction /t 1 opposite tne Flow oF eee oleae eS ele ae # can also esate RESTSTORS ss bo eee ate feristor® Pepower (w) current warrage jo Current tnrovgn the entire cirwis 6 constant eTotal cesistance fs the sum oF tne veststors by RUPIR*R. + @; Sax ani Son even SV INL tig a didSerences across eacn resistor *Vz* terme sum of Mme potential Nut Mat Ny Scurrend win have 40 spit a6 brancyes depending on tne fesistance oF eacn brancn > | NS © Tota resistance wit ve te inverie oF Mme sums ov the ts jn a > tat) inverse resistance Lek + Votage difference across 2 enisters in parmilel és a equal + VEN, No matter wnat voltage e¢ current you put through @ ‘Sister, FEsistENce <> constant RESISTEVITY Tf wersesster~ oe TATWR CONDON oe amin soCAPACITORS PUSEd 40 store charge (twe piece: oF merar tnat are separated. fe + node oF vomery pulls Erections oF one piece Le- nose oF vottery pumnes electrons onto theomer prece TS you ier 2 vattery Suny cnorge a capacitor, me voitaye 1a AP between tne pieces will we me same as the voltage oF the baHery Trt thea 4+ distance peroren places EF ¢Qv_ tris ts wecause each time an erection moves, tne tered a voltage decreases (charge ai Herence is tess) ee me sqwares IEE] nesice tras tne crerge (Q) on every Capacitor wit we the Samet! ee fly Sees eo re st o There fore fey gs SAL et Ww 1Ocq#24 4 C234 4] cg EI] Bote capecitors experrence WH Tur Far the same Voltage as the battery eG 2 cS" wgummmammes Cr CF +879" ae y 739 4$ (DUBE, Now-consy ering meteriar between two Q@: n¢} Sides oF 2 capacitor + : MY the stems witt orient themsenes Acoesingly , ts CETTE KA non condvering Coamcats seme enarges om plored & there ke Sore (HEESTEMERENSIPEENTAE? 61< ae Bates temoves You can new move euan more Elec rrons GALVAtIC / VOLTAZC CELLS 2 Electroneg ativity: Tendency oF an Stem to attract a pair oF electrons * Normany, (F you place Cu SQyv9q) * Znis in Solution, You woud 9 Crs SORT = Amen NMEE Ce 1 more Checttonega rive tren Ke diptectic constant iSQ)> Aine j4 Wanss te tanedeerions From Znen + CoSOy tq > ZnSOq ogy + Cuter Ame ine, Dis pet nat eee oncaneat resort you get the reaction on che Coe Ze" Cuan Co reeweed a # The electrons moved From tne Zinc to the copper & if there War 8 wey te contre: this electron Flow We coud generete eneegy From tne reaction ©GALVANTC /VOLTATC CELLS ane Tn means to give ith electors awoy to Zn dissowes +e veveme Zant? © Eectrons move acrors wire copper i2 reduced Co?" Caqy im solution precipitates mee Cuisd To prevent charge build up Ketween two Cont ainen, Beit _bedge i9 used (mase oF Na™ So”) 6. SOy™ mover inte the Zné¥ sovwsion +e neveroiie 1, Na?* moves into the ofner to nevaretize ws do We determine the Voltage actos: tne anode & Cathode ? ‘Standaca ereciede porential 7 Meaiste oF com speuific voltages relorve Gut v2e™ > Coy 0.34 “vor? LAN Znidn 2a det -octev (Stay > Eo LN *Has stondard conaitions ( Liond?4M pressure = late Shorthene norarion Zms41 \Le'voqu ll Coen] Co? 0 kT. Free Enertny § Cer POTENTIAL Change in Free energy (AG) negorve Sor spontaneous reactions Fifoasevientanr Note: TE": TStengtn of oxidizing agent 90,500 mes FE! tSreengen oF reaveing agent Bes oes tere increase in mew IF CPsevar i> yor! temp: 25° ) WF soivent': increase in Free energy fcr eTdnk] CELL POTENTIAL & EQUILTBRIVM Pot ok iy the equilibrium constant of a reactron fi Fora given reaction aA bee cC+ dD 4, Eel 4, K>1000 mostly on proavers cay ces Ly iK<.001 = mony em reactants Le 0.0014 £1000 + cancenrearion oF prod. & reac. i signifxant ST EQUATION This atlows us te corulare cel potentian under hon-Standard conditions _ Eyroed *Giceé G, 9s you mane Q> Fresea mere progecrs, me cen potential + CONCENTRATION CELL oThe electrode on ine Hest ¢ therigh ace tne same 4 the diGlerence is ene concentration grawent Ex ZncsifZn™caqy Ul Zncs7 | Zab Qn [2nsoy} = 1M [2ns043= 46 ~The Hess sige wilt BE oxraned inorder te have an equas £7 grad. ® USRIe these may not bE as powersul ar a typical voltae cell, they SHI Work aeELECTROLYTIC CELL ems An eiecteic corent fs used to drive a non spontaneous reaction comose ff ott © Note thar corrent is cnarge/ time / orion THEE Sore 4 given a current you com Werke wecKwards to determine mor} time oF & teaction MAGNETISM © Dipsle in umicn one end is poritivery emerged € the comer cs negatively chaqed F+ Force on a cracged particie Q> charge oF partiste Veletity oF partie Magner: Fiala (1; Tena) Ye 8 Pony worn: fers positive parneiew Hfore meqarive, oe ote opposites 7 ¥se your thumb 40 indicate & "USE your Fingers te indicate B > Parmuit point in the direction oF tne Fone | O © © @ F # (ono) (ex10751(0.5 FF a provnis OF. -. oy eee moving mrevgna © OO @ eeu 0.6 T magneris e can ose emis te devermine me taaies isla 3.8/0 0 W.geotny «DEERE pemeredore te partete wit) move ima wing Clockurise circte a PHOTON ENERGY : Light cam aise display particle like behavior SLignt deposits © specific wait of energy (proton) Since the difference is 10 smal ona lege scale ; 6.626" 105.5 iF [o0ks continvovs, Out it (3 actuary not LEAD STORAGE BATTERY } i Phisr * PhOjiss 7 PbSOurs) ES = This is oxidation: Poesy > Ph?* Time Thave. as Bee PheS0g* -» PuSO4t 2+ Maue-Jew'-7 — Micwe-dever Car reduce: Peo, = Po*? Battery! PhO, +504?- + PeSoy Batance me overs eeaction... Pb+ PbOz* 2HiS04-2PbS0y 240 * The Forward reaction is voltaic , then to renarge You cn use Electrolytic reaction NICKEL-CADMTUM BATTERY Cg + 2H,0 + 2Ni QOH) = Ca (Onl, *2Ni (OMI # This 13 the same concepy as the lead Storage battery ®Three gnthe LENSES 4 LIGHT feceteres Lorex Leases convex lens tight is net vedrecteae = Ai paratier coys converge at 8 aingie point (Sous) + Lenses are symerrie inverted rees image “Tht Homan Eye Hyperopia—y Tenages too ciose are o At 1F realsame aE: ; Soaned bebing ane rerine ive pastance vege [IR } | © donves Cae # Fe T42F reavtarger 2-E : eiee es Myopia inverted image ST £601, smouer Tmeges ) “iAwtnere itis inverted too Far away are Focvsed inmage Formed mage —oedore ene retina © Jess mand in a mognified virtua jrnage , nor inverted & concave (ens Concave Lenses. + smaner viewal image aie aera ea val “ophericar ibberation! Parauiel Kgnt rays aren't afuays Sutecttd exactly toward the Focat point FORMULAS FOR LENSES (CONVEX) do* distance oF object (siweys positive! dy stance oF image (depens:)* SF Focar Length 1+ Ser conven) HU) From MAT ® Tage distance wilt be posttwe iF Peacteas Biven Sis testy antame Zapper ive side oc tne objec Tor 3 Power oF Lenses Sorts MF =sip # Bie oF this iF magrsctication is we ( ¥ieve1, men inverted) je ( reat ,inver-ted image) + The smatiec tne Foo lengin, tne more power Fut F: meters Pe Dioptess REFLECTION doaeneasss oGpecsmmmiResecn O.:0, > DitvsenRediectiamy ; it Revs are resected insigent > cesiecte ia) BN BF au decent angesREFLECTION Bei CTF disfose 8 specvior reaction oceve as tne same time sometnicy eMcoel stra \6 is evs eon etl 2 BE AN OL os WLS Be Ssctah tt % aire evecqunere etre REFRACTION © When parsing inte a aisferen’ mneaism ene ray witt be repracted ruse me cor analogy to determine the Or SNELCS Law edesciives the reioriecsmp between the speed oF & Lignt ray ¢ the angie of refraction @ index “oF vesraction : how Fast light propoyares tnicugh a mediven hf e ‘observer, wot 4 arresr inpicine eect ercesoi era feng ote sve VA line! perpundiusion sc dhe meaumiae | | SETCENE INTERNAL REFLECTION $2. redreerien, © There is en angie when traveling sroma eaaie i fatieral al Grsdter ltediuen Muwere une (ray A dota internet can ne longer escape § win be internally reflected e resiection A(sin 90) = 1.33 (sin Be ¢ 421.33 sine tefraction YB.B"< internat reflection Ges sind (Ga) * 488° DISPERSION wanite Asgnt OTS wnite tight is sent inte 9 slower meaiom ir uuu Separote into celecs © Bi the index of retraction is a Function oF wavengeh = more bend ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES © We discovered that a changing magneric Field creares a changin eleva cel stance ven cleo ml at au SipeE > emrrag prceron OTH creates a weve Citys ee lncracg mare ECU ne wiggie back ve tan VST NA ole ieee os Be eal i Ne pelectite Fak ales wyaves tree ay the speed oF lightELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM IW DDD © Veryaman region of tne specttum enat is visieie i red “150 nm Violet “40Onm lope wie in is We © ULTRAies bs more energy thon visivie (dangerous) Marevmoni ¢ Wes ew Biajecs Wrogea Quai Wi-prosne Brown Regie Mice InSarea Visine Utrra= X-ray Cramme POLARIZATION OF LIGHT moves in tuto divectrons (electrea: Fretd) o Most lignt we see is not polarized because many weves are ir woming at you in random angies E oan use 9 polar fe block everyrning ber polarized hynt Fon Facts Tris ts now 3-D ses work etrwaer nn~rnP a2 Nee essen Enns OTF the two are lined up, ene polomied ight 53 just diagnetly polanzed s © But SF you shift one oF the E Wh to the right You get SIRES TONNPSIaREEENS PCO D WAVE INTERFERENCE © Constructive interference (two wove: line up perfectly) be in-phase (amplinae t) o Destructive interference (waver dent line vp) 4 ovr-oF-phave Campritvde +) * Worerengtn oF the lignt mnt pe clase te me distence between girs © Waves hit eacnotner ¢ you get consrucrive § destroctive intenference Constructive: Thereore baied on the geometric mode! Sin’: 4e » ax: dsing 112,34 consteuchive ong aan “wo pel sr ure y gb vaveeng Ban komm. Ona vig sou, ht wear eee prekcs th ‘iuge Tne ngs se eden MA: dsineDIFFRACTION GRATING © Previem’ Warn the normal dovne Slit experiment, ped fal See ta ee APOE esnvan OU en ev etraa er bay by make 2 ton. oF holes an the same distance apart \ this auows 4ne constructive points OF au holes to match up BUT iF you deviare Se siignrty, the imFerderence will conbinve to Ovid up neil (Fs gone the bands are perfectly destescrive # EF you are not exactly ax the corcect spot NA the destroctive interference From the wat’ # Ail these waves tine up exactly other Waves will be a NA apert * sO much st will be compterely dark * \ LpurcOR RcneeeUreen moere kun SINGLE SLIT INTERFERENCE terFerence, O For destructive we destructive J ME Gel iet acts paterderence) 100N 2 Tha Tas Ty 200°: T,* + (oor? 40,000 N= T,,? + 19,000 T.,= 100VN Ti:200N > Tay Treoste0r "> Tax? Th cos (30) TLL 80 T, i137; cos (60) Cos (301? Bx 3in 1301+ + Tay ST ‘Sin (vo? Ty = Eras 0.8667, -5T + O.8bb (1.737): 10N Sa 2%: SS Sirs Shi INCLINED PLANES Therefore basal on these drawings Ge se 0 yar Tey sin(ie BD # To remember these, think dboos i+ intuitively. IF O70 au of Fy igh Co BealeeseA wovld be perpendicviar to the plane. Since you Know the perpendicular component is the cos * FRICTION oA Force thet acts in the opposite direction of the potential acceleration There Bre two main types oF Freetion «++ ~between & surFace ¢ Slidingobyect “note there is not 4 range Neen P Note amet 5% Uy Piways * benween a surface § anobject at rest Not a8 Sysco wp lhmee e gial Sieipoumes Procmes Force recess : seiginnoe, San ewe sage tie cor sistent oF Cvercormew caediiciens .Fsnasiednerion RaeVISCOSIETY z POTSEVILLE Flow ie OViscosity is tne resistance of 9 Sivid te Siow © Essentially acts as a Force of Friction. d area in contact, viscosity, depth in Jivid De (oeMrcient of viscosity A: ares in contact WIE object ts iid stong ® FF vewocity Unies Az Pas Saou Bb pear g Eva cr tae Agr ds depth Peee Salopats dorces behueentne squia § RL H.O a+ O% + [.8mPas (cP? ‘the ovjectuit cause the Foilowirg® TLH,O 84 20% = 1.0 mPars (cP) blood = 3-4 mPa-s (cP) UNEGHORISAM FISD Loediicient oF Viscoeity does not depend on the velocity a TE. Porseuzute’s Law The greater AP the higher Fivx + L———4_ © Every inctease in ¢ by n= n'Q Ok Vigcocity 2 = 4% Slux Pasemprions: Flow is Longer the tune = + Slox laminar § Suid fs Newtonian 1 # key tareawoys for MCAT AP* TH even 2 small change in radivs will Nave lwge changes in pressure § Flowrare: r¥ Flex (Mow rate) TURBULENCE @ REYNOLDS NuMBER Very hard to predict turesient Flow , but reynolds number aliows you fo determine the Speed at which laminar flow —» turbyient SuaFACE TENSTON © Resort of NeomesiGH (traction between two moiewies oF the Same diquid) Ly tre motewie deep down have equat Jarces on ait sides, but those on tne top have no puiidrom the ovtside 1s those on the top are able to have higne bond etfectivenes ff Gantherefore Support a pressure Appuication: Bite in veine towers tne surFace tension Reason we see S emeniscus WPlaNeROR's the attraction berween a liquid molecule & another substance Ui causes capillary action (when ddnerion és higher thon conesion) to umen water gets drawn vp a sman rove (devion gravity) Ex. Water fe able totvavel ages grarites Fem tne roots ep 2 Capillary action caused by the. plant to the leaves at the top cohesisve Forces being weaker ‘OF the plent. Why does this occur? than the adhesive ForcesVENTINR TEP EECH Ficus cove (ey mest We equay at 31 points Ears zp excl the velorne ig ies ¢pre molt be (: | mc the same at 3M points YL. 2% then, rest Verey Faster the velocity of tne Hiquid win ve ower pressure Faster in regions oF smaiter radius oSince P,+pgnsipyt = Pepymtipy’ @ the height on eacn Side i> equal... Pot tpv =tPL+iptvy is verecity ineveates, the ressure ¥ to Keep jjPrTOT TUBE noun} equarion equal J] OTS waver is Fiowing aicectty at the os Se wan, me Fotlowsing woud happen... using Bernovtis equation. 24 this point tne vellgcity {3 2ere , therefore Pripvrs Pade D> Petpvi: PB Memvrane between thekuo allow you to measure the pressure diMerentia! Biz stavcgressuce Phe stagnason pressure BLOOD CERCOLATION “i,t seats mnere 201 Somers the given altitvee © Pirteries catty tered ar hign pressure = low volume © Veins Carry biood ae low pressure hegh volume 4 you have valves in veins te prevent wacksiow es blood Flows throvgn the arteries each mdivsdval vessel increases in resistance, bet wecausie the venels are in Poraliel , the overan resistance of the system decreases. pa ie: As “=e xs aed a * (gp Mtuvence vs ee CTS HST © For veins the skeletal muscles “milk” the blood back toward the heart { the low pressure in the RA puils blood toward the heart epee in yer Prowmge in pears @- ries (had redtstance Re Aesiaronce oThisexplains the fesistance in # For tne blood versers Ra Ze¥ heart Qs stone © Actericies 2 wrapped wien vole x NR ® Smooth muicie that can either Felax o¢ constrict vaseconstriction ve vasodilation Tete Resistance: 18%! X= bleed pressure (mig) Tora Renstance> (Fe -P:1/@ (95-900/5t/min 4TEMPERATURE © Wey oF measoring me Kinet energy oF 2 material a Freezing Ore Ls Being 100% © Kelvin? °C +273 © Farenhest* 5/q(°c) 432. GASES © Ri qas consiste of meiecuies moving around rapidly (have KE) © Can exert pressure, since P:'%a Fema Pay He wwhen you increase the temp of a gas you are mereasing the | acceleration 2 Adding more por © Decreasing tne volume of @ container sncreaies pressure 2 FI barometer 13 vied to measure Atmespneric pressure ‘Standort Temp] Pests asrne atmospneric pressure decreases, i+ tanes lessheignt of STP: TeOter 273K Mercury to balance tne Force E Contivionsy) Foran téea gas IDEAL GAS LAW EPVEART) Sree anne Pz pressure (gtm) Vi volvme(t) nz motes 082) T:Kelin — antemoleculer Force s BOYLE'S LAW @ Molecoier themseives have ho volume icle wit alse mmcreare pressore > Sound tnar Pressure § Volume are ® Consscons are pecFectly etarte < EY anversen, proporsionas 30... i CHARLES LAW OTS you neat a gas is 3 closed container , the volume oF the gas wilt increaze proportionally AVOGADROS LAW Stateaere Ey a © Eqeat volumes oF gos at the seme temp & pressure contain equal # oF pacticles. 9) au citar GP BU have OY Imols x KJ on nove 2.5 x10 parsicies OM ty Ar VAN DER WAALS EQUATION Apose: To be able tomaemasiclly * Plempred to modidy the ideal gas Law repesent 2 nor-ideat gas RT tnecegore Pre P; (actuet pressure witl be (ess than har iris for primers) Ie have equa Forces on each side ~For volume, Vg? Vi ‘ er [MEE Vezbr | For 2 non-iseat gas wmere therePARTIAL PRESSURE eAllow yes to determine How much each morecvie (5 pene ©The partial pressure oF €ach element is the mol 7% oF tne container Hmes the overall pressure BOLTZMANN'S CONSTANT © When you stick Your nana over steam jt is not just continuovs heat you are deeung. Youare Seeing re KE of tons oF particies on your hand The Saster “the particles travel, the hoter it Feels ble they trans des more Batons ee Ine Co aio USE PVznRT dst instead oF motes We want to use moiewies, Si Waren We can sunssinre dor nn PV? Tetrion RTC, KINETIC MOLECULAR GAS THEORY OThe mace eects oF a gar is ble oF the emictes.copie propettes 2 a % Pisume au elastic congitions Ky: Goreon? 139410 Tq Zo" Fs a8: aps cinta aeons i bie it FP came in ae ivg b mvc peobaGeqetcronsis ox nove Se + x ae ere FE Bortimens constant kinetic E; mlvs' FS oe tnas is ene Serve oF | parsicte, wnat avout au oF trem? 2+ WaT means averoge oF ver cel: Joe au partictes in the x Be direction # Convers te pressure | incude x,y F2 Comporenst Since PVENKT — Spue 2NKT + Sncor?NkI Darieinersdaeg ~ | CUtimaiely to jncreaie the interme! energy, Increase the temp Or increase volume HEAT CAPRCITY dd heat tea gas, how much does the temperature increase? Qzheot added to gas But there are 2 Scenarios We need to think about re toes int Sera Constan+ Volume Constant Pressure auiw a ister cant move — > Breve ir A Piste ci Se essereset ary Rework dene (Ww) FA tpisten GS, sur oy = molor heat capacity mmoiar heat Capacity (ud crage 9 Heat wore Yates Budodto dene by energy SHEEN System