eer Density (p) = Charge (a) = Volume (V) = charge distributed V= Volume of substance ARGE DENSITY baci ono RAT The force of attraction is propotional roduct of ‘charges and a proportional ‘square of ‘ietance between ther. tS OSrtaasins Reser Giants FIELD Fa, 4 0F ‘+ Quantization of charge: oD Qane(e=18 x10") Ua Se Rom clots, or =. ‘+ Conservation of chargé (peel aF Fa, of an isolated system remains au, a unchanged with time + &,=Permittivity of Fake * Additivity of charge: Total charge: of system ists algebraic sum of Individual charges. ke de sxtomme? ‘rdstae from the pint charge Foree of attraction and repulsion have same magnitude. + Uke charges repel. + Unie charges attract | ; ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS quantity.Flux trumber of elect eld lines eroning crea Eston “Total normat elect fx over osedsrfoce Sin vocuurn is Ju charge (q) eae Tog ienadraen whe? ‘Theline perpendicular tothe xat Une oF pssing Bough a mis poi pole foe, OF for sort Dea eke Dipole moment f 2 ole padaat ‘a= charg (= tance between + Dipole momant ia vector, fuents, eel + Veet decon rom $= regauvetwa postive charge, ofthe spol For shor Dipole tok ‘Aline posing through the Dostive and reget charges tok oe 2» % ee+ Manimum at8 = 1807 ELECTROSTATIC, Eaoa Work doe ts ring aunt postive charge rom infinity to a port the presence of anater ve + UntisJoue/Coulomb + M=MTA4) Dotted ine i equipotent surface 1 E-Leurface at every point. + Closely spacedin the region of ona ‘Elsrried ond Vice ers ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE Ci “Te lipale moment per unk volume Pate ie Suscepebity Disleci constant) 25140 RrELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE rey Rreceretionr Reese iebeates im Sy ric) =— ee ae Workdon by he eer to ovenl energy store PE (coy coet) 2 Pe minimur PE modmum ot = 180° Pater energy = the total wrk done in {ssembing te configuration wave) +a) +g ier pte 9, Wii ccematpcenalee, ge m4 isonet ite Tyagoiaremere pero ¥ pari f ereasnto™ gy rf coord Pi soca aooee PRS ght cms aioe _ aes ant + Chifseparationt tctitareat pre eo Copactor charged to V stores eneray Lon dq fe 5902397Ee Bie to enamel ct Ma rit opeed = E+ Order of10" + Srelexaton time ‘time between two successive colision. ‘mean free path Trice welocky of electrons + shit eomperature Grentente EJ = Current dene R ‘9 conduct Unies ohmicy Rote of lec chore aren eto moving electron nan orbit |= Tistme period + Represent crection of flow of electe charges. Scalar Quantity. rig por uit electric il re Hie mobility, ‘Mobility of electron high merethon Hole + Fora given cros section large the current denaty larger the eurent. ri Garant eset ‘Ages secion ea of we Inerms of Relaxation Time) noah ms numbor of lscton per unt area Veration with temperature, Rem rat =T3) Termpersturecoefficertof resistance, oak WT,=0°Cond’ WReR +a) ‘elon between ond Vore hot proportonal EDiode Gate Conductivity 4 conductivity Reciprocal of resistivity Larger reset, low eonductvty Recroch of eine+ Larger resiatvi leweondoctvy, + aciprocal ofrestonce Isconduetonce Gerrans eames — emeeu) Grand cance ache 2 Seeman tte cas eae 1 salanced when golanometer ‘shows zero curren Rete of nary consumption. + Inbalonced condi, eS a Bz F > || a Shortcireat —_opencreut aes + Apart meted determine ‘evolve oan unknown ae resstones ‘he cigebralc um of carves z + Moot caste when the pot around ony pate 2 Aistoner mal fourarmiof ed oop mustbe Ee beatae 8 Papi Ze-DR ‘Hone power = 748 wat. 2 VEcste (rbaneryissupplsing the ener) i Ailebtric ppicance power {ating i printed. Highveltoge are trosmitted over {ong distance to reduce power loss. + Bosed on conservation of nero + Applenbleto closed crt. | | , onl + VeV,-WyaVg=e-IF + Vee i (fbateryis being choroed) + VeV-VyaVgceie ©¢ Concept MAPS es | —— is porallto MAGNETIC FORCES: fj) MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNpan hur point along the cron pfsceantass Yo Greular Loop tent "eaters! Po attma eer 2, lf “Mognetle monopole do not exist. N.offeld Uves ereering = ra of ld Une tea ving + Form dosed continous loops. ‘North poet south pole ouside the magnet * Target any pin ies drection of 8 * Crovdedline = srenger fled and venverea. sie 1 Twolnesconnotitereet. Beet 2c teas r ‘+ lls total moment of inertia. + Misnet magnet moment. 71008m0 Magnetic moment for loop M = NA + Forccle A= tt ‘ + Nisnumber of tums * listhe curren rough ‘The magnetic moment the magnetic ‘srangth and orientation of « magnet. Mepxa = Magnet dpole moment + A vector quantity. {Direction frm South to North + Netmagnetic moments Vector eum ofeach magneta we ove + ve In ro space. : Ihaete joe matarl to poss magnetic ‘+ Magnetic moment per uni volume Reieeeeey- + out oyette lhe Suscepoby 1h Relative permeobty v ea DamraUnedpi Set «+ The degree to which a magnetic field con magnadise« material + Bap "Magna ela ines ‘trough PoremogneticConcept MAPS = folie =e) Induced cunt = Induced emf etre rote of change oe se ign indicates the change wl 2ppoee the fe cad emf of cent oppor the cause tha produced. © tenets to a S “Te totatrumber of magnatictines + esas irlte maton the cburet_(SER) Seen ecton ofmedon she couse Fis increasing so is ontilocoice + lemaximum surface |? ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION The property which opposes ay change the Torenein tre cree |. inherent property of electrical eit + Induced ot = Nkosin (28 «+ Themasmum vlue induced emf = NSA Nisrumber ors Asoo ofeal Cisenglr veloc eal i Induced eB ie lenge of enact. Isrtocy rod + lft rd akasanale® Ena «+ Emfisinducedin the colo the circuit which fonognet ald or ena cs Ee a, ee eres the change that ease tae phenomenon SRksewmosselfinducton. + Forrotating conducting Rod ‘roma Intad grr = Hl feet | Gal s I aot a iy (Ree etning @hianesmnt aces + Foran inductor of self inductonce No + tnducanceis Unitis Henry fy 1 sefinductance forasolenoid L= ps8 nis Numberoftur per unit length MisMual Inductance + Unite and dlamension of Mend Lore same re 1 Wht ech pala oer ing + Masoliaocarea tr LI wotaapirtclesy ain er Me eta erdNondengihiondaaren, || Uissinsconce Ett ee NN oo we NA Garonne 1 The source emfhasto do work ogainst self Inductance ofthe el the work stored a5 potential energy ofthe inductor. Lo) uate «Energy toredin inductors proportional» second power of eurent ta 5ConceptMAPS ETc (© Minimize srg stoleee es urert tht changes pearie periodical Used then = Vout) 2%, rietime per 3, Tietim prod ofosllsion, + Peokor Maximum vole ‘Therm vlugofeterating current lo clled vit ere cl ee * Vas Bee AC Ia characterized by rs vou > — . imi Netvlege,V = V5, + V.=VEP Equation ofeuret = snot 4) Or PE, . ae O.lm. ‘mognetes/Gunn diodes) waves, i enitatetoseat + Important application + Used in microwave + Getreodiy absorbed by + Mostinaect see UV rays {Radio and television ‘ovens and rodor system water. ‘also due ta their Sette inoirerft navigation. + lnoredtomgefnred ‘compound ever. Senne fetactorLED in remote Mianaiee ar ‘Suitches of electronic toice communication. evices/greenhouse + 4107 (400 nm) down to 6x10%m 6mm). + Produced by special lamps ond very hot bodies eun} + Harmful effects on humans. ‘+ Used to kill germs in water purifiers. '+ The ozone layer protects us from the harmful Wrays Produced by high energy electrons. ‘Very important diagnostic tool. Wavelength range is 0.01 to 0.6 nm. X-Rays con easly penetrate inside the ‘kin (ow density meter. gets ‘flected or absorbed by the high density material (Uke bone}. Used for cancer trectment. High frequency low wavelength. ‘+ Produced in the nuclear reaction ond. radioactive decays. + Used inthe treatment ofthe concer.