PHYSICS LAB MANUAL

ACADEMIC YEAR- 2022-2023

INDEX
S. No Date Name of the Experiment Submission Date

EXPERIMENTS

1 Ohm’s Law

2 Meter Bridge

3 Meter Bridge(Resistor in series)

4 Figure of Merit

5 Convex Lens

6 Glass Prism

7 PN Junction

ACTIVITIES

1 Assembling the Given Circuit

2 Correcting the Wrong Circuit

3 Glass Slab

4 Image formed by Convex lens and

Concave Mirror

5 Identification of Electrical
components
 EXPERIMENTS
OHM’S LAW

EXP. NO: 1 DATE:

AIM:
To determine resistivity of given two wires by plotting graph between potential
difference and current.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Battery eliminator, Ammeter, Voltmeter, Rheostat, Unknown resistance (coil),
connecting wires.
FORMULA:
2
Resistivity (ρ) = 𝑅π𝐷 (Ω𝑚)
4𝐿

Where
R → resistance ( Ohm)
 𝐿→ Length of the wire (m)
D → Diameter of the given wire (m)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

B → Battery, Rh → Rheostat, A → ammeter,

V → Voltmeter, R →Unknown resistance coil

PROCEDURE:
1. Make neat clean and tight connections according to the circuit diagram in having

resistance coil (R1).

2. Adjust the sliding contact of the rheostat such that a measurable current passes

through the resistance coil or the resistance wire.

3. Note down the value of potential difference V from voltmeter and current I from

ammeter.
4. Shift the rheostat slightly so that both ammeter and voltmeter show full divisions

reading and not in fractions.

5. Record the readings of the voltmeter and ammeter
 6. Repeat the same procedure by connecting another resistance coil (R2) in the given

circuit.

TABULAR COLUMN:

Resistance coil 1:
S. No Voltmeter reading(V) Ammeter reading(A)

Resistance coil 2:
S. No Voltmeter reading(V) Ammeter reading(A)

MODEL GRAPH:
 In

∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝑡𝑎𝑛θ = ∆𝐼
∆
𝑉

Cotθ = ∆𝑉
∆𝐼
=R= Ω

The graph between V and I is a straight line.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
COIL: 1
Resistance of the coil (R1) using graph for tabulation 1 = Ω
Where 𝐷 = 0.55mm, 𝐿 =1m
1 1
𝑅 π𝐷 2
Resistivity (ρ 1 1 = (Ω𝑚)
1 )= 4𝐿
1

COIL: 2
Resistance of the coil (R2) using graph for tabulation 2 = Ω
Where 𝐷 = 0.6mm, 𝐿 =1m
2 2
𝑅 π𝐷 2
Resistivity (ρ 2 2 = (Ω𝑚)
2 )= 4𝐿
2

RESULT:

1. Resistivity (ρ1) of first unknown resistance coil = (Ω𝑚)

2. Resistivity (ρ2) of second unknown resistance coil = (Ω𝑚
)

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Voltmeter and ammeter should be of proper range.
2. A low resistance rheostat must be used.
SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. The instrument screws may be loose.
2. Thick connecting wires may not be available.

METER BRIDGE
EXP.NO: 2 DATE:
AIM:
To find the resistance of a given wire using meter bridge.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Meter Bridge, Leclanche cell, Galvanometer, Resistance box, Unknown resistance,
Jockey and connecting wires.
FORMULA:
𝑙𝑅
X= 100−𝑙
(𝑖𝑛 𝑜ℎ𝑚)

Where
X= unknown resistance (ohm)
l=balancing length ( m)
R=known resistance (ohm)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
E → leclanche cell (or) Daniel cell, J → Jockey,
G → Galvanometer,
R → Known resistor, 𝑋 → unknown resistor, K → key,

PROCEDURE:
1. Include some resistance in the resistance box.
2. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram. Press the jockey at the ends
of the meter bridge. If the deflections are in the opposite direction, then the
connections are correct.
3. Move the jockey from the left end and observe the point of zero deflection in the
galvanometer.
4. Measure the balancing length as ‘l’ using the meter scale attached with the
apparatus.
5. Repeat the experiment by including different resistances in the known resistance box
and measure the balancing length in each case.

TABULAR COLUMN:
For calculation of unknown resistance:
Unknown
Resistance in Balancing length Balancing length resistance
S. No
the box(Ω) lx10-2m (100-l)x 10-2m X= 𝑙𝑅 (𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠)
100−𝑙
1
2
3
X Mean=
Ω
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
For 1st reading R= Ω
l= x10-2m
100-l = x10-2m

X= 𝑙𝑅
100−𝑙
(𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠) = (Ω)
=

For 2st reading R= Ω

l= x10-2m
100-l = x10-2m

X= 𝑙𝑅
100−𝑙
(𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠) = (Ω)
=

For 3td reading R= Ω

l= x10-2m
100-l = x10-2m

X= 𝑙𝑅
100−𝑙
(𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠) = (Ω)
=

+ +
X Mean = 3 = (Ω)

RESULT:
The unknown resistance of the given coil is ohms.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2. Null point should be brought between 45cm and 55cm.
SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. The instrument screws may be loose.
2. The wire may not have uniform thickness.
EXP;NO;3 METRE BRIDGE - To Verify the Laws of
Combination (Series)

Aim
To verify the laws of combination (series) of resistances using a metre bridge.

Apparatus
A metre bridge, a Leclanche cell (battery eliminator), a galvanometer, a resistance box,
a jockey, two resistance wires or two resistance coils known resistances, a set square,
sand paper and connecting wires.

FORMULA:

R – resistance (ohm)

L – Balancing length (metre)

Rs - Equivalent resistance in series combination ( ohm)

r1 – Resistance of coil 1 (ohm)

r2- Resistance of coil 2 (ohm)

Circuit diagram
Procedure
1. Mark the two resistance coils as r1 and r2.
2. To find r1 and r2 proceed same way as in Experiment 1. (If r1 and r2 are not known.)
3. Connect the two coils r1 and r2 in series as shown in figure in the right gap of
Metre Bridge and find the resistance of this combination. Take at least three sets of
observations.
4. Record your observations as follows.

Observations
Table for length (1) and unknown resistance (X)
Calculations
1. Calculation for r1 only, r2 r2only, r1
and r2 in series. Same as in Experiment 1.
2. Calculation for verification of laws Experimental
value of Rs = …… Theoretical value of Rs = r1 + r2 = ……
Difference (if any) = ……

Result
Within limits of experimental error, experimental and theoretical values of Rs are
same. Hence, law of resistances in series is verified.

Precautions
1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2. Thick copper wires should be used for the connections after
removing the insulations near their ends by rubbing with sand
paper.
3. Voltmeter and ammeter should be of proper range.

SOURCES OF ERROR:
 1. The instrument screws may be loose.
2. The wire may not have uniform thickness.

FIGURE OF MERIT
EXP. NO: 4 DATE:
AIM:
To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method and to
find its figure of merit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
A galvanometer, Leclanche cell or Daniel cell, two resistance boxes, Plug
key, connecting wires.
FORMULA:
𝑅𝑆
Resistance of the given galvanometer= G =
𝑅−𝑆
(𝑜ℎ𝑚)
𝐸
Figure of merit of the given galvanometer= K=
(𝑅+𝐺)θ
( 𝐴/𝑑𝑖𝑣)
Where
R → Resistance connected in series (ohm)
S → shunt resistance (ohm)
θ → deflection in the galvanometer ( division)
E → emf of the cell (volt)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
R → Resistance connected in series. S → shunt resistance.
E → emf of the cell. G → Galvanometer. K → One way key.

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Include the high resistance (say 2000 Ω) from the resistance box R.
3. Adjust the value of R so that deflection is maximum, even in number and
within the scale.
4. Note the deflection. Let it be θ.
5. Insert the key and without changing the value of R, adjust the value of S,
such that deflection in the galvanometer reduces to exactly half the value
obtained in step 4 i.e., θ/2.
6. Note the value of shunt resistance S.
7. Repeat steps 4 to 7 by taking out four different values of R and adjusting S
every time.
8. Tabulate G and K values using the formula.
TABULARCOLUMN:
S. Resistance Deflection Shunt Half
No R (Ω) (θ) (div) resistance deflection 𝐺 = 𝑅𝑆
(Ω) 𝐸
K= (𝑅+𝐺)θ
𝑅−𝑆
(S) (Ω) (θ/2) (div)
(𝐴/𝑑𝑖𝑣)
1

G Mean = (Ω); K Mean = (A/div)

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
For 1st reading:
R= Ω
S= Ω
θ= div
E= V

G= 𝑅𝑆
𝑅−𝑆
= = (𝑜ℎ𝑚)
𝐸
K= (𝑅+𝐺)θ
= = (𝐴/𝑑𝑖𝑣)
For 2st reading:
R= Ω
S= Ω
θ= div
E=
V
 G= 𝑅𝑆
𝑅−𝑆
= = (𝑜ℎ𝑚)
𝐸
K= (𝑅+𝐺)θ
= = (𝐴/𝑑𝑖𝑣)

For 3st reading:

R= Ω
S= Ω
θ= div
E=
V

G= 𝑅𝑆
𝑅−𝑆
= = (𝑜ℎ𝑚)
𝐸
K= (𝑅+𝐺)θ
= = (𝐴/𝑑𝑖𝑣)

+ +
G Mean = 3
= (Ω);

+ +
K Mean = 3
= (A/div)

RESULT:
1. Resistance of given galvanometer (G) = Ω.
2. Figure of merit of given galvanometer (K) = A/div.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. All the connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2. The e.m.f. of cell or battery should be constant.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The screws of the instruments may be loose.
 2. The e.m.f. of battery may not be constant.
.

CONVEX LENS
EXP. NO: 5 DATE:
AIM:
To find the focal length of a given convex lens by plotting graph between u
and v.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Convex lens, lens stand, illuminated wire gauge-(light box), white screen,
metre scale.
FORMULA:
𝑢𝑣
𝑓= 𝑢+𝑣
( m)

Where
f =focal length of given convex lens (m)
u= object distance (m)
v=image distance (m)
PROCEDURE:
1. Find the rough focal length of given convex lens using distant object method
in focusing a distant object by keeping the screen behind the lens. The
distance between the screen and the lens with stand gives rough focal length
say ‘f’ x10-2m.
2. Mount the lens on the stand and keep it between light box and screen.
3. Find the clear image on the screen by adjusting u (distance between light
box & lens) values as 2f-4,2f-2, 2f, 2f+2,2f+4.
4. Record v values (distance between lens & screen) for the same.
 5. Substitute u and v values in ‘f’ formula to get focal length in each case.
6. Take mean value for the focal lengths to get final result.

RAY DIAGRAM:

TABULAR COLUMN:
S. Object Image Focal length
𝑢𝑣
No distance(u)(10- distance(v)(10- 𝑓= in 10-2
𝑢+𝑣
2 2
m) m)
m
1

-2
fmean = x10 m
MODEL GRAPH:

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
For u= in 10-2 m

v= in 10-2 m

𝑢𝑣 ( )( )
f= 𝑢+𝑣
= ( )+( )
= x10-2m

fmean=(f1+f2+f3+f4+f5)/5= x10-2m
RESULT:
The focal length of given convex lens is calculated as
i. From tabulation x10-2m.
ii. From u,v graph method x10-2m.
SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. The uprights may not be vertically placed (lens).
2. Parallax removal may not be perfect.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The lens must be clean and must be vertical.
2. Avoid parallax.
 GLASS PRISM
EXP. NO: 6
AIM:To determine the angle of minimum deviation for a given glass prism by
plotting a graph between the angle of incidence and the angle of deviation.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Drawing board, white papers, office pins, glass prism, and geometry box.
PROCEDURE:
1. Place white paper on the drawing board using office pins.
2. Trace the outline of a given glass prism into 5 samples.
3. Mark the angle of incidence on the sample as 35○, 40○, 45○, 50○, 55○
separately.
4. Place on two office pins on the incidence ray and place prism on the sample.
5. Find the emergent ray by placing 2 office pins on the other side.
6. Find the angle between the extension of incidence ray to the emergent ray as
deviation for every sample.
7. Draw the graph taking ∠𝑖 𝑜𝑛 x-axis and ∠δ on y-axis and mark δ m.

RAY DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:

TABULAR COLUMN:
S. No Angle of incidence (∠𝑖) Angle of deviation(∠δ)
1

4
 5

RESULT:
1. Graph indicates ∠𝑖 increases ,∠δ decreases attains a δ mand then starts

increasing for further increase in ∠𝑖.

2. Angle of minimum deviation, δ m = .
PRECAUTIONS:
1. ∠𝑖 must be between 30○to 60○.
2. The pins must be fixed vertical.
SOURCE OF ERROR:
1. Parallax in measuring the angles.
2. Pins may not be vertical.
PN JUNCTION DIODE
EXP. NO: 7 DATE:
AIM:
To draw the I- V characteristic curve of a PN junction diode in forward bias
and reverse bias.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PN diode, Voltmeter, Ammeter, Rheostat, Battery and connecting wires.
PROCEDURE:
For Forward Bias & Reverse Bias
1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram.
2. Slowly increase the voltage of the battery.
3. Record the voltmeter and ammeter reading across the PN diode.
4. Plot graph between V & I.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
For Forward Bias:
For Reverse Bias:

MODEL GRAPH:
For Forward Bias:
For Reverse Bias:

TABULAR COLUMN:
For Forward Bias:
S. No Voltmeter reading (V) Ammeter reading (mA)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
 8
9
10
For Reverse Bias:

RESULT:
The I- V characteristic curve of a PN junction diode in forward bias and
reverse bias have been drawn.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. All connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2. High voltage should not be provided.
SOURCE OF ERRORS:
1. The junction diode supplied may be faulty.
2. Circuit connections may be wrong.
 ACTIVITIES
ASSEMBLING THE GIVEN CIRCUIT
ACTIVITY NO: 01 DATE:
AIM:
To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Resistor, ammeter, (0-1.5A) voltmeter (0-5V), battery, one way key, rheostat,
sand paper, connecting wires.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the components as shown in Fig.
2. After closing the key K, check that the voltmeter and ammeter show deflections
on the right hand side.
3. Check the continuity of the assembled circuit using a Multimeter.
RESULT:
The components of the electrical circuit were assembled.

CORRECTING THE WRONG CIRCUIT

ACTIVITY NO: 02 DATE:
AIM:
To draw the diagram of given open circuit comprising at least a battery,
resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not
connected in proper order and correct the circuit diagram.
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED:
A given open circuit comprising atleast a cell or a battery, plug key, resistor,
rheostat, ammeter, voltmeter, connecting wires and sand paper.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
WRONG CIRCUIT:

CORRECTED CIRCUIT:
PROCEDURE:
1. Draw the circuit diagrams.
2. Consider the various components which have not been connected in proper
order.
3. Draw the correct circuit diagram.
4. Connect the electrical components according to corrected circuit diagram.
5. Close the key in the circuit to verify if the corrected circuit is functional.
OBSERVATIONS:
S. No. Circuit Component Correct Component Incorrect Component
1 Battery/cell
✔

2 Resistor
✔

3 Rheostat
✔

4 Ammeter
✔

5 Voltmeter
✔
RESULT:
The electrical circuit assembled as per the corrected circuit diagram is
functional.

GLASS SLAB
ACTIVITY NO: 03 DATE:
AIM:
To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident
obliquely on a glass slab.
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Drawing board, rectangular glass slab, white sheet of paper, adhesive tape
(cello-tape), drawing pins, a metre scale, protractor, sharp pencil and eraser.
RAY DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE
 1. Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with the help of drawing
pins.
2. Place the glass slab lengthwise symmetrically mark its boundary on the
paper sheet with a sharp pencil.
3. Using the ray diagram, draw the incident ray and the corresponding
emergent ray.
4. Calculate the lateral displacement from the ray diagram.
RESULT: The ray of light emerging from a glass slab is parallel to the incident ray
direction, but is laterally deviated.
IMAGE FORMED BY CONVEX LENS
ACTIVITY NO: 04 DATE:
AIM:
To study the nature and size of the image formed by (i) a convex lens on a
screen (for different distances of the light source from the lens/mirror).
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Light source, convex lens, lens/mirror holder, screen, meter scale.
PROCEDURE:
1. Find the rough focal length of given convex lens using distant object
method.
2. Using ray diagrams check the nature and size of the image.
CONVEX LENS:
 OBSERVATION (CONVEX LENS):
S. Position of the Image
No object Position Nature Size
1. At infinity At F Real and Inverted Point size
2. Beyond 2F Between F & 2F Real and Inverted Diminished
3. At 2F At 2F Real and Inverted Same
4. Between F & 2F Beyond 2F Real and Inverted Enlarged
5. At F At infinity Real and Inverted Extremely enlarged
6. < F Beyond 2F Virtual and Erect Magnified
RESULT:
The nature and size of the image using convex lens were studied and
tabulated.
 IDENTIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
ACTIVITY NO: 05 DATE:

AIM:

To identify a diode, a LED, a transistor, an IC, a resistor and a capacitor

from a mixed collection of such items.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED:

Multimeter, a collection of diode, LED, transistor, IC, resistor and capacitor.

PROCEDURE:

1. Check the physical appearance of the component.

2. If the component is

A diode is a two terminal device. It conducts when forward biased

and does not conduct when reverse biased. It does not emit light while conducting.

An LED (light emitting diode) is also a two terminal device. It

conducts when forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It emits

light while conducting.

A transistor is a three terminal device. The terminals represent emitter

(E), base (B) and collector (C).

An IC (integrated circuit) is a multi-terminal device in the form of a

chip. But some may have only three terminals, e.g. 7805, 7806, 7809, 7912.

A resistor is a two terminal device. It conducts equally in both directions.

 A capacitor is a two terminal device. It does not conduct but stores some

charge when dc voltage is applied.

OBSERVATION:

S. No Physical Appearance Name of the Component

DIODE
1

LED
2

TRANSISTOR
3

IC
4
 RESISTOR
5

CAPACITOR
6

RESULT:
 A diode, a LED, a transistor, an IC, a resistor and a capacitor are identified
respectively from a mixed collection.

LOGARITHMS AND ANTI- LOGARITHMS

Logarithms 2
Logarithms

Mean Dlffarences

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