JURNAL NASIONAL TEKNIK ELEKTRO DAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI EN-257

p-ISSN 2301–4156 | e-ISSN 2460–5719

Overvoltage Resonance Protection Scheme of 500 kV

Extra High Voltage Transmission Lines
Imam Ghozali1, Mochammad Facta2, Abdul Syakur3
1,2,3
Master Program of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia (tel. 024–7460056; email:
1
imamghozali.jmk08@gmail.com, 2facta@elektro.undip.ac.id, 3syakur@elektro.undip.ac.id)

[Accepted: 31 May 2023, Revised: 12 September 2023]

Corresponding Author: Imam Ghozali

ABSTRACT — Shunt reactors are frequently installed at the end of a 500 kV double circuit extra high voltage transmission
lines (EHVTL) to help overcome the voltage rise caused by the long line capacitance. However, voltage problems may still
occur, especially during the voltage injection process in new transmission lines that have been installed, due to voltage
induction and parameter reinforcement from other circuits within the same line that have been injected earlier. The problem
of overvoltage occurrence becomes even more complex because the line and shunt reactor have been completely installed,
making it impossible to change the length of the line and the capacity of the shunt reactor. The overvoltage phenomenon in
this research occurs when one circuit in the transmission line has not been injected. However, the shunt reactor has been
connected so that the line receives induction and strengthening from another circuit because, at the same time, the second
circuit has been injected with operating voltage. Overvoltage in this research occurs when one circuit in the transmission
line has not been injected. Nevertheless, the shunt reactor has been connected so that the line receives induction and
reinforcement from another circuit because, at the same time, the second circuit has been injected with operating voltage.
This paper proposes modifications to the voltage injection maneuver scenario into the line, modifications to the protection
scheme in the event of a phase-to-ground fault, and the addition of an overvoltage relay to overcome the overvoltage
conditions. Modifying the voltage injection maneuver scenario could decrease the overvoltage on lines not injected with
voltage up to 31.9 kVp. Changing the protection scheme when a phase-to-ground fault occurred by commanding the shunt
reactor’s circuit breaker (CB) to open could prevent voltage rises in the undisturbed phase. A voltage relay was added in
order to anticipate the occurrence of overvoltage when there was a disturbance in the line, and the shunt reactor CB could
not open due to internal disturbances.

KEYWORDS — Shunt Reactor, Double Circuit, Overvoltage, Protection Scheme, Extra High Transmission Line.

I. INTRODUCTION been developed to anticipate overvoltage [21], [22]. Research

Overvoltage on extra high voltage transmission lines on overvoltage resonance in transmission lines has resulted in
(EHVTL) is dangerous as it can damage the insulation of a mechanism to reduce overvoltage due to lightning strikes by
connected electrical equipment due to voltage exceeding its conducting steady voltage analysis and simplifying the
capacity [1], [2]. Apart from lightning strikes, overvoltage on resonance circuit [23]–[25].
EHVTL usually occurs during the switching process. Therefore, Shunt reactors effectively reduce overvoltage during the
it is necessary to anticipate it in order to ensure the stability of loading process or when applying voltage. On the other hand,
electric power distribution [3]–[5]. Shunt reactors are installed installing a shunt reactor can increase the induced voltage in
at both ends of a 500 kV double circuit EHVTL to counteract non-live lines if the following conditions occur [26].
the increase in voltage caused by the long-line capacitance [6]–  In a single circuit line, series resonance will occur when
[8]. Installation of shunt reactors on the double circuit EHVTL using a single pole auto reclose (SPAR) pattern.
with long lines to reduce overvoltage problems due to line  In a double circuit line, when only one of the lines has
capacitance is frequently chosen and implemented on both new voltage, parallel resonance will occur.
transmission lines (during construction) and older transmission Overvoltage resonance occurs when the shunt
lines. However, installing a shunt reactor in a double circuit line compensation degree is high. The compensation degree
causes another overvoltage phenomenon at both ends of the line percentage value is determined by comparing the value of the
installed with a shunt reactor [9]–[11]. Overvoltage occurs
reactor compensation shunt with the positive sequence
when one of the lines is open and the shunt reactor is in the inlet
susceptance of the transmission line [27]. Typically, the
condition. At the same time, the second line is energized [12]–
compensation degree value falls between the range of 60% to
[14].
80% [28].
Over the past five years, several researchers have studied
Previous researchers have provided several alternative
the occurrence of overvoltage in electrical power distribution
solutions to overcome problems when resonance conditions
systems and have undertaken various endeavors to suppress or
reduce it. Of these endeavors is adding the surge arrester occur in lines [29].
equipment and taking control steps on the doubly fed induction  Makes a complete transposition of the transmission line.
generator (DFIG) and point of common coupling (PCC) during  Create an ungrounding scheme on the reactor
grid disturbances [15], [16]. Overvoltage can also be reduced neutral line.
by replacing the disconnector switch (DS) contacts by  Install a resistor between the ground line and the
installing closing resistance on the DS [17]. A three-phase neutral line of the reactor.
opening scheme in the reactor is applied to mitigate overvoltage  Install a reactor (directly mounted or coupled) between
resonance [18]–[20]. Lightning protection designs have also reactor ground and neutral.

Imam Ghozali: Overvoltage Resonance Protection Scheme … Volume 12 Number 4 November 2023
EN-258 JURNAL NASIONAL TEKNIK ELEKTRO DAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI
p-ISSN 2301–4156 | e-ISSN 2460–5719

Figure 1. Diagram of one transmission line under study when the overvoltage occurs on lines X to Y.

 Replace the disconnecting earth switch (DSE) with a

circuit breaker (CB) because the induced voltage at high
voltage is dangerous for the DSE because it causes
arching between the DSE terminal switches.
 Make changes to the reactor configuration.
This research was carried out to analyze the causes of
overvoltage in double circuit lines when one of the lines has
been injected with voltage. Then, an overvoltage condition
occurs in the non-voltage line when the reactor is inserted into
the system. Alternative solutions carried out in this research
have never been carried out in previous research, namely as
follows.
 Carrying out the process of changing the maneuver
scenario when applying voltage, which aims to add line
length to prevent overvoltage resonance.
 Changes in the protection scheme design when a single-
phase fault occurs as a step to secure the phase, which is
not disturbed by the effects of overvoltage resonance.
 Adding an overvoltage relay to the line as an
anticipatory step when overvoltage appears due to a (a) (b)
disturbance in the line when the reactor CB fails to open. Figure 2. Images of (a) tower geometry, (b) simplification of line capacitance.

II. MATERIAL EHVS Y. The voltage in line 1 exceeded the standard operating
A. OVERVIEW SISTEM limit and rose to 584.93 kV when the shunt reactor CB was
Figure 1 is a one-line diagram examined when the inserted, despite line 1 was not yet live. Line 2 was already live
overvoltage phenomenon occurs. This one-line diagram with the shunt reactor CB entering the system. The event of a
consisted of four double-circuit transmission lines connecting voltage rises above the standard operating limit also occurred
four 500 kV extra high voltage substations (EHVS): EHVS W, in line 2 when the shunt reactor CB in line 2 was inserted,
X, Y, and Z. The line length from EHVS W to EHVS X to despite line 2 was not yet live. At the same time, line 1 was
EHVS Y was 93 km, and the length from EHVS Y to EHVS Z already experiencing a voltage drop, with the shunt reactor CB
was 160 km. On the X to Y double circuit transmission line, a being introduced into the system.
shunt reactor with a capacity of 100 MVAR with a voltage of Figure 3 depicts the recording of the digital fault recorder
500 kV was installed. The initial condition of CB in EHVS X (DFR). Figure 3(a) shows that the overvoltage on line 1, which
and EHVS Y was in the open state before injecting voltage to did not receive any voltage injection, was measured at 584.93
line 1, while line 2 was already in the voltage-injected position. kVp. Meanwhile, line 2 was in a voltage-injected state.
Tower and conductor geometry data in Figure 2(a) shows a Figure 3(b) shows the occurrence of overvoltage on a line
sequence of vertical three-phase conductor bundles, with each that had not been injected with voltage (line 2) of 584.93 kVp.
phase consisting of four conductor bundles (quadruple). The Meanwhile, the following line (line 1) was in a voltage-injected
distance between the lower phase and the ground was 23.49 m, condition.
between the middle phase and the ground was 35.89 m, and
between the upper phase and the ground was 48.19 m. Figure III. METHODOLOGY
2(b) depicts a simplified image of the conductor distance In this research, measurements, and analysis to determine
between phases, which simplifies the calculation of the the overvoltage value were carried out using the following steps.
capacitance of a three-phase transmission line. The first step was to carry out a line capacitance calculation
analysis. Equation (1) is a calculation of the compensation
B. THE PROCESS OF OCCURRING OVERVOLTAGE degree value (𝑘).
DURING THE VOLTAGE PROCESSING PROCESS
1
Figure 1 depicts the occurrence of overvoltage when the 𝐵𝐿 (𝜔.𝐿) 1
dual line 500 kV EHVTL is being energized from EHVS X to 𝑘= = = (1)
𝐵𝐶 (𝜔.𝐶+ ) 𝜔2 .𝐿.(𝐶𝑝𝑔 +3.𝐶𝑝𝑝 )

Volume 12 Number 4 November 2023 Imam Ghozali: Overvoltage Resonance Protection Scheme …
JURNAL NASIONAL TEKNIK ELEKTRO DAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI EN-259
p-ISSN 2301–4156 | e-ISSN 2460–5719

(a) (b)
Figure 3. DFR recording, (a) line 1 in the absence of any voltage injection and (b) line 2 in the absence of any voltage injection.

where 𝐶+ is the positive sequence capacitance, 𝐶𝑝𝑔 is the line

capacitance to ground, 𝐶𝑝𝑝 is the interphase line capacitance in
units of F/m, and L is the inductance in H unit. Meanwhile, the
transmission line capacitance value can be obtained using (2)
and (3).
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑝𝑔 = 1 (2)
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 3
𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ 𝑒𝑞 ]− 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ 𝐴𝐵′ 𝐵𝐶′ 𝐶𝐴′ ]
𝑟 𝐷 ′𝐷 𝐷
𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵′ 𝐶𝐶′

𝐶𝑝𝑔
𝐶𝑝𝑝 = (3)
2

where 𝐷𝑒𝑞 is the subconductor distance, 𝐷𝐴𝐵′ 𝐷𝐵𝐶 ′ 𝐷𝐶𝐴′ are the
interphase conductor distance, and r is the bundle conductor
Figure 4. Shunt compensation degree graph on the X to Z line with a change in
radius. Based on (1) and Figure 2(b), the line-to-ground the 𝑘 value from 10% to 200%.
capacitance value (𝐶𝑝𝑔 ) and the anaphase capacitance value
(𝐶𝑝𝑝 ) were calculated, resulting in the following results. software based on field data. Then, the third step involved
validating the simulation model against recorded data of
2𝑥3.14𝑥8.85𝑥10−12
𝐶𝑝𝑔 = 1 = 1.66𝑥10−11 𝐹/𝑚 disturbances that occurred when line 1 experienced an
𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ 0.045 ]− 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔 [118.94𝑥84𝑥101.4]3
0.0109 96.4𝑥71.8𝑥47
overvoltage, when line 2 was injected with voltage and the
reactor entered the system. A validation comparison of DFR
𝐶𝑁
𝐶𝑝𝑝 = = 0.83𝑥10−11 𝐹/𝑚. recordings with simulation results showed identical results.
2
From the observations on the DFR, the induced voltage was
From the results of the calculations above, the phase-to- 25.36 kVp. Meanwhile the simulated induced voltage was 28.6
ground line capacitance value was 1.66𝑥10−11 𝐹/𝑚 , and the kVp prior to the installation of CB reactor line 1. Furthermore,
interphase line capacitance was 0.83𝑥10−11 𝐹/𝑚, which was after the reactor CB was closed, the simulated voltage on line 1
an X to Y transmission line with length of 93 km. After was 583.57 kVp. It was aligned with the DFR recording for line
obtaining the line capacitance value, the shunt compensation 1,584 kVp.
degree (𝑘) value was calculated, resulting in the following The fourth step involved validating the simulation model
results. against recorded data of disturbances that occurred when line 2
1 experienced an overvoltage, when line 1 was injected with
𝑘=
𝜔2 .𝐿.(𝐶𝑝𝑔 +3.𝐶𝑝𝑝 ) voltage and the reactor entered the system. The validation of
1 the DFR recordings was compared with the simulation
𝑘 = (2×3.14×50)2 results and yielded identical results. From the observations on
×2,64×(1.66+3𝑥0.83)×10−11 ×93000
the DFR, the induced voltage was 25.03 kVp. Meanwhile the
𝑘 = 0.9942 = 99.42%. simulated induced voltage was 28.6 kVp prior to the
The shunt compensation degree (k) value obtained was installation of CB reactor line 2. Furthermore, after the reactor
99.42% following the injection of shunt reactor data and line CB was closed, the simulated voltage in line 2 was 546.46 kVp.
capacitance values. Figure 4 shows that the value (𝑘) of the line This result was aligned with the DFR recording in line 2, which
being examined reached its peak of overvoltage resonance was 546 kVp in line 2, even after the reactor CB was closed.
when the shunt compensation degree (k) value was shifted from The fifth step involved simulating and analyzing the voltage
10% to 200%. It could potentially cause overvoltage resonance profile after changing the maneuver scenario when injecting
in the line. voltage to the transmission line. Then, the sixth step was to
The second step was to model the 500 kV tower conduct a simulation and analysis of the voltage profile after
configuration and inter-circuit and inter-phase couplings of the changing the protection scheme design by changing the reactor
W – X – Y – Z transmission line in DIgSILENT Power Factory CB open command design during a single-phase fault.

Imam Ghozali: Overvoltage Resonance Protection Scheme … Volume 12 Number 4 November 2023
EN-260 JURNAL NASIONAL TEKNIK ELEKTRO DAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI
p-ISSN 2301–4156 | e-ISSN 2460–5719

(a)

(b)

Figure 5. Single-line diagram of, (a) process of applying tension according to the initial SOP, (b) changes in the sequence of maneuvers in the process of injecting voltage.

The seventh step was to simulate and analyze the voltage Figure 6 shows that the initial scenario was conducted by
profile after adding an overvoltage relay (OVR) to the positioning CB A and AB in EHVS X and EHVS Y in the open
transmission line. The eighth stage involved simulating a load position. Next, the first process was carried out by closing the
in order to observe the stress profile under minimum load, reactor CB in the line. Then, in the second and third processes,
maximum load, gradual load increase, and load release from CB A in EHVS X and CB B in EHVS Y were closed [30].
maximum to minimum. The loading simulation was carried out When the CB reactor was closed, the line experienced
using an inter-bus transformer (IBT) installed on EHVS, with overvoltage, despite the absence of any voltage injection. In
the following data. order to anticipate this, changes were then made to the
 At EHVS W, there were two IBTs with a capacity of maneuver scenario when injecting voltage, with the first
500 MVA per transformer. process being inserting CB A, followed by CB AB and CB B
 At EHVS Y, there were two IBTs with a capacity of 500 in EHVS Y. Once all CBs in EHVS Y were inserted, the second
MVA per transformer. line reactor CB was subsequently inserted. Afterwards, CB A
 At EHVS Z, there were two IBTs with a capacity of 500 in EHVS X and CB B in EHVS Z were inserted sequentially.
MVA per transformer.
Changes to the maneuver caused the capacitance value that
The results of steps five to eight will be discussed in
influenced the induced voltage to increase to 253 km, namely
subsections IV. A to IV. D.
the transmission line from EHVS X-Y-Z. According to the
IV. RESEARCH RESULTS length of the line from EHVS X to Y, initially, the capacitance
This section discusses the simulation results from steps five value that influences the induced voltage is 93 km. Increasing
to eight in anticipating and overcoming overvoltage on the line. the length of the line will affect the value of the shunt
compensation degree (k). The following results were obtained
A. MAKING MANUVER SCENARIO CHANGES DURING after carrying out calculations based on (2).
THE VOLTAGE PROCESSING PROCESS
1
Changes in line impedance values can be done by extending 𝑘=
𝜔2 .𝐿.(𝐶𝑝𝑔 +3.𝐶𝑝𝑝 )
the transmission line, namely by reconfiguring the sequence of
voltage supply maneuvers, as explained in Figure 5. 𝑘=
1
7.93
Figure 5(a) is a one-line diagram of the sequence of (2×3.14×50)2 × ×(1.66+3𝑥0.83)×10−11 ×253000
3
maneuvers according to the initial standard operating
𝑘 = 0.3654 = 36.54%.
procedure (SOP) for the injection of voltage. In contrast, Figure
5(b) shows a one-line diagram of changes in the voltage The shunt compensation degree (𝑘) of 36.54% had no
injection maneuver. The sequence of voltage injection potential to cause overvoltage after proving it by simulating
maneuvers is described in the flowchart in Figure 6. changes to the maneuver scenario in the DIgSILENT Power

Volume 12 Number 4 November 2023 Imam Ghozali: Overvoltage Resonance Protection Scheme …
JURNAL NASIONAL TEKNIK ELEKTRO DAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI EN-261
p-ISSN 2301–4156 | e-ISSN 2460–5719

Figure 7. Simulation results of changes in maneuver scenarios during the

tensioning process.

 CCP relay,
 single-phase fault on the line,
 three-phase faults on the line,
 CBF A relay,
 CBF B relay, and
 OVR relay.
The reactor CB will open if it receives one of the six
interference signals. To determine the voltage profile in the
undisturbed phase when a single-phase disturbance occurs, a
simulation was carried out by adding a disturbance in the R
phase. Figure 8(a) shows the simulation results during a single-
phase disturbance in the R phase. The S and T phases that were
not disturbed experiencing voltage rise of 575.79 kVp and
537.8 kVp, respectively.
Figure 8(b) is the simulation result after changes to the
protection design. The figure shows no voltage rise in the
Figure 6. Flowchart of the sequence of voltage injection maneuver according to
the initial SOP and after changes. undisturbed phases, namely phase S and phase T, with voltage
values of 424 kVp and 426 kVp. The voltage in the S phase and
Factory software. Figure 7 is a voltage profile resulting from a
T phase was back to normal after the parallel circuit between
simulation of changes in voltage maneuvers showing that there
was no overvoltage in the line. The voltage in the line was the reactor and the line causing the overvoltage resonance was
measured at 31.928 kVp after being inserted into the CB reactor disconnected by opening the reactor CB.
at 0.1 s. C. ADDITION OF OVR TO THE NETWORK
B. CHANGE IN PROTECTION SCHEME DESIGN DURING 1 To anticipate the occurrence of overvoltage once the line
PHASE DISTURBANCE can operate and the double circuit is injected with voltage, it is
In the initial design, the CB reactor scheme will open when necessary to install an OVR with two schemes. First, OVR
the transmission line receives an open command from the five basic was utilized as protection against line overvoltage with
inputs inputted in the OR gate. The five inputs are: the following three output signal commands:
 circulating current protection (CCP) relay,  open the CB reactor,
 three-phase faults on the line,  open CB lines, and
 circuit breaker failure (CBF) relay A,  sends a direct transfer trip (DTT) signal to the opposing
 circuit breaker failure (CBF) relay B, and EHVS.
 overvoltage relay (OVR). The second scheme was the OVR resonance. This scheme
From this initial design, when a single-phase disturbance was created to anticipate overvoltage when one or three-phase
occurs, the safety relay does not command the reactor CB to disturbances occurred. However, the reactor CB failed to open
open, thereby affecting the voltage on the uninterrupted phase. due to internal problems, such as mechanical damage or
It happens because the line capacitance value in the disturbed problems with the circuit. The second OVR logic scheme had
phase can result in resonance if the end of the line is still two delay time stages with different targets to open the CB,
connected to the shunt reactor [31]. namely as follows.
To account for this condition, the reactor CB opening  The first stage of delay time had a duration of 2 s with
scheme was modified by adding a single-phase line disturbance an output signal commanding to open the reactor CB
as one of the conditions for opening the reactor CB during a again.
disturbance. When a single-phase disturbance occurs, the  The second stage of two delay time had an additional
conditions for opening the reactor CB consist of six inputs time duration of 3 s. This second stage occurred if the
entering a single OR gate: reactor CB had not opened when commanded to open

Imam Ghozali: Overvoltage Resonance Protection Scheme … Volume 12 Number 4 November 2023
EN-262 JURNAL NASIONAL TEKNIK ELEKTRO DAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI
p-ISSN 2301–4156 | e-ISSN 2460–5719

(a) (b)
Figure 8. Voltage profile when a single-phase fault occurs, (a) with the reactor CB still in, (b) with the reactor CB already opened.

(a) (b)
Figure 9. Voltage profile, (a) when a line fault occurs, and the reactor CB remains in, (b) after applying OVR resonance by opening the next CB.

the stage one. The output signal would open the line CB  Increasing the load gradually in the range of 14% to
and the CB reactor of the adjacent line to eliminate 17%, equivalent to 410 MVA to 520 MVA.
excess voltage due to the influence of induction in  Loading shedding from a maximum load of 100% to a
the adjacent line. minimum load of 0% so that in this condition, the IBT
Figure 9(a) shows the results of observing the voltage was released from the system.
profile when a disturbance occurs in the line, but the reactor CB From these four simulations, voltage observations were
remains closed. The voltage rose to 498.8 kVp, even though the then carried out on line 1 and line 2, which was during the
CB line was in the open position. The simulation results of switching process and at a steady state. Observations were
applying OVR resonance can be seen in Figure 9 (b), which conducted during the switching process to see the transient
shows that the voltage drops to 84.87 kVp after the CB line next voltage that arises.
to it is opened. The cause of the voltage drop was the induction The process of injecting and removing loads often results in
into the parallel circuit of the reactor, which failed to open with momentary overvoltage. Therefore, steady voltage
the disturbed line having been eliminated when the adjacent observations were carried out to observe and ensure that there
line’s CB was opened. was no overvoltage for a long time in the line after the loading
process was carried out. The line loading simulation results are
D. SIMULATION OF LOADING ON THE LINE shown in Table I and Table II.
Following the operation of the X to Y transmission lines According to Table I and Table II, the switching voltage
and the injection of voltage into the double circuit, a load during the highest line loading process was 1,1 p.u or
simulation was carried out on the line using several simulations equivalent to 550 kV. This voltage of 1,1 p.u is still safe and
as follows. does not damage installed equipment such as CB, current
 Maximum load of 100%, which was equivalent to 3,000 transformer (CT), DS, and lightning arrester (LA) as this
MVA. It is done by including all IBTs on lines W equipment can withstand switching voltages of up to 1,175 kV,
through Z. according to the technical data of the installed equipment.
 Minimum load of 0%, without including IBT on lines W Under 100% maximum load conditions, a voltage dropped
to Z. of up to 0.982 p.u or the equivalent of 491 kV. This voltage

Volume 12 Number 4 November 2023 Imam Ghozali: Overvoltage Resonance Protection Scheme …
JURNAL NASIONAL TEKNIK ELEKTRO DAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI EN-263
p-ISSN 2301–4156 | e-ISSN 2460–5719

TABLE I line, which was successfully simulated and reduced the voltage
SWITCHING VOLTAGE PROFILE DURING LOADING
to 84.87 kVp.
Switching Voltage During Loading (p.u) The load simulation on the line showed that the steady
Line
100% 83% 66% 50% 33% 16% 0% voltage remained above the safe limit of +5% when the load
Line 1 0.982 1.057 1.106 1.116 1.143 1.075 1.074 was below 990 MVA. Whereas, when the load was increased
Line 2 0.987 1.061 1.111 1.112 1.131 1.075 1.074 to a maximum of 3,000 MVA, the voltage drop remained
TABLE II
within the standard, namely less than-5%. While increasing the
STEADY VOLTAGE PROFILE DURING LOADING load gradually and when releasing the load, the switching
voltage was still within the safe limits of the equipment’s
Steady Voltage During Loading (p.u)
Line ability to withstand the switching voltage.
100% 83% 66% 50% 33% 16% 0%
Line 1 0.982 1.012 1.032 1.048 1.060 1.060 1.061 CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Line 2 0.982 1.019 1.040 1.052 1.060 1.060 1.060 The author of the paper, “Overvoltage Resonance
TABLE III Protection Scheme of 500 kV Extra High Voltage Transmission
VOLTAGE PROFILE DURING LOAD REMOVAL Lines,” declares that this paper is free from conflicts of interest.
Line Switching Voltage During Load Removal (p.u) AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION
Line 1 1.437 Conceptualization, Imam Ghozali, Mochammad Facta, and
Line 2 1.417 Abdul Syakur; software, Imam Ghozali; validation,
Mochammad Facta and Abdul Syakur; formal analysis, Imam
drop is still within safe limits according to the 2020 electric
Ghozali, Mochammad Facta, and Abdul Syakur; source, Imam
power system network regulations/grid code, namely the
Ghozali; writing–original draft preparation, Imam Ghozali;
voltage rise limit is +5% or 525 kV and the voltage drop is -5%
or 475 kV. The highest steady voltage was 1.06 p.u or writing–review and editing, Imam Ghozali, Mochammad Facta,
equivalent to 530 kV. It occurred at load conditions of 0% to and Abdul Syakur.
33% or 0 MVA to 990 MVA. This voltage exceeds the 5% ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
voltage rise limit. The lowest steady voltage was 0.982 p.u or Thank you to the 2023 Strategic Research Grant, Faculty of
the equivalent of 491 kV, occurred when the maximum load is Electrical Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro.
100% or 3,000 MVA. This lowest steady-state voltage
condition is still within the standard grid code limit, namely - REFERENCES
5% [32]. Table III shows the switching voltage during load [1] A.P. Singh, S. Ghosh, A.S. Rones V., and S. Sahay, “Analysis and
shedding from 100% or 3,000 MVA to 0%, with the condition Mitigation of Secondary Arcing & Resonance Overvoltage Problem in
Shunt Compensated Lines -Case Study,” 2022 IEEE IAS Glob. Conf.
that is no IBT connected to lines W to Z.
Emerg. Technol. (GlobConET), 2022, pp. 140–145, doi:
The switching voltage on line 1 was 1.437 p.u or equivalent 10.1109/GlobConET53749.2022.9872373.
to 718.5 kV, while the switching voltage on line 2 was1.417 p.u [2] R.M.A. Velásquez and J.V.M. Lara, “The Problem of the Actual
or equivalent to 708.5 kV. The switching voltage measured at Insulation Coordination for 500 kV with Overvoltage in Substations and
the time of load removal is still within the safe limits of the the Needed for More Surge Arresters in High Voltage Grid,” Ain Shams
Eng. J., Vol. 4, No. 9, pp. 1–15, Sep. 2023, doi:
equipment because the installed equipment can withstand 10.1016/j.asej.2023.102130.
switching voltages of up to 1,175 kV. [3] Y.L. Xin et al., “Configuration of Suppression Schemes Against High-
Frequency Transient Reignition Overvoltages Caused by Shunt Reactor
V. CONCLUSION Switching-Off in Offshore Wind Farms,” Int. J. Elect. Power, Energy
Based on the simulation results of the efforts made to Syst., Vol. 141, pp. 1–10, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108170.
reduce the overvoltage on the X-Y line, it can be concluded that [4] H. Ren, “Analysis on Switching Overvoltage of 500 kV GIS
Disconnector,” Energy Reports, Vol. 8, pp. 169–176, Aug. 2022, doi:
the cause of the occurrence of an overvoltage resonance in the 10.1016/j.egyr.2022.02.143.
line that has not been injected with voltage on the double circuit [5] S. Grebovic, N. Oprasic, and A. Balota, “Influence of Shunt Reactor
line when line 2 already energized was the value of the shunt Switching on Overvoltages in 400 kV Substation,” 2020 9th Mediterr.
compensation degree (𝑘) reaching 99.42%. It was obtained Conf. Embed. Comput. (MECO), 2020, pp. 1–4, doi:
10.1109/MECO49872.2020.9134116.
from the installed reactor capacity value of 100 MVAR and a [6] N. Pfeifer, M. Kizilcay, and P. Malicki, “Analytical and Numerical Study
line length of 93 km. The step to reduce the overvoltage was to of an Iron-Core Shunt-Compensation Reactor on a Mixed Transmission
change the scenario during the voltage application process, Line,” Elect. Power Syst. Res., Vol. 220, pp. 1–8, Jul. 2023, doi:
namely by first inserting CB A, AB, and B into EHVS Y to 10.1016/j.epsr.2023.109315.
[7] A. Župan, B. Filipović-Grčić, and D. Filipović-Grčić, “Transients Caused
extend the line to 253 km so that the shunt compensation degree by Switching of 420kV Three-Phase Variable Shunt Reactor,” Elect.
(𝑘) value became 36.54. The measured voltage value became Power Syst. Res., Vol. 138, pp. 50–57, Sep. 2016, doi:
31.9 kVp after the CB reactor closing process. When the double 10.1016/j.epsr.2015.12.010.
circuit operates, it is necessary to add a SPAR scheme as a [8] J. Hu, P. Yuan, X. Li, and Y. Liu, “Analysis on the Necessity of High-
condition for opening the reactor CB to anticipate voltage rises Voltage Shunt Reactors in Power Grid,” 2020 10th Int. Conf. Power,
Energy Syst. (ICPES), 2020, pp. 83–87, doi:
in the undisturbed phase. After simulations, it was proven that 10.1109/ICPES51309.2020.9349640.
this process could reduce the voltage rise in the undisturbed [9] V. Yari, S.H. Khalaj, and F. Ghelichi, “A Study on Reclosing of
phase. The addition of the OVR relay was done in anticipation Asaluyeh-Isfahan 765 kV Transmission Line Considering the Effect of
when there was an overvoltage on the line, but the reactor CB Neutral Reactor in Reducing Resonant Voltages,” 2012 Asia-Pac. Power,
Energy Eng. Conf., 2012, pp. 1–5, doi: 10.1109/APPEEC.2012.6307333.
could not open due to internal interference. This process was
[10] Y. Wang and X. Wang, “Influence of Combined Protective Circuit
conducted using a scheme to command open the CB of the next Parameters on Protective Effect of Breaking Overvoltage for Shunt

Imam Ghozali: Overvoltage Resonance Protection Scheme … Volume 12 Number 4 November 2023
EN-264 JURNAL NASIONAL TEKNIK ELEKTRO DAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI
p-ISSN 2301–4156 | e-ISSN 2460–5719

Reactor,” 2018 12th IEEE Int. Conf. Prop., Appl. Dielect. Mater. [22] C. Jaipradidtham, “Probability Parameter Estimation of Outage Rate
(ICPADM), 2018, pp. 852–855, doi: 10.1109/ICPADM.2018.8401162. Effects for Lightning Overvoltage Analysis on 500 kV EHV Double
[11] M.H. Samimi et al., “Reactor Failure due to Resonance in Zahedan- Circuit Transmission Lines Using Neural Networks,” 2005 Int. Power
Iranshahr Parallel EHV Lines, Analysis and Practical Solutions,” Acta Eng. Conf., Vol. 2, 2005, pp. 803–808, doi: 10.1109/IPEC.2005.207018.
Polytech. Hung., Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 63–78, Jul. 2014, doi: [23] T. Lin et al., “Analysis of Effect of System Configuration and Parameters
10.12700/APH.11.01.2014.01.5. on Energization Overvoltage in 330kV Hybrid OHL-Cable System,”
[12] M. Pickett, H. Manning, and H.V. Geem, “Near Resonant Coupling on 2020 IEEE Int. Conf. on High Volt. Eng., Appl. (ICHVE), 2020, pp. 1–4,
EHV Circuits: I - Field Investigations,” IEEE Trans. Power Appar., Syst., doi: 10.1109/ICHVE49031.2020.9279731.
Vol. PAS-87, No. 2, pp. 322–325, Feb. 1968, doi: [24] X. Gu et al., “The Simulation of the Controllable Reactor and It’s
10.1109/TPAS.1968.292025. Application in Ultra High Voltage Transmission Lines,” 2011 Int. Conf.
[13] M. Hesse and D. Wilson, “Near Resonant Coupling on EHV Circuits: II Adv. Power Syst. Automat., Prot., 2011, pp. 1833–1837, doi:
- Methods of Analysis,” IEEE Trans. Power Appar., Syst., Vol. PAS-87, 10.1109/APAP.2011.6180664.
No. 2, pp. 326–334, Feb. 1968, doi: 10.1109/TPAS.1968.292026. [25] V. Kuchanskyy, “Application of Controlled Shunt Reactors for
[14] K. Priest, A. Ramirez, H. Nowak, and J. LaForest, “Resonant Voltages Suppression Abnormal Resonance Overvoltages in Assymetric Modes,”
Reactor Compensated Extra-High-Voltage Lines,” IEEE Trans. Power 2019 IEEE 6th Int. Conf. Energy Smart Syst. (ESS), 2019, pp. 122–125,
Appar., Syst., Vol. PAS-91, No. 6, pp. 2528–2536, Nov. 1972, doi: doi: 10.1109/ESS.2019.8764196.
10.1109/TPAS.1972.293432. [26] M.V. Escudero and M. Redfern, “Effects of Transmission Line
[15] X. Liu, P. Zhang, X. Deng, and D. Sun, “Hierarchical Overvoltage Construction on Resonance in Shunt Compensated EHV lines,” presented
Predictive Control Scheme for a DFIG-Based Wind Farm,” Elect. Power at Int. Conf. Power Syst. Transients (IPST’05), Montreal, Québec,
Syst. Res., Vol. 217, pp. 1–19, Apr. 2023, doi: Kanada, 19–23 Jun. 2005, Paper IPST05 – 109.
10.1016/j.epsr.2023.109172. [27] W. Reid, R. Gustin, and P. Zylstra, “Guidelines for Determining Parallel
[16] Y. Li, Y. Zeng, W. Zhang, and C. Qin, “Coordinated Optimization Resonance on EHV Transmission Lines,” IEEE Trans. Power Appar.,
Method for Suppressing Transient Overvoltage Caused by HVDC Syst., Vol. PAS-102, No. 9, pp. 3196–3204, Sep. 1983, doi:
Commutation Failure Considering Large Wind Power Integration,” 10.1109/TPAS.1983.318129.
Energy Rep., Vol. 9, pp. 1171–1182, Dec. 2023, doi: [28] J.R. Marti, “Accurate Modelling of Frequency-Dependent Transmission
10.1016/j.egyr.2022.12.037. Lines in Electromagnetic Transient Simulations,” IEEE Trans. Power
[17] J. Santiago and M.C. Tavares, “Relevant Factors for Temporary Appar., Syst., Vol. PAS-101, No. 1, pp. 147–157, Jan. 1982, doi:
Overvoltages due to Fault-Resonance Conditions on Half-Wavelength 10.1109/TPAS.1982.317332.
Transmission Lines,” Elect. Power Syst. Res., Vol. 175, pp. 1–12, Oct. [29] M.H. Samimi, I. Ahmadi-Joneidi, A. Majzoobi, and S. Golshannavaz,
2019, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2019.105886. “Appropriate Selection of Shunt Compensation Reactor in Parallel
[18] E. Nashawati, N. Fischer, B. Le, and D.I. Taylor, “Impacts of Shunt Transmission Lines: A Case Study,” Int. J. Elect. Power, Energy Syst.,
Reactors on Transmission Line Protection,” presented at 38th Annu. West. Vol. 96, pp. 163–173, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2017.09.041.
Prot. Relay Conf., Spokane, WA, USA, 18–20 Oct. 2011. [30] SOP Energize GITET 500 kV Indramayu, Vol. 072/PR/P2B-OPS-DLP,
[19] F. Iliceto, E. Cinieri, and A. Vita, “Overvoltages Due to Open-Phase PT PLN UIP2B Jawa, Depok, Indonesia, 2021.
Occurrence in Reactor Compensated EHV Lines,” IEEE Trans. Power [31] Control and Schematic GITET PLTU Indramayu 500 kV, ABB Sakti
Appar., Syst., Vol. PAS-103, No. 3, pp. 474–482, Mar. 1984, doi: Industri, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2021.
10.1109/TPAS.1984.318725. [32] “Aturan Jaringan Sistem Tenaga Listrik (Grid Code),” Regulation of the
[20] X. Lei et al., “Research on Resonance Overvoltage of EHV Transmission Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia,
Lines Caused by Lightning Strike,” IEEE Access, Vol. 9, pp. 123777– No. 20, 2020.
123785, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3109597.
[21] X. Xiao and W. Lu, “Simulation Analysis on Lightning Overvoltage of
500kV Substation,” 16th IET Int. Conf. AC, DC Power Trans. (ACDC
2020), 2020, pp. 1668–1672, doi: 10.1049/icp.2020.0189.

Volume 12 Number 4 November 2023 Imam Ghozali: Overvoltage Resonance Protection Scheme …