104 Python Programs For Beginners-1

104
PYTHON PROGRAMS FOR BEGINNERS
CMR Institute of Technology

#132, ITPL Main Road, Bengaluru-560037, India
https://www.cmrit.ac.in/
INDEX
S. No. Program Difficulty Page No.

Level
0 All Formats Easy 6
1 Student Data Easy 90
2 Celsius to Fahrenheit Easy 92
3 Simple Interest Easy 93
4 Compound Interest Easy 94
5 Largest of 3 Numbers Easy 95
6 Best 2 Test Marks Easy 96
7 Number of likes and dislikes Easy 97
8 Even Odd Easy 98
9 Reverse the array and find the sum Easy 100
10 Type of Triangle Easy 102
11 Parity Bit Easy 103
12 Odd Factors Easy 104
13 Rule Based Product Medium 106
14 Spy Number Medium 108
15 Neon Number Medium 110
16 Armstrong Number Medium 111
17 GCD Easy 113
18 LCM Easy 114
19 Perfect Square Easy 115
20 Sum of Square of First n Natural Numbers Easy 116
21 Factorial of a Number Easy 117
22 Palindrome Easy 120
23 Tens Place Ones Place Easy 121
24 Leap Year Medium 122
25 Prime Number Medium 125
26 Sum of Consecutive Primes Difficult 128
27 Prime Product Difficult 130
28 Product of Unique Prime Factors Difficult 132
29 List of Unique Numbers in a List Easy 134
30 Fibonacci Series Medium 136
31 ASCII Value Easy 140
32 Caesar Cipher Medium 141
33 Run Length Encoding Difficult 143
34 Pythagorean Triplets Difficult 145
35 Senior Citizen Medium 146
36 Mean Variance Std Deviation Easy 147
37 Largest Even Number Difficult 148
38 Binary to Decimal Medium 150
39 Decimal to Binary Medium 151
40 Decimal to Hexadecimal Easy 152
41 Roman to Decimal Difficult 153
42 Guess the Number Medium 154
43 Number Pattern Difficult 156
44 Star Pattern Difficult 160
45 Bank Transaction Easy 168
46 Permutations and Combinations Difficult 169
47 Transpose of a matrix Easy 172
48 Shuffle two lists Medium 173
49 Fully Dividing Sequence Difficult 174
50 Histogram Difficult 176
51 Expanding List Difficult 177
52 Number of Occurrence Medium 178
53 Voting Machine Difficult 179
54 Vehicle Parking Difficult 181
55 Remove Spaces and find length Medium 183
56 Words Longer Than N Easy 184
57 Common and Uncommon Words Easy 185
58 Duplicate Character Easy 186
59 Remove Adjacent Duplicates Medium 188
60 First Non Repeating Character Medium 189
61 Anagram and Heterogram Medium 190
62 Remove Repeated Words Medium 192
63 Remove a Digit Medium 193
64 String Similarity Medium 195
65 Shadow Sentences Difficult 197
66 Vowels, Consonants, Digits Medium 199
67 To Remove All Consonants From A String Medium 202
68 Highest Number of Vowels Difficult 204
69 Substring Medium 205
70 Reverse the Words Easy 206
71 Reverse a Name and Capitalize Each Word Easy 207
72 Car Engine Number Easy 208
73 Replace a Character Easy 209
74 Remove Duplicates and Sort Alphanumerically Medium 210
75 Fill With Stars Difficult 211
76 Wonderful String Difficult 212
77 Name Company From Email Difficult 213
78 Extract Email IDs from a Sentence Difficult 215
79 Start With A End With Z Difficult 216
80 Start With Hello, End With Digit Difficult 217
81 Parentheses Matching Difficult 220
82 Valid USN Difficult 221
83 Valid Phone Number Difficult 224
84 Valid PAN Difficult 227
85 Valid Date Difficult 229
86 Valid Password Difficult 231
87 Valid Vehicle Number Difficult 235
88 Valid IP Address Difficult 238
89 Valid URL Difficult 240
90 Exception Handling Easy 242
91 Top 10 Words Difficult 243
92 Sort a Text File Difficult 245
93 Zip a Folder Difficult 246
94 Class Complex Difficult 247
95 Class Student Difficult 249
96 Class Circle Difficult 251
97 Add Two Time Objects Difficult 253
98 Linear Search Easy 254
99 Binary Search Difficult 255
100 Bubble Sort Difficult 257
101 Selection Sort Difficult 258
102 Insertion Sort Difficult 259
103 Merge Sort Difficult 260
104 Quick Sort Difficult 261
0.All Formats
This chapter does not contain any programs.

This chapter summarizes several frequently used operations and functions in Python program-
ming.
If you are already familiar with Python, you may skip this chapter.
1 How to input a string in Jupyter Notebook
[1]: #By default, input() function takes string data type
#Letters,Space,Numbers,Special Characters - all are considered as string
s=input("Enter a string : ")
Enter a string : raveesh hegde
2 How to input a string in online coding tests
[2]: s=input()
#In online coding tests, do not type any statement inside input() function
#In online coding tests, input data will be taken automatically, you need not␣
,→enter any data manually
raveesh hegde
3 How to check the data type of s
[3]: print(type(s))
<class 'str'>
1
4 How to input an integer in Jupyter Notebook
[4]: n=int(input("Enter an integer"))
#By defualt, input() function takes string data type
#If you want an integer, convert string to integer using int() function
Enter an integer2
5 How to input an integer in online coding tests
[5]: n=int(input())
6 How to check the data type of n
[6]: print(type(n))
<class 'int'>
7 How to input a float in Jupyter Notebook
[7]: x=float(input("Enter a float : "))
#By defualt, input() function takes string data type
#If you want a float, convert string to float using float() function
Enter a float : 2.3
8 How to input a float in online coding tests
[8]: x=float(input())
2
2.3
9 How to input multiple strings in Jupyter Notebook

Format 1 : Multiple strings in a single line separated by space
[9]: list1=input("Enter multiple strings separated by space : ")
#At this point, list1 is a single string. Even space is considered as a string.
Enter multiple strings separated by space : raveesh hegde cmrit ece 123
[10]: #Now, we split the string and create a list
list1=list1.split()
[11]: #To view the list

print(list1)
# Now, we have a list of strings
['raveesh', 'hegde', 'cmrit', 'ece', '123']
10 How to input multiple strings in online coding tests

Format 1 : Multiple strings in a single line separated by space
For Ex. :
raveesh hegde cmrit ece 123 !@#$%ˆ&*()
[12]: #In online coding tests, do not type any statement inside input() function
list1=input() #Enter multiple strings separated by space
list1=list1.split() #After split(), we get a list
raveesh hegde cmrit ece 123

Format 2 : Multiple strings in a single line separated by comma
For Ex. :
raveesh,hegde,cmrit,ece,123 !@#$%ˆ&*()
3
[13]: #In online coding tests, do not type any statement inside input() function
list1=input() #Enter multiple strings separated by comma
list1=list1.split(",") #After split(), we get a list
raveesh,hegde,cmrit,ece,123

Format 3 : Multiple strings entered one below the other (Press enter key after entering every
string)
For Ex. :
raveesh
hegde
cmrit
ece
123
!@#$%ˆ&*()
[15]: n=int(input()) #Take the length of the list as input
list1=[] #Start with an empty list
for i in range(n):
list1.append(input())
5
raveesh
hegde
cmrit
ece
123

Format 4 : Multiple strings within square brackets
4
For Ex. : [‘raveesh’,‘hegde’,‘cmrit’,‘ece’]
for i in range(n):
list1.append(input()) #Press 'Enter' key after typing every element
5
raveesh
hegde
cmrit
ece
123
14 How to input multiple integers in online coding tests

Format 1 : Multiple integers in a single line separated by space
For Ex. :
2468
[17]: list1=input() #Enter multiple integers separated by space
list1=[int(i) for i in list1] #Convert every element of the list to integer
2 4 6 8

Format 2 : Multiple integers in a single line separated by comma
For Ex. :
2,4,6,8
[18]: list1=input() #Enter multiple integers separated by comma
list1=list1.split(",") #After split(), we get a list
5
2,4,6,8

Format 3 : Multiple integers entered one below the other (Press enter key after entering every
integer)
For Ex. :
2
4
6
8
for i in range(n):
list1.append(int(input()))
4
2
4
6
8

Format 4 : Multiple integers within square brackets
For Ex. : [2,4,6,8]
for i in range(n):
list1.append(int(input())) #Press 'Enter' key after typing every element
6
4
2
4
6
8
18 How to print elements of a list in online coding tests

Format 1 : Elements inside square brackets, separated by space
For Ex. :
[2,4,6,8]
[21]: print(list1)
[2, 4, 6, 8]

Format 2 : Elements in a single line separated by space
For Ex. :
2468
[22]: print(*list1)
2 4 6 8

Format 3 : Elements in a single line separated by comma, but NO comma after the last element
For Ex. :
2,4,6,8
[23]: print(*list1,sep=",")
2,4,6,8

Format 3 : Elements in a single line separated by comma and comma after the last element
For Ex. :
7
2,4,6,8,
[24]: for i in list1:

print(i,end=",")
2,4,6,8,

Format 4 : Elements one below the other
For Ex. :
2
4
6
8
[25]: print(*list1,sep="\n")
2
4
6
8

Format 4 : Elements one below the other and comma after every element
For Ex. :
2,
4,
6,
8,

print("{},".format(i))
2,
4,
6,
8,
8
24 Important Note :
There are multiple ways to input and output data in Python.
Which method should we follow?
In online coding tests, along with questions, sample test cases will also be given.
We have to follow the method which matches the format of sample input and output test cases.
25 Variables
1. In Python, there is no need to declare a variable. We can directly assign a value to it.
2. A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
3. A variable name cannot start with a number
4. A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A to z, 0 to 9,
and _ )
5. Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE are three different variables)
6. A variable name cannot be any of the Python keywords.
7. Type of a variable can change during the course of a program
[27]: x=5
y=5.0
z="Raveesh"
a=3>2
26 Operators
Following are the built-in operators in python
1. Arithmetic operators
2. Assignment operators
3. Comparison operators
4. Logical operators
5. Identity operators
6. Membership operators
7. Bitwise operators
9
27 Arithmetic Operators
[28]: x=2
y=3
# Addition
z=x+y
print(z)
[29]: # Subtraction
z=x-y
print(z)
-1
[30]: # Multiplication
z=x*y
print(z)
[31]: # Division
z=x/y
print(z)
0.6666666666666666
[32]: # Modulus Operator
# This gives the remainder
z=x%y
print(z)
10
[33]: # Floor division
# This gives the quotient
z=x//y
print(z)
[34]: # Exponentiation
z=x**y #x to the power y
print(z)
28 Assignment Operators
[35]: x=2
print(x)
[36]: x+=3 # This means x=x+3
print(x)
[37]: # Similarly -=, *=, /=, %=, //=, **= all are valid
29 Comparison Operators
[38]: x=2
y=3
[39]: # Check whether x is equal to y
x==y
#This will result in either True or False
[39]: False
11
[40]: # Check whether x is not equal to y
x!=y
[40]: True
[41]: # Check whether x is greater than y
x>y
[41]: False
[42]: # Check whether x is less than y
x<y
[42]: True
[43]: # Check whether x is greater than or equal to y
x>=y
[43]: False
[44]: # Check whether x is less than or equal to y
x<=y
[44]: True
30 Logical Operators : and, or
[45]: print(x)
print(y)
2
3
12
[46]: # and operator : returns true if both conditions are met
x>0 and y<3
[46]: False
[47]: # or operator : returns true if at least one condition is met
x>0 or y<3
[47]: True
[48]: # not operator : reverse the result
not(x>0 or y<3)
[48]: False
31 Identity Operators - is, is not
[49]: x = ["apples", "oranges"]
print(x)
y = ["apples", "oranges"]
print(y)
z = x
print(z)
['apples', 'oranges']
[50]: print(x is z)
# Returns True because z is the same object as x
True
[51]: print(x is y)
# Returns False because x is not the same object as y, even though they have the␣
,→same content
False
13
[52]: print(x == y)
# Returns True because content of x is same as content of y
True
[53]: print(x is not z)
# Returns False because z is the same object as x
False
[54]: print(x is not y)
# Returns True because x is not the same object as y, even though they have the␣
,→same content
True
32 Membership Operators - in, not in
[55]: x=[2,4,6,8]
print(x)
[2, 4, 6, 8]
[56]: 2 in x
[56]: True
[57]: 3 in x
[57]: False
[58]: 3 not in x
[58]: True
14
33 Bitwise Operators
[59]: x=2
print(x)
y=4
print(y)
2
4
[60]: # Bitwise and : Set each bit to 1 if both bits are 1
z=x&y
print(z)
[61]: # Bitwise or : Set each bit to 1 if at least one bit is 1
z=x|y
print(z)
[62]: # Bitwise xor : Set each bit to 1 if both bits are different
z=x^y
print(z)
[63]: # Bitwise not : Reverse each bit of the number
# Numbers are represented in 2's complement form
z=~x
print(z)
-3
[64]: # Zero fill left shift the bits, fill zeros in the end
z=x<<1
15
print(z)
[65]: # Signed right shift
z=x>>1
print(z)
34 Conditional Statements
[66]: x=2
if x>0:
print("The number is positive")
elif x<0:
print("The number is negative")
else:
print("The number is 0")
The number is positive
35 Loops
35.1 For Loop
[67]: x=[2,4,6,8]
for i in x:
print(i)
2
4
6
8
[68]: for i in range(0,len(x)): #This will loop from 0 to length(x)-1, not up to␣
,→length(x)
print(x[i])
2
4
6
8
16
35.2 While Loop
[69]: i=0
while(i<len(x)):
print(x[i])
i=i+1
2
4
6
8
35.3 Break, Continue, Pass

1. ‘break’ will end the loop before all iterations are done
2. ‘continue’ will make the loop go to next iteration
3. ‘pass’ is used when there is nothing to do
For loop cannot be empty. Functions cannot be empty. But, for some reason, if you want to keep
them empty, you can use ‘pass’ command inside them to avoid error.
[70]: x=[2,4,6,8]
for i in x:
print(i)
else:
print("Done printing")
#'else' is executed when the loop is finished
#'else' will not be executed if for loop is stopped by 'break' statement
2
4
6
8
Done printing
36 Data Types
Following are the built-in data types in Python
1. Numeric Types: int, float, complex
2. Text Type: str
3. Boolean Type: bool
4. Sequence Types: list, tuple, range
17
5. Mapping Type: dict
6. Set Types: set, frozenset
7. Binary Types: bytes, bytearray, memoryview
8. None Type: NoneType
We can use print() function to display the value of a variable.
We can use type() function to display the type of a variable.
We can use id() function to display the address of a variable.
37 Integer Data Type
[71]: x=5
print(x)
type(x)
[71]: int
38 Float Data Type
[72]: x=5.0
print(x)
type(x)
5.0
[72]: float
39 Complex Data Type
[73]: # Complex Data Type
x=2+3j
print(x)
type(x)
(2+3j)
18
[73]: complex
[74]: print(x.real)
2.0
[75]: print(x.imag)
3.0
[76]: print(x.conjugate())
(2-3j)
[77]: print(abs(x))
3.6055512754639896
[78]: print(angle(x))
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-78-d583ba68d5ae> in <module>
----> 1 print(angle(x))
NameError: name 'angle' is not defined
[79]: import cmath
print(cmath.phase(x))
0.982793723247329
[80]: import cmath
print(cmath.polar(x))#Gives magnitude and phase
(3.6055512754639896, 0.982793723247329)
[81]: import cmath
print(cmath.rect(3.6055512754639896, 0.982793723247329))#Gives magnitude and␣

,→phase
(2.0000000000000004+3.0000000000000004j)
19
40 String Data Type
[82]: x="Raveesh"
print(x)
type(x)
Raveesh
[82]: str
[83]: # We can concatenate two strings using +
x="Raveesh"
y=" Hegde"
print(x+y)
#String doesnt have append() method
#We have to use '+' operator to append a string with another string
Raveesh Hegde
[84]: print(x[0])
[85]: # Strings are immutable
# That means, we cannot overwrite a value
x[0]=A
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
<ipython-input-85-ae43f5e15f4e> in <module>
3 # That means, we cannot overwrite a value
4
----> 5 x[0]=A
NameError: name 'A' is not defined
20
[86]: #Strings are iterable
for i in x:
print(i)
R
a
v
e
e
s
h
[87]: #String slicing
print(x[2:]) #Index 2 to last index
veesh
[88]: #Reversing a string
print(x[-1::-1]) #First '-1' indicates last element. Last '-1' indicates step␣
,→size
hseevaR
[89]: #Appending a value to a string
x.append(c)
print(x)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-89-aa52899887e1> in <module>
1 #Appending a value to a string
2
----> 3 x.append(c)
4
5 print(x)
AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'append'
[90]: x+'c'
21
[90]: 'Raveeshc'
[91]: #To get ASCII value of a letter
asc=ord(' ')
print(asc)
32
[92]: #To search for a letter/String
x="Raveesh Hegde CMRIT ECE"
x.find("CMR")#Returns the index of first occurence of string

#Return -1 if value is not found
[92]: 14
x="Raveesh Hegde CMRIT ECE"
x.index("CMR")#Returns the index of first occurence of string

#Raise an exception if value is not found
[93]: 14
x="Raveesh Hegde CMRIT CMRIT ECE"
x.rfind("CMR")#Returns the index of last occurence of string

#Return -1 if value is not found
[94]: 20
x="Raveesh Hegde CMRIT CMRIT ECE"
x.rindex("CMR")#Returns the index of last occurence of string

#Raise an exception if value is not found
[95]: 20
[96]: #To replace a Letter/String
22
x="Raveesh Hegde ECE"
y=x.replace("ECE","CMRIT")
print(y)
Raveesh Hegde CMRIT
[97]: #To split a string
y=x.split() #Split the string
print(y)
['Raveesh', 'Hegde', 'ECE']
[98]: #To split a string
x="Raveesh, Hegde ECE"
y=x.split(",") #Split the string
print(y)
['Raveesh', ' Hegde ECE']
[99]: #To make the first letter capital
x="raveesh hegde ece"
y=x.capitalize()
print(y)
Raveesh hegde ece
[100]: #To capitalize each word
y=x.title()
print(y)
Raveesh Hegde Ece
23
[101]: #To convert to upper case
y=x.upper()
print(y)
RAVEESH HEGDE ECE
[102]: #To convert to lower case
x="RAVEESH HEGDE ECE"
y=x.lower()
print(y)
raveesh hegde ece
[103]: #To swap case
y=x.swapcase()
print(y)
rAVEESH hEGDE ece
[104]: #To remove spaces at the beginning and at the end of the string
x=" Raveesh Hegde ECE "
y=x.strip()
print(y)
Raveesh Hegde ECE
[105]: #To join the elements of an iterable with '#'
myTuple = ("John", "Peter", "Vicky")
x = "#".join(myTuple)
print(x)
type(x)
24
John#Peter#Vicky
[105]: str
[106]: #To join the elements of an iterable with ' space '
myTuple = ("Rama", "Shyama", "Bhama")
x = " ".join(myTuple)
print(x)
Rama Shyama Bhama
[107]: #To check whether a string ends with a specific character
x="Raveesh Hegde ECE$"
y=x.endswith("$")
print(y)
True
Some more string methods
1. isalnum() Returns True if all characters in the string are alphanumeric
2. isalpha() Returns True if all characters in the string are in the alphabet
3. isdecimal() Returns True if all characters in the string are decimals
4. isdigit() Returns True if all characters in the string are digits
5. isidentifier() Returns True if the string is an identifier
6. islower() Returns True if all characters in the string are lower case
7. isnumeric() Returns True if all characters in the string are numeric
8. isprintable() Returns True if all characters in the string are printable
9. isspace() Returns True if all characters in the string are whitespaces
10. istitle() Returns True if the string follows the rules of a title
11. isupper() Returns True if all characters in the string are upper case
41 Boolean Data Type

[108]: x=3>2
print(x)
25
type(x)
True
[108]: bool
[109]: y=True
print(y)
type(y)
True
[109]: bool
[110]: z=False
print(z)
type(z)
False
[110]: bool
42 Collection of Elements :
Python has 4 built-in data types for collection of elements - List, Tuple, Set, Dictionary
List is ordered, indexed, mutable, heterogeneous, allows duplicates
Tuple is ordered, indexed, immutable, heterogeneous, allows duplicates
Set is unordered, unindexed, immutable, heterogeneous, with NO duplicates
Dictionary is unordered, indexed, mutable, heterogeneous, allows duplicate values, but NOT
duplicate keys
43 List Data Type

[111]: # List is an ordered, mutable, hetergoeneous collection of items
# List allows duplicates
# Use square brackets to declare a list
x=[2, 3.0, "Raveesh", 2>3]
print(x)
26
type(x)
[2, 3.0, 'Raveesh', False]
[111]: list
[112]: x[0] #First element
[112]: 2
[113]: x[-1] #Last element
[113]: False
[114]: # We can overwrite an element of the list
x[0]=4
print(x)
[4, 3.0, 'Raveesh', False]
[115]: #To find number of elements in the list
len(x)
[115]: 4
[116]: # List is iterable

print("The elements of the list are")
for i in x:
print(i)
The elements of the list are

4
3.0
Raveesh
False
[117]: # To append an element to the list
y=[1,3,5,7]
x.append(y) #The entire list 'y' is appended to 'x' as one element
print(x) #Note that original list 'x' itself is updated
[4, 3.0, 'Raveesh', False, [1, 3, 5, 7]]
27
[118]: # To append elements of another list
z=[2,4,6,8]
x.extend(z) #The elements of z are appended to x as individual elements
print(x) #Note that original list 'x' itself is updated
[4, 3.0, 'Raveesh', False, [1, 3, 5, 7], 2, 4, 6, 8]
[119]: # To append elements of one list to another list and create a new list
p=[2,4,6,8]
q=[1,3,5,7]
r=p+q
print(r)
[2, 4, 6, 8, 1, 3, 5, 7]
[120]: #To create a reference to the list
a=x #Now 'a' is same as x

#Whatever changes we make in a will reflect in x also
print("List a is")
print(a)
print("List x is ")
print(x)
#Overwrite an element of a
a[0]=100 #This will not only overwrite a[0], but also x[0]
print("New list a is")

print(a)
print("New list x is")

print(x)
List a is
[4, 3.0, 'Raveesh', False, [1, 3, 5, 7], 2, 4, 6, 8]
List x is
[4, 3.0, 'Raveesh', False, [1, 3, 5, 7], 2, 4, 6, 8]
New list a is
[100, 3.0, 'Raveesh', False, [1, 3, 5, 7], 2, 4, 6, 8]
New list x is
28
[100, 3.0, 'Raveesh', False, [1, 3, 5, 7], 2, 4, 6, 8]
[121]: #To copy a list
b=x.copy()
print(b)
[100, 3.0, 'Raveesh', False, [1, 3, 5, 7], 2, 4, 6, 8]
[122]: #To clear the elements of the list

b.clear()
print(b)
[]
[123]: #To find the number of occurances of a specific element
a.count(100) #In list 'a', how many times '100' has appeared
[123]: 1
[124]: #To find the index of a value

a.index(100) #Returns the index of the value '100'
#If the value is repeated, only the first index will be ouput
#Returns an error if the value is not found
a.find(100) #Returns the index of the value '100'

#If the value is repeated, only the first index will be ouput
#Returns -1 if the value is not found
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
<ipython-input-124-b216379d57ef> in <module>
4 #Returns an error if the value is not found
5
----> 6 a.find(100) #Returns the index of the value '100'
7 #If the value is repeated, only the first index will be␣
,→ouput
8 #Returns -1 if the value is not found
AttributeError: 'list' object has no attribute 'find'
29
[125]: #To insert a value at a specific position
x=[2,4,6,8]
print("The list x is",x)
x.insert(2,"New") #Insert at THIRD position
print("The new list is",x)
The list x is [2, 4, 6, 8]

The new list is [2, 4, 'New', 6, 8]
[126]: #To remove an element from the list
print("The original list is",x)
x.remove("New") #Remove the element "New"
The original list is [2, 4, 'New', 6, 8]

The new list is [2, 4, 6, 8]
[127]: #To remove an element from a specific position in the list
x.pop(3) #Remove the element in 4th position
The original list is [2, 4, 6, 8]

The new list is [2, 4, 6]
[128]: #To reverse the list
x.reverse() #This will reverse the original list itself. It does NOT create a␣
,→new list.
The original list is [2, 4, 6]

[129]: #To sort the list
30
x.sort() #This will sort the original list itself. It does NOT create a new list.
#If you want to create a NEW list which contains the sorted elements, then use␣
,→sorted() function
y=sorted(x) #This will leave the original list unchanged
print("The new list is",y)
The original list is [6, 4, 2]

[130]: #Sorting the list in assending order
list1.sort()
print(list1)
#Note that orginal list itself is arranged in assending order
#A new list is not created
[2, 4, 6, 8]
[131]: #Max and min elements
print(max(list1))
print(min(list1))
8
2
[132]: #Sorting the list in descending order
list1.sort(reverse=True)
print(list1)
#Note that orginal list itself is arranged in assending order
#A new list is not created
[8, 6, 4, 2]
31
43.1 List Comprehension
List comprehension offers a shorter syntax when you want to create a new list based on the values
of an existing list.
Example:
Based on a list of fruits, you want a new list, containing only the fruits with the letter “a” in the
name.
Without list comprehension you will have to write a for statement with a conditional test inside:
[133]: # Without List Comprehension
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "kiwi", "mango"]

newlist = []
for x in fruits:
if "a" in x:
newlist.append(x)
print(newlist)
['apple', 'banana', 'mango']
[134]: # With List Comprehension
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "kiwi", "mango"]
newlist = [x for x in fruits if "a" in x]
print(newlist)
['apple', 'banana', 'mango']
43.2 General Syntax for List Comprehension

newlist = [expression for item in iterable if condition == True]
Here, for, in, if, True are Keywords
44 Tuple Data Type

[135]: # Tuple is an ordered, immutable, hetergoeneous collection of items
# Tuple allows duplicates
# Use round brackets to declare a tuple
x=(2, 3.0, "Raveesh", 2>3)
32
print(x)
type(x)
(2, 3.0, 'Raveesh', False)
[135]: tuple
[136]: x[0] #First element
[136]: 2
[137]: x[-1] #last element
[137]: False
[138]: #length of 'x'

len(x)
[138]: 4
[139]: #Tuple is immutable. So, we cannot overwrite a value
x[0]=4
print(x)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-139-1c4571ce6d83> in <module>
1 #Tuple is immutable. So, we cannot overwrite a value
2
----> 3 x[0]=4
4
5 print(x)
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
[140]: #Tuple is immutable. So, we cannot append any value.

x.append(10)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
33
<ipython-input-140-99fae3912164> in <module>
1 #Tuple is immutable. So, we cannot append any value.
----> 2 x.append(10)
AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'append'
[141]: #To count the frequency of a value
x=(2,4,4,6,8)
x.count(4) #To count how many times '4' has occured
[141]: 2
[142]: #To find the index of a value

x.index(4) #Only the index of first occurance
[142]: 1
45 Range Data Type
[143]: #From 0 to 4
x=range(5)
print(x)
type(x)
range(0, 5)
[143]: range
[144]: len(x)
[144]: 5
34
46 Dictionary Data Type
[145]: # Dictionary is an ordered, mutable, hetergoeneous collection of items having␣

,→keys and values
# Dictionary does not allow duplicates
# Use curly brackets to declare a dictionary
x={"Name":"Virat", "Matches":350, "Centuries":50}
print(x)
type(x)
{'Name': 'Virat', 'Matches': 350, 'Centuries': 50}
[145]: dict
[146]: x["Name"]
[146]: 'Virat'
[147]: x["Matches"]
[147]: 350
[148]: x["Centuries"]
[148]: 50
[149]: #Length of the dictionary

len(x)
[149]: 3
[150]: #To get all the keys of the dictionary

y=x.keys()
print(y)
dict_keys(['Name', 'Matches', 'Centuries'])
[151]: #To get all the values of the dictionary

z=x.values()
print(z)
dict_values(['Virat', 350, 50])
35
[152]: #To get key:value pair of the dictionary
print("Current dictionary is",x)
c=x.items()
print(c)
Current dictionary is {'Name': 'Virat', 'Matches': 350, 'Centuries': 50}

dict_items([('Name', 'Virat'), ('Matches', 350), ('Centuries', 50)])
[153]: #To get value of a key

p=x.get('Name')
print(p)
print(x['Name'])
Virat
Virat
[154]: #To get value of a key

p=x.get('Name1') #If the key is not present, return 'none'
print(p)
print(x['Name1'])#If the key is not present, throws an error
None
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-154-87cdffbf3b28> in <module>
4 print(p)
5
----> 6 print(x['Name1'])#If the key is not present, throws an error
KeyError: 'Name1'
[155]: #We can overwrite the values of the dictionary
print("Current dictionary is",x)
x["Centuries"]=51
36
print("New dictionary is",x)
Current dictionary is {'Name': 'Virat', 'Matches': 350, 'Centuries': 50}

New dictionary is {'Name': 'Virat', 'Matches': 350, 'Centuries': 51}
[156]: #To append a key:value pair to the dictionary
x.update({"Runs":10000})
print("Updated dictionary is",x)
Updated dictionary is {'Name': 'Virat', 'Matches': 350, 'Centuries': 51, 'Runs':

10000}
[157]: #To remove the element with the specifid key
x.pop("Runs") #Remove the element with key "Runs"
Updated dictionary is {'Name': 'Virat', 'Matches': 350, 'Centuries': 51}
[158]: #To remove the last item in the dictionary
x.popitem()
Updated dictionary is {'Name': 'Virat', 'Matches': 350}
[159]: #To make a copy of the dictionary
a=x.copy()
print(a)
{'Name': 'Virat', 'Matches': 350}
[160]: #To clear the contents of the dictionary
a.clear()
print("New dictionary is",a)
New dictionary is {}
[161]: #To return a dictionary with the specified keys and value
p = ('key1', 'key2', 'key3')
37
q = 0
new_dict = dict.fromkeys(p,q)
print(new_dict)
{'key1': 0, 'key2': 0, 'key3': 0}
[162]: print("Present dictionary is",x)
c = x.setdefault("Runs", 10000) #If "Runs" key is available, do not do anything

#If "Runs" key is not available, create it ans␣
,→set it to 10000
print("New dictionary is",x)
print("Value of c is ",c)
Present dictionary is {'Name': 'Virat', 'Matches': 350}

New dictionary is {'Name': 'Virat', 'Matches': 350, 'Runs': 10000}
Value of c is 10000
47 Set Data Type
[163]: # Set is an unordered, mutable, hetergoeneous collection of items
# Set does not allow duplicates
# Repetitions will be automatically removed by a set
# Use curly brackets to declare a set
# Everytime you print a set, you may get different order
x={"Virat", "Virat", 350, 50}
print(x)
type(x)
{50, 'Virat', 350}
[163]: set
[164]: #Set is unordered. So, indexing does not work.

set[0]
38
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
<ipython-input-164-a1a636ee0185> in <module>
1 #Set is unordered. So, indexing does not work.
----> 2 set[0]
TypeError: 'type' object is not subscriptable
[165]: x.append(2)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
<ipython-input-165-ef5ccb6ef609> in <module>
----> 1 x.append(2)
AttributeError: 'set' object has no attribute 'append'
[166]: x.add(2) #Instead of append, use 'add()' method
print(x)
{2, 50, 'Virat', 350}
[167]: #Union of Sets using | operator
x={1,3,5,7}
y={2,4,6,8}
z=x|y
print(z)
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
[168]: #Union of Sets using union() method

x={1,3,5,7}
y={2,4,6,8}
39
z=x.union(y)
print(z)
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
[169]: #Difference between union using these two methods :
# '|' operator takes only 'set' objects
# union() method takes any iterable object such as list, string, dictionary
[170]: #Intersection of sets using & operator
x={1,3,5,7}
y={2,4,6,8}
z=x&y
print(z)
set()
[171]: #Intersection of Sets using intersection method
x={1,3,5,7}
y={2,4,6,8}
z=x.union(y)
print(z)
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
[172]: #update() method does the union of two sets and updates the first set
x={1,3,5,7}
y={2,4,6,8}
x.update(y)
print(x)
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
40
[173]: #intersection_update() method does the intersection of two sets and updates the␣
,→first set
x={1,3,5,7}
y={2,4,6,8}
x.intersection_update(y)
print(x)
set()
[174]: #Difference between two sets
x={1,3,5,7,2,4}
y={2,4,6,8}
z = x.difference(y) #This will give elements present in x, which are not present␣
,→in y
print(z)
{1, 3, 5, 7}
[175]: #Find the difference and update x
x={1,3,5,7,2,4}
y={2,4,6,8}
x.difference_update(y)
print(x)
{1, 3, 5, 7}
[176]: #Symmetric difference : Elements that are not present in both sets
x={1,3,5,7,2,4}
y={2,4,6,8}
z=x.symmetric_difference(y)
print(z)
41
{1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8}
[177]: #Symmetric difference update
x={1,3,5,7,2,4}
y={2,4,6,8}
x.symmetric_difference_update(y)
print(x)
{1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8}
[178]: #To remove a random element from the list and give the removed element
#Original set will be updated
x={1,3,5,7,2,4}
y=x.pop()
print(y)
print(x)
1
{2, 3, 4, 5, 7}
[179]: #To delete a specified element from the list
#Dont raise an error if the specified element doesnt exist
#Update the original set
x={1,3,5,7,2,4}
x.discard(10)
print(x)
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7}
[180]: #To delete a specified element from the list
#Raise an error if the specified element doesnt exist
#Update the original set
42
x={1,3,5,7,2,4}
x.remove(10)
print(x)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-180-137cb818148b> in <module>
7 x={1,3,5,7,2,4}
8
----> 9 x.remove(10)
10
11 print(x)
KeyError: 10
[181]: #Check whether sets are disjoint
x={1,3,5,7,2,4}
y={2,4,6,8}
z=x.isdisjoint(y)
print(z)
False
[182]: #Check whether x is a subset of y
x={2,4}
y={2,4,6,8}
z1 =x.issubset(y)
z2=y.issubset(x)
print(z1)
print(z2)
True
43
False
[183]: #Check whether y is a superset of x
x={2,4}
y={2,4,6,8}
z=y.issuperset(x)
print(z)
True
[184]: #To copy a set
x={2,4,6,8}
y=x.copy()
print(y)
{8, 2, 4, 6}
[185]: #To remove all elements of a set
x={2,4,6,8}
x.clear()
print(x)
set()
[186]: #To remove duplicates from a list
list1=[2,2,4,4,4,6,6,7,7,8,8]
set1=set(list1) #This will convert list into set. Set will not allow duplicates
list2=list(set1) #This will convert set into list
print("List 1 is - ",list1)
print("List 2 is - ",list2)
List 1 is - [2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8]
List 2 is - [2, 4, 6, 7, 8]
44
[187]: #To get the frequency of each element of the list
list1=[2,2,4,4,4,6,8,8,8,8]
set1=set(list1) #'set' will remove all duplicates
for i in set1:
print("Count of {} is {}".format(i,list1.count(i)))
Count of 8 is 4
Count of 2 is 2
Count of 4 is 3
Count of 6 is 1
48 Frozenset Data Type
[188]: #This is the immutable version of set data type
x = frozenset({"apple", "banana", "cherry"})
print(x)
type(x)
frozenset({'banana', 'cherry', 'apple'})
[188]: frozenset
49 Bytes Data Type
[189]: x = b"Hello"
print(x)
type(x)
b'Hello'
[189]: bytes
50 Byte Array Data Type

[190]: x = bytearray(5)
print(x)
45
type(x)
bytearray(b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')
[190]: bytearray
51 Memoryview Data Type
[191]: x = memoryview(bytes(5))
print(x)
type(x)
<memory at 0x019693D8>
[191]: memoryview
52 None Data Type
[192]: x = None
print(x)
type(x)
None
[192]: NoneType
53 Type Conversion
[193]: x=1
print(type(x))
y=1.9
print(type(y))
z=1+2j
print(type(z))
<class 'int'>
<class 'float'>
<class 'complex'>
46
[194]: #We can convert int to float
x=1
a=float(x)
print(a)
1.0
[195]: #We can convert float to int
b=2.9
y=int(b)
print(y)
[196]: c=str(z)
print(c)
(1+2j)
[197]: # We cant convert complex to any other data type
c=float(z)
print(c)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
<ipython-input-197-359add14c132> in <module>
1 # We cant convert complex to any other data type
2
----> 3 c=float(z)
4
5 print(c)
TypeError: can't convert complex to float
47
[198]: # We cant convert string to float
x="raveesh"
y=float(x)
print(y)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-198-d3a83e4767bb> in <module>
3 x="raveesh"
4
----> 5 y=float(x)
6
7 print(y)
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'raveesh'
54 Operators
Following are the built-in operators in python
1. Arithmetic operators
2. Assignment operators
3. Comparison operators
4. Logical operators
5. Identity operators
6. Membership operators
7. Bitwise operators
55 Arithmetic Operators
[199]: x=2
print(x)
y=3
48
print(y)
2
3
[200]: # Addition
z=x+y
print(z)
[201]: # Subtraction
z=x-y
print(z)
-1
[202]: # Multiplication
z=x*y
print(z)
[203]: # Division
z=x/y
print(z)
0.6666666666666666
[204]: # Modulus
# This gives the reminder
z=x%y
print(z)
[205]: # Floor division

# This gives the quotient
z=x//y
49
print(z)
[206]: # Exponentiation
z=x**y
print(z)
56 Assignment Operators
[207]: x=2
print(x)
[208]: x+=3 # This means x=x+3
print(x)
[209]: # Similarly -=, *=, /=, %=, //=, **= all are valid
57 Comparison Operators
[210]: x=2
y=3
[211]: # Check whether x is equal to y
x==y
[211]: False
[212]: # Check whether x is not equal to y
x!=y
[212]: True
50
[213]: # Check whether x is greater than y
x>y
[213]: False
[214]: # Check whether x is less than y
x<y
[214]: True
[215]: # Check whether x is greater than or equal to y
x>=y
[215]: False
[216]: # Check whether x is less than or equal to y
x<=y
[216]: True
58 Logical Operators : and, or
[217]: print(x)
print(y)
2
3
[218]: # and operator : returns true if both conditions are met
x>0 and y<3
[218]: False
[219]: # or operator : returns true if at least one condition is met
x>0 or y<3
[219]: True
[220]: # not operator : reverse the result
not(x>0 or y<3)
51
[220]: False
59 Identity Operators - is, is not
[221]: x = ["apples", "oranges"]
print(x)
y = ["apples", "oranges"]
print(y)
z = x
print(z)
[222]: print(x is z)
# Returns True because z is the same object as x
True
[223]: print(x is y)
# Returns False because x is not the same object as y, even though they have the␣
,→same content
False
[224]: print(x == y)
# Returns True because content of x is same as content of y
True
[225]: print(x is not z)
# Returns False because z is the same object as x
False
[226]: print(x is not y)
# Returns True because x is not the same object as y, even though they have the␣
,→same content
52
True
60 Membership Operators - in, not in
[227]: x=[2,4,6,8]
print(x)
[2, 4, 6, 8]
[228]: 2 in x
[228]: True
[229]: 3 in x
[229]: False
[230]: 3 not in x
[230]: True
61 Bitwise Operators
[231]: x=2
print(x)
y=4
print(y)
2
4
[232]: # Bitwise and : Set each bit to 1 if both bits are 1
z=x&y
print(z)
[233]: # Bitwise or : Set each bit to 1 if at least one bit is 1
z=x|y
53
print(z)
[234]: # Bitwise xor : Set each bit to 1 if both bits are different
z=x^y
print(z)
[235]: # Bitwise not : Reverse each bit of the number
# Numbers are represented in 2's complement form
z=~x
print(z)
-3
[236]: # Zero fill left shift the bits, fill zeros in the end
z=x<<1
print(z)
[237]: # Signed right shift
z=x>>1
print(z)
62 Functions
[238]: # Defining a function
def my_function(x,y):
z1=x+y
z2=x-y
return z1,z2
# Calling a function
54
a1,a2=my_function(2,3)
print("The sum and differences are")
print(a1,a2)
The sum and differences are

5 -1
63 Lambda Function
1. A lambda function is a small anonymous function. ( It does not have any name).
2. A lambda function can take any number of arguments, but can only have one expression.
3. Lambda helps you use a function only once, and hence, avoids cluttering up the code with
function definitions.
4. In short, Python’s lambda keyword lets you define a function in a single line of code and use
it immediately.
5. Syntax : lambda arguments : expression
[239]: x = lambda a, b, c : a + b + c
print(x(2,4,6))
12
64 Classes and Objects

1. Class is a blueprint which defines some properties and behaviors.
2. An object is an instance of a class which has those properties and behaviours attached.
3. A class is not allocated memory when it is defined.
4. An object is allocated memory when it is created.
5. Class is a logical entity whereas objects are physical entities.
6. Classes provide a means of bundling data and functionality together.
[240]: # Lets define a class by name 'Cricketer'
# It has properties like Name, Matches,Runs, Wickets, Average and functions like␣
,→Avg
# These properties are called Atributes and functions are called Methods
# We have to create a class using the keyword 'class'
55
class Cricketer:
def __init__(self,arg1,arg2,arg3,arg4):
self.Name=arg1
self.Matches=arg2
self.Runs=arg3
self.Wickets=arg4
# Self is a keyword here
def Avg(self,arg3, arg2):

self.Average=arg3/arg2
#Now, lets create an object 'Virat'
Virat=Cricketer("Virat Kohli", 200, 10000, 20)
print("The Name of the Cricketer is",Virat.Name)
Virat.Avg(10000,200)
print("{}'s Average Is {}".format(Virat.Name,Virat.Average))
The Name of the Cricketer is Virat Kohli

Virat Kohli's Average Is 50.0
[241]: # Now, lets create an object 'Rohit'
Rohit=Cricketer("Rohit Sharma", 150,5000, 1)
print("The Name of the Cricketer is",Rohit.Name)
Rohit.Avg(5000,150)
print("{}'s Average Is {}".format(Rohit.Name,Rohit.Average))
The Name of the Cricketer is Rohit Sharma

Rohit Sharma's Average Is 33.333333333333336
65 Inheritance
1. Inheritance allows us to define a class that inherits all the methods and properties from
another class.
2. Parent class is the class being inherited from, also called base class.
3. Child class is the class that inherits from another class, also called derived class.
[242]: # We have already created a class 'Cricketer'
56
# Now, lets create a child class 'Player' which inherits all properties and␣
,→methods of parent class 'Cricketer'
class Player(Cricketer):
pass
66 Polymorphism
1. Poly means many.
2. Polymorphism refers to methods/functions/operators with the same name that can be exe-
cuted on many objects or classes.
3. For ex., len() function can be used with list, tuple, set, dictionary type of objects
[243]: x=[2,4,6,8] # x is a list
print(len(x))
y=(1,3,5) # y is a tuple
print(len(y))
4
3
67 File Handling
Prerequisite : Make sure that the text file and the program file are in same folder.
The key function for working with files in Python is the open() function.
The open() function takes two parameters; filename and mode.
There are four different methods (modes) for opening a file:
“r” - Read - Default value. Opens a file for reading, error if the file does not exist
“a” - Append - Opens a file for appending, creates the file if it does not exist
“w” - Write - Opens a file for writing, creates the file if it does not exist
“x” - Create - Creates the specified file, returns an error if the file exists
In addition you can specify if the file should be handled as binary or text mode
“t” - Text - Default value. Text mode
“b” - Binary - Binary mode (e.g. images)
57
67.1 Reading an Existing Text File
[244]: f = open("My Text File.txt")
f.read()
# Following is the content of the text file
[244]: 'This is the new sentence'
67.2 Closing the Text File
[245]: # To close the file
f.close()
# In some cases, due to buffering, changes made to a file may not show until we␣
,→close the file.
# So, we should close the files after all the operations are done.
67.3 Appending to the Contents of a Text File
[246]: # To write to a file ( To append to the existing content)
f = open("My Text File.txt","a") # This opens the file for appending
# By default, file opens in read only mode.
# So, to append to the contents of a file, we have to specify 'a' in open()␣

,→function
f.write("This is the new sentence")
f.close()
f = open("My Text File.txt")
f.read()
[246]: 'This is the new sentenceThis is the new sentence'
58
67.4 Overwriting the Contents of a Text File
[247]: # To write to a file ( To overwrite the existing content)
f = open("My Text File.txt","w") # This opens the file for overwriting
# By default, file opens in read only mode.
# So, to overwrite the contents of a file, we have to specify 'w' in open()␣

,→function
f.write("This is the new sentence")
f.close()
f = open("My Text File.txt")
f.read()
[247]: 'This is the new sentence'
67.5 Creating a New Text File
[248]: # To create a new text file
f1 = open("My New Text File.txt", "x")
# Returns an error if the file already exists
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileExistsError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-248-897abeac6a66> in <module>
1 # To create a new text file
2
----> 3 f1 = open("My New Text File.txt", "x")
4
5 # Returns an error if the file already exists
FileExistsError: [Errno 17] File exists: 'My New Text File.txt'
59
67.6 Deleting a Text File
[249]: import os
os.remove("To Delete.txt")
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileNotFoundError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-249-d7e6c1af39b7> in <module>
1 import os
----> 2 os.remove("To Delete.txt")
FileNotFoundError: [WinError 2] The system cannot find the file specified:␣

,→ 'To Delete.txt'
68 Exception Handling
[250]: # Suppose a variable or a function is used in program, but not defined.
try:
print(a) #Suppose 'a' is not defined
except:
print("Variable 'a' not found. An exception occurred")
1.0
[251]: try:
print("Hello")
except:
print("Something went wrong")
else: #This is executed if except condition is not executed
print("Nothing went wrong")
Hello
Nothing went wrong
[252]: try:
print(a)
except:
print("Variable a is not defined")
finally:#This is executed if except condition executed
print("The 'try except' is finished")
1.0
60
The 'try except' is finished
[253]: # Suppose a variable or a function is used in program, but not defined.
# Then, Name Error occurs.
try:
print(a)
except NameError:
print("Variable a is not defined")
except:
print("Something else went wrong")
1.0
[254]: # Name error also occurs when a method (function) is used before importing the␣
,→module
x = 5.5
try :
print(math.ceil(x))
except :
print("Math module not imported")
Math module not imported
[255]: x = -1
if x < 0:
raise Exception("Sorry, no numbers below zero")
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exception Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-255-2edc57024fbc> in <module>
2
3 if x < 0:
----> 4 raise Exception("Sorry, no numbers below zero")
Exception: Sorry, no numbers below zero
[256]: x = "hello"
if not type(x) is int:
61
raise TypeError("Only integers are allowed")
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
<ipython-input-256-bc91768a6271> in <module>
2
3 if not type(x) is int:
----> 4 raise TypeError("Only integers are allowed")
TypeError: Only integers are allowed
69 Modules
1. Module is a library of functions
2. To create a module, save the functions in a file with extension .py
[257]: # Module Creation Example
# Save the file as MyModule.py
def greeting(name):
print("Hello, " + name)
[258]: # To use the module in a program, import the module using 'import' keyword
import mymodule
mymodule.greeting("Jonathan")
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ModuleNotFoundError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-258-16f087db6b2f> in <module>
1 # To use the module in a program, import the module using 'import'␣
,→keyword
2
----> 3 import mymodule
4
5 mymodule.greeting("Jonathan")
62
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'mymodule'
[259]: # Use dir() function to list out all functions present in a module
y=dir(mymodule)
print(y)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
<ipython-input-259-0a4b962921db> in <module>
1 # Use dir() function to list out all functions present in a module
2
----> 3 y=dir(mymodule)
4
5 print(y)
NameError: name 'mymodule' is not defined
70 Datetime Module
[260]: # To Display Current Date and Time
import datetime
x = datetime.datetime.now() # Here, datetime is a function inside datetime module
print(x)
2023-11-08 13:22:46.552733
[261]: # Use dir() function to list out all funtions present in a module
y=dir(datetime)
print(y)
['MAXYEAR', 'MINYEAR', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__',

'__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'date', 'datetime',
'datetime_CAPI', 'sys', 'time', 'timedelta', 'timezone', 'tzinfo']
63
[262]: import datetime
x = datetime.datetime.now()
print(x.year)
2023
[263]: # Present Day in Full
print(x.strftime("%A"))
Wednesday
[264]: # Present Day in Short
print(x.strftime("%a"))
Wed
[265]: # Weekday number : 0:Sunday to 6:Saturday
print(x.strftime("%w"))
[266]: # Day of the Month
print(x.strftime("%d"))
08
[267]: # Month Name in Short
print(x.strftime("%b"))
Nov
[268]: # Month Name in Full
print(x.strftime("%B"))
November
[269]: # Month as a Number 1 to 12
print(x.strftime("%m"))
11
64
[270]: # Year Short Version
print(x.strftime("%y"))
23
[271]: # Year Full Version
print(x.strftime("%Y"))
2023
[272]: # Hour 0 to 23
print(x.strftime("%H"))
13
[273]: # Hour 0 to 12
print(x.strftime("%I"))
01
[274]: # AM/PM
print(x.strftime("%p"))
PM
[275]: # Minute 0 to 59
print(x.strftime("%M"))
22
[276]: # Second 0 to 59
print(x.strftime("%S"))
48
[277]: # Time Zone
print(x.strftime("%Z"))
[278]: # Day Number of the Year 001 to 365
print(x.strftime("%j"))
65
312
[279]: # Week Number of the Year 00 to 53
print(x.strftime("%U"))
45
[280]: # Local version of date and time
print(x.strftime("%c"))
Wed Nov 8 13:22:48 2023
[281]: # Century
print(x.strftime("%C"))
20
[282]: # Local version of date
print(x.strftime("%x"))
11/08/23
[283]: # Local version of time
print(x.strftime("%X"))
13:22:48
71 Built-In Math Functions

[284]: x = min(5, 10, 25)
y = max(5, 10, 25)
print(x)
print(y)
5
25
[285]: x = abs(-7.25)
print(x)
7.25
66
[286]: x=3+4j
print(abs(x))
5.0
[287]: x = pow(4, 3)
print(x)
64
72 Math Module
[288]: # Square Root
import math
x = math.sqrt(64)
print(x)
8.0
[289]: # Round-Off Functions
import math
x = math.ceil(1.4) # returns next nearest integer
y = math.floor(1.4) # returns previous nearest integer
z=math.trunc(1.9) # returns integer part
print(x) # returns 2
print(y)
print(z)
2
1
1
[290]: # Math Constants
import math
67
x = math.pi
print(x)
y=math.e
print(y)
z=math.inf
print(z)
a=math.nan
print(a)
b=math.tau
print(b)
3.141592653589793
2.718281828459045
inf
nan
6.283185307179586
73 Math Functions
1. math.acos() Returns the arc cosine of a number
2. math.acosh() Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number
3. math.asin() Returns the arc sine of a number
4. math.asinh() Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number
5. math.atan() Returns the arc tangent of a number in radians
6. math.atan2() Returns the arc tangent of y/x in radians
7. math.atanh() Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number
8. math.ceil() Rounds a number up to the nearest integer
9. math.comb() Returns the number of ways to choose k items from n items without repetition
and order
10. math.copysign() Returns a float consisting of the value of the first parameter and the sign of
the second parameter
11. math.cos() Returns the cosine of a number
12. math.cosh() Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number
68
13. math.degrees() Converts an angle from radians to degrees
14. math.dist() Returns the Euclidean distance between two points (p and q), where p and q are
the coordinates of that point
15. math.erf() Returns the error function of a number
16. math.erfc() Returns the complementary error function of a number
17. math.exp() Returns E raised to the power of x
18. math.expm1() Returns Ex - 1
19. math.fabs() Returns the absolute value of a number
20. math.factorial() Returns the factorial of a number
21. math.floor() Rounds a number down to the nearest integer
22. math.fmod() Returns the remainder of x/y
23. math.frexp() Returns the mantissa and the exponent, of a specified number
24. math.fsum() Returns the sum of all items in any iterable (tuples, arrays, lists, etc.)
25. math.gamma() Returns the gamma function at x
26. math.gcd() Returns the greatest common divisor of two integers
27. math.hypot() Returns the Euclidean norm
28. math.isclose() Checks whether two values are close to each other, or not
29. math.isfinite() Checks whether a number is finite or not
30. math.isinf() Checks whether a number is infinite or not
31. math.isnan() Checks whether a value is NaN (not a number) or not
32. math.isqrt() Rounds a square root number downwards to the nearest integer
33. math.ldexp() Returns the inverse of math.frexp() which is x * (2**i) of the given numbers x
and i
34. math.lgamma() Returns the log gamma value of x
35. math.log() Returns the natural logarithm of a number, or the logarithm of number to base
36. math.log10() Returns the base-10 logarithm of x
37. math.log1p() Returns the natural logarithm of 1+x
38. math.log2() Returns the base-2 logarithm of x
39. math.perm() Returns the number of ways to choose k items from n items with order and
without repetition
40. math.pow() Returns the value of x to the power of y
41. math.prod() Returns the product of all the elements in an iterable
42. math.radians() Converts a degree value into radians
69
43. math.remainder() Returns the closest value that can make numerator completely divisible
by the denominator
44. math.sin() Returns the sine of a number
45. math.sinh() Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number
46. math.tan() Returns the tangent of a number
47. math.tanh() Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number
74 Complex Math Module
[291]: import cmath

y=dir(cmath)
print(y)
['__doc__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'acos',

'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atanh', 'cos', 'cosh', 'e', 'exp', 'inf',
'infj', 'isclose', 'isfinite', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'log', 'log10', 'nan', 'nanj',
'phase', 'pi', 'polar', 'rect', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'tau']
74.1 CMath Functions

1. cmath.acos(x) Returns the arc cosine value of x
2. cmath.acosh(x) Returns the hyperbolic arc cosine of x
3. cmath.asin(x) Returns the arc sine of x
4. cmath.asinh(x) Returns the hyperbolic arc sine of x
5. cmath.atan(x) Returns the arc tangent value of x
6. cmath.atanh(x) Returns the hyperbolic arctangent value of x
7. cmath.cos(x) Returns the cosine of x
8. cmath.cosh(x) Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x
9. cmath.exp(x) Returns the value of Ex, where E is Euler’s number (approximately
2.718281. . . ), and x is the number passed to it
10. cmath.isclose() Checks whether two values are close, or not
11. cmath.isfinite(x) Checks whether x is a finite number
12. cmath.isinf(x) Check whether x is a positive or negative infinty
13. cmath.isnan(x) Checks whether x is NaN (not a number)
14. cmath.log(x[, base]) Returns the logarithm of x to the base
15. cmath.log10(x) Returns the base-10 logarithm of x
16. cmath.phase() Return the phase of a complex number
70
17. cmath.polar() Convert a complex number to polar coordinates
18. cmath.rect() Convert polar coordinates to rectangular form
19. cmath.sin(x) Returns the sine of x
20. cmath.sinh(x) Returns the hyperbolic sine of x
21. cmath.sqrt(x) Returns the square root of x
22. cmath.tan(x) Returns the tangent of x
23. cmath.tanh(x) Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x
75 Random Module
[292]: import random
x=random.random() #Generate a random float between 0 and 1
print(x)
0.7300469140482612
[293]: x=random.randint(10,20) #Generate a random integer between 10 and 20 including␣

,→10 and 20
print(x)
16
[294]: l=[2,4,6,8]
x=random.choice(l) #Select an element from the list randomly
print(x)
[295]: x=random.randrange(10,100,5) #Make a list from 10 to 100 in step of 5 and select␣

,→one value randomly
print(x)
10
[296]: #Use dir() function to list all the methods in a module
import random
dir(random)
71
[296]: ['BPF',
'LOG4',
'NV_MAGICCONST',
'RECIP_BPF',
'Random',
'SG_MAGICCONST',
'SystemRandom',
'TWOPI',
'_BuiltinMethodType',
'_MethodType',
'_Sequence',
'_Set',
'__all__',
'__builtins__',
'__cached__',
'__doc__',
'__file__',
'__loader__',
'__name__',
'__package__',
'__spec__',
'_acos',
'_bisect',
'_ceil',
'_cos',
'_e',
'_exp',
'_inst',
'_itertools',
'_log',
'_os',
'_pi',
'_random',
'_sha512',
'_sin',
'_sqrt',
'_test',
'_test_generator',
'_urandom',
'_warn',
'betavariate',
'choice',
'choices',
'expovariate',
'gammavariate',
'gauss',
'getrandbits',
72
'getstate',
'lognormvariate',
'normalvariate',
'paretovariate',
'randint',
'random',
'randrange',
'sample',
'seed',
'setstate',
'shuffle',
'triangular',
'uniform',
'vonmisesvariate',
'weibullvariate']
[297]: help(random.uniform)
Help on method uniform in module random:
uniform(a, b) method of random.Random instance

Get a random number in the range [a, b) or [a, b] depending on rounding.
76 Numpy Module
1. Numpy is a python library
2. Numpy is short form for Numerical Python
3. Numpy is used to work with arrays
[298]: # To create a numpy 1D array
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) # To np.array function, we can either pass a␣

,→list or tuple
print(arr)
print(type(arr))
[1 2 3 4 5]
<class 'numpy.ndarray'>
[299]: # To create a numpy 2D array
import numpy as np
73
arr = np.array([[2,4,6,8],[1,3,5,7]]) # 2 Square Brackets Indicate 2D Array
print(arr)
print(type(arr)) # To Check the Data Type of the Array
print(np.ndim(arr)) # To check the dimension of the array
print(arr.shape) # To get number of rows and columns
print(arr[1,2]) # Print the element present in 2nd Row, 3rd Column
[[2 4 6 8]
[1 3 5 7]]
<class 'numpy.ndarray'>
2
(2, 4)
5
[300]: # Array Slicing
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) # To np.array function, we can either pass a␣

,→list or tuple
print(arr[1:4]) #Include the first index, exclude the last index
[2 3 4]
[301]: # To Get the Data Type of the Array
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
print(arr.dtype)
int32
[302]: # To Convert 1D Array into 2D Array
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12])
newarr = arr.reshape(4, 3)
74
print(newarr)
[[ 1 2 3]
[ 4 5 6]
[ 7 8 9]
[10 11 12]]
[303]: # To Convert 2D Array into 1D Array
newarr2=newarr.flatten() #Flatten Row Wise
print(newarr2)
newarr3=newarr.flatten('F') #Flatten Column Wise
print(newarr3)
[ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12]
[ 1 4 7 10 2 5 8 11 3 6 9 12]
[304]: # To Print Array Elements
import numpy as np
for x in arr:
print(x)
[2 4 6 8]
[1 3 5 7]
[305]: # To Print Array Elements
import numpy as np
for x in arr:
for y in x:
print(y)
2
4
6
8
1
75
3
5
7
[306]: # Array Concatenation
import numpy as np
arr1 = np.array([1, 2, 3])
arr2 = np.array([4, 5, 6])
arr = np.concatenate((arr1, arr2))
print(arr)
[1 2 3 4 5 6]
[307]: # Sort the elements of an Array
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([3, 2, 0, 1])
print(np.sort(arr))
[0 1 2 3]
[308]: # Filtering an array : Retain a Few, Reject a Few
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([41, 42, 43, 44])
x = arr[[True, False, True, False]]
print(x)
[41 43]
77 Matrix Operations
[309]: import numpy as np
x=[2,4,6,8]
y=[1,3,5,7]
76
print(x)
print(y)
[2, 4, 6, 8]
[1, 3, 5, 7]
[310]: # Matrix Concatenation
z=x+y
print(z)
[2, 4, 6, 8, 1, 3, 5, 7]
[311]: # Matrix Addition
z=np.add(x,y)
print(z)
[ 3 7 11 15]
[312]: # Matrix Subtraction
z=np.subtract(x,y)
print(z)
[1 1 1 1]
[313]: # Element by Element Multiplication
z=np.multiply(x,y)
print(z)
[ 2 12 30 56]
[314]: #Element by Element Division
z=np.divide(x,y)
print(z)
[2. 1.33333333 1.2 1.14285714]
[315]: # Matrix Multiplication
z=np.matmul(x,y) # x into y transpose
77
print(z)
100
[316]: # Transpose of a Matrix
x=[[2,4,6,8],[1,3,5,7]]
z=np.transpose(x)
print(z)
[[2 1]
[4 3]
[6 5]
[8 7]]
[317]: # Inverse of a Matrix
x=[[2,4],[1,3]] # x must be a square matrix to find inverse
print(x)
print(np.linalg.inv(x))
[[2, 4], [1, 3]]

[[ 1.5 -2. ]
[-0.5 1. ]]
[318]: # Determinant of a Matrix
print(np.linalg.det(x))
2.0
78 Graphs
[319]: #First Import the necessary packages and modules
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# x axis values
x = [1,2,3]
# corresponding y axis values
78
y = [2,4,1]
# plotting the points
plt.stem(x, y) # plt.stem is for discrete graphs, plt.plot for continuous graphs
# naming the x axis
plt.xlabel('time')
# naming the y axis
plt.ylabel('amplitude')
# giving a title to my graph
plt.title('My first graph')
# function to show the plot
plt.show()
C:\Users\cmrit\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\ipykernel_launcher.py:15:
UserWarning: In Matplotlib 3.3 individual lines on a stem plot will be added as
a LineCollection instead of individual lines. This significantly improves the
performance of a stem plot. To remove this warning and switch to the new
behaviour, set the "use_line_collection" keyword argument to True.
from ipykernel import kernelapp as app
79
[320]: #How to plot multiple graphs
# line 1 points
x1 = [1,2,3]
y1 = [2,4,1]
# plotting the line 1 points
plt.plot(x1, y1, label = "line 1")
# line 2 points
x2 = [1,2,3]
y2 = [4,1,3]
# plotting the line 2 points
80
# naming the x axis
plt.xlabel('time')
# naming the y axis
plt.title('Two lines on same graph!')
# show a legend on the plot
plt.legend()
# function to show the plot
plt.show()
[321]: #Subplot
81
x1 = [1,2,3]
y1 = [2,4,1]
x2 = [1,2,3]
y2 = [4,1,3]
plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)
# naming the x axis
plt.xlabel('time')
# naming the y axis
plt.title('First Subplot')
plt.subplot(2, 1, 2)
# naming the x axis
plt.xlabel('time')
# naming the y axis
plt.title('Second Subplot')
plt.show()
82
[322]: # Plotting sin wave
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plot
# Get x values of the sine wave
time=np.arange(0, 10, 0.1)
#Amplitude of the sine wave is sine of a variable like time
amplitude = np.sin(2*np.pi*time)
# Plot a sine wave using time and amplitude obtained for the sine wave
plot.plot(time, amplitude)
# Give a title for the sine wave plot
plot.title('Sine wave')
# Give x axis label for the sine wave plot
83
plot.xlabel('Time')
# Give y axis label for the sine wave plot
plot.ylabel('Amplitude = sin(time)')
plot.grid(True, which='both')
plot.axhline(y=0, color='k')
# Display the sine wave
plot.show()
84
1.Student Data
1 Write a Python program to read the student details like Name, USN,
and Marks in three subjects. Display the student details, total marks
and percentage with suitable messages.
[1]: name = input("Enter your name: ") #By default, input() function takes string␣
,→data type
usn = input("Enter your USN: ") #By default, input() function takes string data␣
,→type
sub01 = int(input("Enter your marks out of 100 in Subject 1: ")) #If you want␣
,→integer data, use int() function
sub02 = int(input("Enter your marks out of 100 in Subject 2:")) #If you want␣
sub03 = int(input("Enter your marks out of 100 in Subject 3: ")) #If you want␣
Enter your name: raveesh

Enter your USN: 1cr22ec000
Enter your marks out of 100 in Subject 1: 35
Enter your marks out of 100 in Subject 2:37
Enter your marks out of 100 in Subject 3: 38
[2]: total = sub01+sub02+sub03
avg = (total)/3
[3]: print("Name: ", name)
print("USN: ", usn)
print("Subject 01 Marks: ", sub01)
1
print("Total Marks: ", total)
print("Percentage = {:.3f}".format(avg)) #{:.3f} indicates that 3 decimal values␣

,→will be present in the output float
Name: raveesh
USN: 1cr22ec000
Subject 01 Marks: 35
Total Marks: 110
Percentage = 36.667
2
2.Celsius to Fahrenheit
1 Write a Python program to convert temperature in celsius to fahren-

heit
[1]: celsius=float(input("Enter celsius value "))
#By default, input() function takes string data type.
#If you want to take float values from user, use float() function
Enter celsius value 37.6
[2]: #Formula to convert celsius into fahrenheit
fahrenheit=celsius*1.8+32
[3]: print("{:.2f} degree Celsius is equal to {:.4f} degree Fahrenheit".

,→format(celsius,fahrenheit))
37.60 degree Celsius is equal to 99.6800 degree Fahrenheit
1
3.Simple Interest
1 Write a Python function to calculate simple interest
[1]: #Function definition
def simple_interest(p,t,r):
si = (p * t * r)/100
print('The Simple Interest is', si)
[2]: #Main program
P = int(input("Enter the principal amount :"))
T = float(input("Enter the time duration in years:"))
R = float(input("Enter the rate of interest :"))
Enter the principal amount :10000

Enter the time duration in years:5
Enter the rate of interest :8.5
[3]: #Calling the function
simple_interest(P,T,R)
The Simple Interest is 4250.0
1
4.Compound Interest
1 Write a Python function to calculate compound interest
[1]: import math #math is a Python library for math operations
def compound_interest(P,T,R):
Final_Amount = P * (math.pow((1 + (R/100)),T))
Compound_Interest = Final_Amount - P
return Final_Amount,Compound_Interest
[3]: #Main program
P=int(input("Enter Principal Amount: "))
T=float(input("Enter Time Duration in Years: "))
R=float(input("Enter Rate of Interest: "))
Enter Principal Amount: 100000

Enter Time Duration in Years: 5
Enter Rate of Interest: 8.5
[4]: #Calling the function
fin_amount,comp_int=compound_interest(P,T,R)
print("Final Amount is {:.2f} and Compound Interest is {:.3f}".

,→format(fin_amount,comp_int))
Final Amount is 150365.67 and Compound Interest is 50365.669
1
5.Largest of 3 Numbers
1 Write a Python program to find the largest of 3 numbers
[1]: n1=int(input("Enter the first number"))
n2=int(input("Enter the second number"))
n3=int(input("Enter the third number"))
Enter the first number10

Enter the second number10
Enter the third number20
[2]: if n1>=n2 and n1>=n3:

print("The largest number is ",n1)
elif n2>=n1 and n2>=n3:

else:
The largest number is 20
1
6.Best 2 Test Marks
1 Write a Python program to find the best 2 test marks out of 3 tests and
find the average of them.
[1]: test1marks=int(input("Enter test 1 marks"))
test2marks=int(input("Enter test 2 marks"))
test3marks=int(input("Enter test 3 marks"))
Enter test 1 marks30

[2]: if test1marks>=test2marks and test1marks>=test3marks:

if test2marks>=test3marks:
total=test1marks+test2marks
else:
elif test2marks>=test1marks and test2marks>=test3marks:

else:
else:
else:
average=total/2
[4]: print("Total marks of best 2 test marks is",total)
print("Average of best 2 test marks is",average)
Total marks of best 2 test marks is 65

Average of best 2 test marks is 32.5
1
7.Number of Likes, Dislikes
1 Two people made a list of movies they like or dislike.
Find the number of movies they both like or dislike.
Input is two strings containing 1s and 0s, 1 stands for like, 0

stands for dislike.
def count_like_dislike (A, B):

out=0
l=min(len(A),len(B))
for i in range(l):
if A[i]==B[i]:
out=out+1
return out
[2]: A=input("Enter list1")
B=input("Enter list2")
out= count_like_dislike(A, B)
print (out)
Enter list1101011
Enter list21010
4
1
8.Even Odd
1 Write a Python program to count of number of even numbers and

odd numbers from the given list.
Give distinct numbers as input values.
Sample Input :
12345
Description:The first line of input consists of a single integer N

denoting the total number of input
The second line of input consists of N space separated integers,

denoting the individual elements in the input
Sample Output :
23
Output Description:Output a single line with the count of even

numbers and odd numbers from N, separated by a single space.
[1]: n=int(input()) #Enter the number of elements
list1=input() #Enter the elements separated by space
1
list1=[int(i) for i in list1] #Convert every element to integer
5
1 2 3 4 5
[2]: even=0
odd=0
for i in list1:
if i%2==0:
even=even+1
else:
odd=odd+1
[3]: print(even,odd)
2 3
2 Given a list of numbers, find the sum of odd and even numbers.
Skip the numbers divisible by 3.
Sample Input : 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sample Output : 6,12
[4]: list1=input() #Enter the values separated by space
2 3 4 5 6 7
[5]: list1=list1.split() #After split(), we get a list
list1=[int(i) for i in list1] #Convert every element to integer
[6]: even_sum=0
odd_sum=0
for i in list1:
if i%2==0 and i%3!=0:
even_sum=even_sum+i
elif i%2!=0 and i%3!=0:
odd_sum=odd_sum+i
[7]: print("{},{}".format(even_sum,odd_sum))
6,12
2
9.Reverse the Array and Find the Sum
1 Given an array A of N numbers (integers), you have to write a

program which prints the sum of the elements of array A with the
corresponding elements of the reverse of array A.
If array A has elements [1,2,3], then reverse of the array A will be
[3,2,1] and the resultant array should be [4,4,4].
Input Format: The first line of the input contains a number N

representing the number of elements in array A.
The second line of the input contains N numbers separated by a

space. (after the last elements, there is no space)
Output Format: Print the resultant array elements separated by

a space. (no space after the last element)
Example: Input:
2531
Output :
3883
[1]: len1=int(input()) #Enter the length of the list
1
[2]: list1=input() #Enter the elements of the list separated by space
2 5 3 1
[4]: list2=list1[::-1] #To reverse the list
for i in range(len(list1)):
sum1=list1[i]+list2[i]
list3.append(sum1)
[5]: print(*list3) #To print the elements separated by space
3 8 8 3
2
10.Type of Triangle
1 Write a Python program to identify the type of triangle given its

sides.
[1]: x = int(input("enter side 1 : "))
y = int(input("enter side 2 : "))
z = int(input("enter side 3 : "))
enter side 1 : 2
enter side 2 : 2
enter side 3 : 3
[2]: if x == y == z:
print("Equilateral Triangle")
elif x==y or y==z or z==x:
print("Isosceles Triangle")
else:
print("Scalene Triangle")
isosceles triangle
1
11.Parity Bit
1 Input a binary number.
If there are odd number of ones, then parity bit must be 1.
If there are even number of ones, then parity bit must be 0.
[1]: n=input() #Enter a sequence of 0s and 1s

#Note that 'n' is a string, NOT an integer
101011
[2]: l=n.count("1") #Count the number of 1s
[3]: if l%2==0:
parity="0"
else:
parity="1"
[4]: n=n+parity #Here '+' does concatenation of strings, NOT arithmetic addition
[5]: print(n)
1010110
1
12.Odd Factors of a Number
1 Write a Python program to print the odd factors of a number.
Input Format : 10
Output Format : 1 5
[1]: num=int(input()) #Enter a number
10
[2]: if num<1:
print("Number must be greater than 0")
else:
for i in range(1,num+1):
if num%i==0 and i%2!=0:
list1.append(i)
[3]: #See the output format given
#We have to print the values separated by space
print(*list1)
1 5
[4]: #If we have to print the values separated by comma, but no comma after the last␣
,→element
print(*list1,sep=",")
1,5
[5]: #If we have to print the values separated by comma and there should be a comma␣
,→even after the last element
for i in list1:
1
print(i,end=",")
1,5,
[6]: #If we have to print the values one below the other
print(*list1,sep="\n")
1
5
[7]: #If we have to print the values one below the other and there should be a comma␣
,→after every element
for i in list1:
print("{},".format(i))
1,
5,
[8]: #If we have to print the values as a list
print(list1)
[1, 5]
2 Important Note :
There are multiple ways to input and output data in Python.
Which method should we follow?
In online coding tests, along with questions, sample test cases will also be given.
We have to follow the method which matches the format of sample input and output test cases.
2
13.Rule Based Product
1 Write a python program to find the product of a list of numbers

based on the following rules.
If there is NO 5, display the product of all the numbers.
If one of the integers is 5, display the product of numbers to

the right of 5 excluding 5 and any subsequent 5’s
If there are NO numbers to the right of 5, display -1
Input :
15678
The first line contains the length of the list
The second line contains the list of space-separated numbers.
Output :
336
[1]: n = int(input()) #Enter the length of the list
[2]: #There are several ways to input multiple elements of a list
#But the input format indicates that elements are separated by space
1
#So use the following method to take input
list1 =input() #Enter multiple integers separated by space. At this point, list1␣
,→is NOT a list, but a string. Because, input() function takes string by default.
list1=list1.split() #After split(), we get a list. But the list elements are␣
,→still NOT integers, but strings.
list1=[int(i) for i in list1] #Convert every element of the list to integer␣

,→using int() function. Now we get a list of integers
#Refer to 'Program 0-All Formats' to learn other methods of inputting the␣

,→elements of a list
1 5 6 7 8
[3]: product = 1 #Variable to store the rule-based product
if 5 not in list1:
for i in list1:
product=product*i
else:
index1 = list1.index(5)
if index1 == len(list1)-1:
product = -1
else:
for i in list1[index1+1:]:
if i !=5:
product=product*i
print(product) # to print the product
336
2
14.Spy Number
1 Write a Python program to check whether a given number is Spy

number or not.
A number is said to be a Spy number if the sum of all the dig-

its is equal to the product of all digits.
For Ex. 1412 is a Spy number
Bacause,
Product of all digits = 1 * 4 * 1 * 2 = 8
Sum of all digits = 1+4+1+2 = 8
[1]: n=int(input()) #Enter a number
1412
[2]: #Note that integer cannot be indexed, but string can be indexed
#So, convert 'int' to 'str' and access the elements
n=str(n) #To convert 'int' to 'str'
[3]: prod=1
sum1=0
[4]: for i in n:
prod=prod*int(i) #int() function converts 'str' to 'int'
sum1=sum1+int(i) #int() function converts 'str' to 'int'
1
[5]: if prod==sum1:
print("Spy Number")
else:
print("Not a Spy Number")
Spy Number
2
15.Neon Number
1 Write a Python Program to check whether the accepted number is a

Neon number or not.
A number is said to be Neon number if the sum of the digits of

the square of the number is equal to the number itself.
If the number is a Neon number print True, otherwise print False
Sample Input : 9
Sample Output : True
Explanation : 9^2=81
8+1=9
[1]: num1=int(input()) #Enter a number
[2]: num2=num1**2 #Square the number
num2=str(num2) #Integer cannot be indexed. So convert 'int' to 'str'. String can␣

,→be indexed.
[3]: sum1=0
for i in num2:
sum1=sum1+int(i)
[4]: if sum1==num1:
print("True")
else:
print("False")
True
1
16.Armstrong Number
1 Write a Python program to check whether a number is Armstrong

number or not.
Armstrong Number means a number which is equal to sum of

its digits raised to total number of digits
For Ex. : 153
There are 3 digits in 153.
1^3 + 5^3 + 3^3 = 153
So 153 is an Armstrong number
Sample Input : 153
Sample Output : 153 is an Armstrong number
153
[2]: # To find the total number of digits
#Convert 'int' to 'str' and then use len() function
count1=len(str(n))
[3]: sum1=0
for i in str(n):
sum1=sum1+int(i)**count1 #Here '**' is used to compute power
1
[4]: if n==sum1:
print("{} is an Armstrong number".format(n))
else:
print("{} is not an Armstrong number".format(n))
153 is an Armstrong number
2
17.GCD
1 Write a Python program to find the GCD of the given two numbers
Sample Input : 16 20
Sample Output : 4
[1]: #There are several ways to input multiple elements
#But the input format indicates that elements are separated by space
list1=list1.split() #After split(), we get a list. But the list elements are␣

#Refer to 'Program 0-All Formats' to learn other methods of inputting the␣

,→elements of a list
num1=list1[0] #First element of list1
num2=list1[1] #Second element of list2
16 20
[2]: n=min(num1,num2) #Minimum of num1 and num2
[3]: for i in range(n,0,-1):

if num1%i==0 and num2%i==0:
print(i)
break
1
18.LCM
1 Write a Python program to find the LCM of two numbers.

Sample Input : 4,7
Sample Output : 28
[1]: #There are several ways to input multiple elements
#But the input format indicates that elements are separated by comma
list1=list1.split(",") #After split(), we get a list. But the list elements are␣

num1=list1[0] #First element of list1
num2=list1[1] #Second element of list2
4,7
[2]: n=max(num1,num2) #Maximum of 'num1' and 'num2'
[3]: for i in range(n,num1*num2+1): #value of 'i' ranges from 'n' to 'num1*num2', NOT␣
,→upto "num1*num2+1"
if i%num1==0 and i%num2==0: #if 'i' is divisible by both 'num1' and 'num2',␣
,→thats the LCM
print(i)
break
28
1
19.Perfect Square
1 Write a Python program to accept a number and display whether it is

a perfect square or not.
Sample Input 1 : 25
Sample Output 1 : is a perfect square
Sample Input 2 : 7
Sample Output 2 : is not a perfect square
[1]: num1=int(input()) #Enter a number
25
[2]: num2=num1**0.5 #Square root of num1
num2=int(num2) #Convert num2 to int
num3=num2**2 #Square num2
if num3==num1:
print("is a perfect square")
else:
print("is not a perfect square")
is a perfect square
1
20.Sum of Squares of First n Natural Numbers
1 Write a Python program to find the sum of squares of first ‘n’ natural
numbers.
Sample Input : 5
Sample Output : 55
[1]: n=int(input()) #Enter the value of n
[2]: sum1=0
for i in range(1,n+1): #Here, 'i' takes values from 1 to 'n', NOT up to 'n+1'
sum1=sum1+i**2
print(sum1)
55
1
21.Factorial of a Number
1 Write a Python program to find the factorial of a given number.
Sample Input : 5
Sample Output : 120
[2]: fact=1
for i in range(n,0,-1): #Here, value of i ranges from n to 1, NOT up to 0.

fact=fact*i
[3]: print(fact)
120
1
2 Write a Python program to check whether a given number is Krish-
namurthy number or not.
Print True if the number is Krishnamurthy number, else print

False
A Krishnamurthy number is a number which is equal to the sum of

the factorial of its digits
For example, 145 = 1! + 4! + 5!
[4]: #Function to calculate factorial of a number
def factorial(n):
fact=1
for i in range(n,0,-1): #Here, value of i ranges from n to 1, NOT up to 0.
fact=fact*i
return fact
[8]: #Function to check whether a number is Krishnamurthy number or not
def Krishnamurthy(n) :
sum1=0
n=str(n) #'int' cannot be indexed. So, convert 'int' to 'str'
for i in n:
sum1=sum1+factorial(int(i))
if sum1==int(n):
return True
else:
return False
145
[10]: if Krishnamurthy(n):
print("True")
else:
print("False")
True
2
3 Write a Python program to print Krishnamurthy numbers between 1
and 200001
[11]: for i in range(1,200001):
if (Krishnamurthy(i)):
print(i)
1
2
145
40585
3
22.Palindrome
1 Develop a python program to check whether a given number is

palindrome or not.
Print True if the number is Palindrome, otherwise print False
For Ex. 25352 is a palindrome
Because whether you read the digits from left to right or from
right to left, you will get the same number
25352
[2]: num1=str(num) #'int' cannot be indexed. So, convert 'int' to 'str'
num2=num1[::-1] #This will read the string in reverse order
if num1==num2:
print("True")
else:
print("False")
True
1
23.Tens Place Ones Place
1 Write a Python Program to form an integer that has the Number of

Digits at Ten’s Place and the Least Significant Digit of the Entered
Integer at One’s Place.
If the input is of a single digit, print the result as 0.
Sample Input : 426

Sample Output : 36
Description : There are 3 digits in 426 and the least significant digit
is 6. So output should be 36
426
[2]: num=str(num) #'int' cannot be indexed. So, convert 'int' to 'str'.
if len(num)==1: #Note that len() function works with 'str', NOT with 'int'
result=0
else:
lsd=num[-1] #num[-1] means last element of the string
#Note that lsd is a string, NOT an integer
count=len(num) #Note that count is an integer, NOT a string
count=str(count) #Now count is a string
result=count+lsd #Note that count and lsd are strings. So '+' does␣
,→ concatenation, NOT arithmetic addition
result=int(result) #Now result is an 'int'
print(result)
36
1
24.Leap Year
1 Given a year, determine whether it is a leap year or not.
If it is a leap year, return the Boolean True, otherwise return False.
A leap year is exactly divisible by 4 except for century years (years

ending with 00).
The century year is a leap year only if it is perfectly divisible

by 400.
[1]: def isleap(x):

if x%4==0:
if x%400==0:
return True
elif x%100==0:
return False
else:
return True
else:
return False
[2]: year = int(input()) #Enter an year
200
[3]: print(isleap(year))
False
1
2 Write a Python program to To Generate Leap Years in an Interval.
Sample Input :
200
300
Sample Output :
4 208 212 216 220 224 228 232 236 240 244 248 252 256 260 264 268 272
276 280 284 288 292 296
[4]: start = int(input()) #Enter the start year
end = int(input()) #Enter the end year
200
300
[5]: leap=[]#Start with an empty list
for i in range (start,end+1):

if isleap(i):
leap.append(i)
print(*leap) #To print the values separated by space
204 208 212 216 220 224 228 232 236 240 244 248 252 256 260 264 268 272 276 280
284 288 292 296
3 Write a Python program to generate the Next 15 Leap Years Starting

From a Given Year.
Sample Input : 200
Sample Output : 204,208,212,216,220,224,228,232,236,240,244,248,252,256,260
[6]: year=int(input()) #Enter the starting year
200
[7]: leap=[] #Start with an empty list
count=0
while count<15:
2
if isleap(year):
leap.append(year)
count=count+1
year=year+1
print(*leap,sep=",") #To print the values separated by comma
204,208,212,216,220,224,228,232,236,240,244,248,252,256,260
3
25.Prime Number
1 Write a Python program to check whether a number is prime or not.
Print True if the number is prime. Otherwise, print False.
[1]: def is_prime(num):

if num<2:
return False
elif num==2:
return True
else:
for i in range(2,num): #Here 'i' will vary from 2 to 'num-1', NOT up to␣
,→'num'
if num%i==0:
return False
else:
return True
[2]: number=int(input()) #Enter a number
[3]: print(is_prime(number))
True
1
2 Write a Python program to print all Prime numbers in an Interval.
Sample Input :
10
Sample Output:
7
[4]: lower_limit=int(input()) #Enter the lower limit
upper_limit=int(input()) #Enter the upper limit
1
10
[5]: prime=[] #Start with an empty list
for i in range(lower_limit,upper_limit+1): #Here,'i' will vary from␣

,→'lower_limit' to 'upper_limit', NOT up to 'upper_limit+1'
if is_prime(i):
prime.append(i)
print(*prime,sep="\n") #To print the elements of the list one below the other
2
3
5
7
2
3 Write a Python program to generate N prime numbers starting from
the given number.
Sample Input :
10
Input Description : First number gives the starting point. Sec-

ond number gives how many prime numbers to generate.
Sample Output :
[11, 13, 17, 19, 23]

[6]: start=int(input()) #Enter the starting number
N=int(input()) #Enter how many prime numbers to generate
10
5
[7]: count=0
prime=[] #Start with an empty list
while count<N:
if is_prime(start):
prime.append(start)
count=count+1
start=start+1
[8]: print(prime)
[11, 13, 17, 19, 23]
3
26.Sum of Consecutive Primes
1 Some prime numbers are equal to the sum of other consecutive

prime numbers.
For example 5 = 2 + 3, 17 = 2 + 3 + 5 + 7, 41 = 2 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 11
+ 13.
Write a python program to find out the prime numbers that sat-
isfy this property up to a given number.
Sample Input : 50
Sample Output :
17
41
if num<2:
return False
elif num==2:
return True
else:
,→'num'
if num%i==0:
return False
else:
return True
1
50
[3]: list1=[] #Start with an empty list
if is_prime(i):
list1.append(i)
print(list1)
[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47]
[4]: for i in range(1,len(list1)):

sum=0
for k in list1[0:i]:
sum=sum+k
if sum==list1[i]:
print(list1[i])
break
5
17
41
2
27.Prime Product
1 A positive integer m is a prime product if it can be written as p×q,

where p and q are both primes.
Write a Python function primeproduct(m) that takes an integer m as
input and returns True if m is a prime product and False otherwise.

if num<2:
return False
elif num==2:
return True
else:
,→'num'
if num%i==0:
return False
else:
return True
10
[3]: #To find all the prime factors of the number
if num%i==0 and is_prime(i):
list1.append(i)
[4]: flag=0 #flag=0 indicates that the number cannot be expressed as a product of␣
,→prime numbers
for i in range(0,len(list1)):
for j in range(0,len(list1)):
if list1[i]*list1[j]==num:
1
flag=1 #flag=1 indicates that the number can be expressed as a␣
product of prime numbers
,→
break
if flag==1:
print(True)
else:
print(False)
True
[5]: #If you want to display the prime factors
flag=0 #flag=0 indicates that the number cannot be expressed as a product of␣
,→prime numbers
for j in range(0,len(list1)):
if list1[i]*list1[j]==num:
flag=1 #flag=1 indicates that the number can be expressed as a␣
,→product of prime numbers
if list1[i] not in list2:

list2.append(list1[i])
if list1[j] not in list2:
list2.append(list1[j])
break
print(list2)
[2, 5]
2
28.Product of Unique Prime Factors
1 Write a Python program to find the product of unique prime factors

of a number.
Sample Input : 20
Sample Output :
25
10
Output Description:
The First line consists of the Prime Factors of 20 ie, 2 and 5 8.
The second line consists of the product of the prime factors : 2X5 =10
Enter a number20
[2]: def isprime(n):

if n<2:
return False
elif n==2:
return True
else:
for i in range(2,n):
if n%i==0:
return False
return True
[3]: l=[]
for i in range(2,n+1):
if n%i==0 and isprime(i):
l.append(i)
print(*l) #*l prints elements of the list 'l' seperated by space
1
2 5
[4]: prod=1
for i in l:
prod=prod*i
print(prod)
10
2
29.List of Unique Numbers in a List
1 Write a python program which takes an input of ‘N’ numbers and

display the numbers which are unique(not repeated).
If no unique numbers are available in the list print “NULL”.
Input Description:List of ‘N’ numbers and the first integer spec-

ifies the value of ‘N’, the size of the list, the rest of the numbers are
elements of the list.
Output Description:A list of numbers which are unique.
Input :
10 12 45 12 10 65
Output : [45,65]
[1]: n=int(input()) #Enter the length of the list
list1=input() #Enter the list of numbers separated by space
6
10 12 45 12 10 65
[2]: list1=list1.split() #After splitting, we get a list with every element as 'str'
list1=[int(i) for i in list1] #Convert every element to 'int'
1
[3]: list2=[] #start with an empty list
for i in list1:
if list1.count(i)==1:
list2.append(i)
if len(list2)==0:
print("NULL")
else:
print(list2)
[45, 65]
2
30.Fibonacci Series
1 Write a Python program to print the first n Fibonacci numbers.
Sample Input : 5
Sample Output :
3
[1]: n=int(input()) #Enter how many Fibonacci numbers to be printed
[2]: if n==1:
fib=[0]
elif n==2:
fib=[0,1]
elif n>2:
fib=[0,1]
for i in range (2,n):
present=fib[i-1]+fib[i-2]
fib.append(present)
[3]: print(*fib,sep="\n") #Print values one below the other
0
1
1
1
2
3
2 Write a Python program to print Fibonacci numbers up to ‘n’.
Sample Input : 5
Sample Output :
5
[4]: n=int(input()) #Enter up to what number Fibonacci numbers to be printed
[5]: if n==0:
fib=[0]
elif n==1:
fib=[0,1,1]
elif n>=2:
fib=[0,1,1]
present=fib[-1]+fib[-2]
while(present<=n):
fib.append(present)
print(*fib,sep="\n")
0
1
1
2
2
3
5
3 Write a Python program to Print the nth Fibonacci Number.
Sample Input :
Sample Output :
3
[6]: n=int(input()) #Enter the value of 'n'
[7]: fib=[] #Start with an empty list
if n==1:
print(0)
elif n==2:
print(1)
else:
fib=[0,1]
count=2
while(count<n):
fib.append(present)
count=count+1
print(present)
3
4 Write a Python program to to check whether a number is Fibonacci
or Not.
Print True if the number is Fibonacci, else print False
Sample Input : 8
Sample Output : True
[9]: if n<0:
print(False)
elif n==0 or n==1:
print(True)
else:
fib=[0,1]
flag=0
while(present<=n):
if present==n:
flag=1
fib.append(present)
break
else:
fib.append(present)
if flag:
print(True)
else:
print(False)
True
4
31.ASCII Value
1 Write a Python program to display ASCII value of a character
[1]: x=input("Enter a character : ")
Enter a character : a
[2]: try:
y=ord(x)
print("ASCII Value of {} Is".format(x))
print(y)
except: #If you give invalid input
print("Invalid Input")
ASCII Value of a Is
97
[3]: #To get character from ASCII value
chr(97)
[3]: 'a'
1
32.Caeser Cipher
1 Write a Python program to encode a message using Caesar cipher.
Sample Input : XYz
Sample Output : ABc
Note :ASCII Values
A to Z : 65 to 90
a to z : 97 to 122
[1]: message = input() #Enter a string
shift = int(input()) #Enter the value of shift
XYz
3
[2]: result="" #Start with an empty string

for i in message:
new=ord(i)+shift
if(i.isupper()):
if new<=90:
code=chr(new) #This is a character
else:
code=chr(65+new%91)
elif(i.islower()):
if new<=122:
code=chr(new) #This is a character
1
else:
code=chr(97+new%123)
result=result+code #Here, '+' does concatenation of strings, NOT␣

,→ addition of integers
print(result)
ABc
2
33.Run Length Encoding
1 Write a program to read the string of characters in which same

character may be repeated consecutively like “XXXyZZZZZ”.
Output the string in the form in which the count of the each
character appears followed by character for example .
Input:
XXXyZZZZZ
Output:
3X1y5Z
def encode(message):
encoded_message ="" #Start with an empty string
i = 0
while (i <len(message)):
count = 1
ch = message[i]
j = i
while (j < len(message)-1):
if (message[j] == message[j+1]):
count = count+1
j = j+1
else:
break
encoded_message=encoded_message + str(count) + ch #Here, '+' does␣
,→concatenation of strings.
1
i = j+1
return encoded_message
[2]: msg=input() #Enter a string
coded_msg=encode(msg)
print(coded_msg)
XXXyZZZZZ
3X1y5Z
2
34.Pythagorean Triplets
1 Write a Python program to generate Pythagorean triplets within a

given limit
[1]: limit=int(input()) #Enter upper limit
20
[2]: c=0
m=2
while(c<limit):
for n in range(1,m):
a=m*m-n*n
b=2*m*n
c=m*m+n*n
if(c>limit):
break
print(a,b,c)
m=m+1
3 4 5
8 6 10
5 12 13
15 8 17
12 16 20
1
35.Senior Citizen
1 Write a Python program to read the name and year of birth of a

person.
Display whether the person is a senior citizen or not.
[1]: import datetime #'datetime' is a Python library
date = datetime.date.today() # Get today's date.
# You can also use: date = datetime.datetime.now()
current_yr = date.year # Extract year value from the date.
# You can also use: current_yr = date.strftime("%Y")
[2]: yob = int(input("Enter the year of birth: "))
age = current_yr - yob
Enter the year of birth: 1990
[3]: if( age > 60 ):

print("You are a Senior Citizen")
else:
print("You are not a Senior Citizen")
You are not a Senior Citizen
1
36.Mean, Variance and Standard Deviation
1 Write a Python program to compute Mean, Variance and Standard

Deviation
[1]: import statistics #'statistics' is a Python library
n = int(input()) #Enter the number of values
list1 = [] #Start with an empty list
#Enter the values one below the other
for i in range (n):

list1.append(int(input())) #Take int values and append to list1
Enter the number of values3

Enter the values
10
20
30
[2]: mean=statistics.mean(list1)
variance=statistics.pvariance(list1)
std_dev=statistics.pstdev(list1)
[3]: print("Mean is %.2f"%(mean))
print("Variance is %.2f "%(variance))
print("Standard deviation is %.2f "%(std_dev))
Mean is 20.00
Variance is 66.67
Standard deviation is 8.16
1
37.Largest Even Number
1 Write a Python program to input a string which is a mixture of letters

and integers and special characters.
Find the largest even number from the available digit after re-
moving the duplicates.
If an even number is not formed then return-1.

[1]: str1=input() #Enter a string
cmrit@1234
[2]: num="" #start with an empty string

for i in str1:
if i.isdigit():
num=num+i #Here '+' does concatenation of strings, NOT arithmetic␣
,→addition
[3]: if len(num)==0: #If there are no digits

print(-1)
else:
num=sorted(num,reverse=True)
flag=0 #flag=0 indicates that even number is not possible
for i in range(len(num)):
if int(num[len(num)-1-i])%2==0:
smallest_even = num[len(num)-1-i]
num.remove(smallest_even)
num.append(smallest_even)
flag=1 #flag=1 indicates that even number is possible
break
if flag==1:
1
ans = "".join(num)
print(str(ans))
else:
print(-1)
4312
2
38.Binary to Decimal
1 Develop a Python program to convert binary number to decimal
[1]: num=input() #Input a binary number
1011
[2]: decimal=0
power=0
num=num[::-1] #Reverse the string
for i in num:
decimal=decimal+int(i)*(2**power)
power=power+1
[3]: print(decimal)
11
1
39.Decimal to Binary
1 Write a Python program to convert decimal number to binary
[1]: def dec_to_bin(num):

i=0
binary="" #Start with an empty string
while(num>0):
bit=num%2
binary=str(bit)+binary #Here '+' does concatenation, NOT addidtion of␣
,→integers
num=num//2 #This will return the quotient

return binary
[2]: num=int(input()) #Input a decimal number
11
[3]: print(dec_to_bin(num))
1011
1
40.Decimal to Hexadecimal
1 Write a Python program to convert decimal number to hexadecimal.
[1]: #Program to convert decimal to hexadecimal

num=int(input())
print(hex(num))
23
0x17
[2]: #Program to convert hexadecimal to decimal

num=input()
decnum=int(num,base=16)
print(decnum)
0X17
23
1
41.Roman to Decimal
1 Write a Python program to convert Roman number to integer
[1]: def roman_to_int(roman):

d={'I': 1,'V': 5,'X': 10,'L': 50,'C': 100,'D': 500,'M': 1000} #Form a␣
,→dictionary in which keys are Roman numbers and values are decimal numbers
deci=0
for i in range(len(roman)):
prev=d[roman[i-1]]
current=d[roman[i]]
if current>prev and i>0:
deci=deci+current-2*prev
else:
deci=deci+current
return(deci)
[2]: r=input()
dec=roman_to_int(r)
print(dec)
XXIV
24
1
42.Guess the Number
1 Write a Python program to simulate ‘Guess the Number’ Game
[1]: import random #random() is a Python module
SecretNumber = random.randint(1, 20)
[2]: print('I am thinking of a number between 1 and 20.')
I am thinking of a number between 1 and 20.
[3]: # Ask the player to guess 6 times.
for i in range(6):
print('Take a guess.')
guess = int(input())
if guess < SecretNumber:

print('Your guess is low.')
elif guess > SecretNumber:
print('Your guess is high.')
else:
break # This condition is when the guess is correct
Take a guess.
8
Your guess is high.
Take a guess.
3
Your guess is high.
Take a guess.
1
Your guess is low.
Take a guess.
2
[4]: if guess == SecretNumber:

print("Good job! You guessed my number in ",i,"attempts")
else:
1
print('No. The number I was thinking of was ',secretNumber)
Good job! You guessed my number in 3 attempts
2
43.Number Pattern
1 Pattern 1
[4]: rows = 6
# if you want user to enter a number, uncomment the below line
# rows = int(input('Enter the number of rows'))
# outer loop
for i in range(rows):
# nested loop
for j in range(i):
# display number
print(i, end=' ')
# new line after each row
print('')
1
2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5
2 Pattern 2
[5]: rows = 5
b = 0
# reverse for loop from 5 to 0
for i in range(rows, 0, -1):
b += 1
for j in range(1, i + 1):
print(b, end=' ')
print('\r')
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3
4 4
5
1
3 Pattern 3
[6]: rows = 5
num = rows
# reverse for loop
for j in range(0, i):
print(num, end=' ')
print("\r")
5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5
5 5 5
5 5
5
4 Pattern 4
[7]: rows = 5
print(j, end=' ')
print("\r")
0 1 2 3 4 5
0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3
0 1 2
0 1
5 Pattern 5
[8]: rows = 5
i = 1
while i <= rows:
j = 1
while j <= i:
print((i * 2 - 1), end=" ")
j = j + 1
i = i + 1
print('')
1
3 3
5 5 5
7 7 7 7
9 9 9 9 9
2
6 Pattern 6
[9]: rows = 5
# reverse loop
num = i
for j in range(0, i):
print(num, end=' ')
print("\r")
5 5 5 5 5
4 4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2
1
7 Pattern 7
[10]: rows = 6
for i in range(1, rows):
for j in range(i, 0, -1):
print(j, end=' ')
print("")
1
2 1
3 2 1
4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
8 Pattern 8
[13]: rows = 5
for i in range(0, rows + 1):
for j in range(rows - i, 0, -1):
print(j, end=' ')
print()
5 4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
3 2 1
2 1
1
3
9 Pattern 9
[14]: rows = 5
for j in range(1, rows + 1):
if j <= i:
print(i, end=' ')
else:
print(j, end=' ')
print()
1 2 3 4 5
2 2 3 4 5
3 3 3 4 5
4 4 4 4 5
5 5 5 5 5
10 Pattern 10
[15]: rows = 8
# rows = int(input("Enter the number of rows "))
# multiplication current column and row
square = i * j
print(i * j, end=' ')
print()
1
2 4
3 6 9
4 8 12 16
5 10 15 20 25
6 12 18 24 30 36
7 14 21 28 35 42 49
8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64
4
44.Star Pattern
1 Pattern 1
[1]: # number of rows
rows = 5
# nested loop for each column
# print star
print("*", end=' ')
# new line after each row
print("\r")
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
[4]: rows = 5
for j in range(1, rows+1):
print("* " * j)
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
2 Pattern 2
[3]: # number of rows
rows = 5
k = 2 * rows - 2
# process each column
for j in range(0, k):
# print space in pyramid
print(end=" ")
1
k = k - 2
# display star
print("* ", end="")
print("")
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
3 Pattern 3
[5]: rows = 5
for i in range(rows + 1, 0, -1):
# nested reverse loop
for j in range(0, i - 1):
# display star
print("*", end=' ')
print(" ")
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
4 Pattern 4
[6]: rows = 5
k = 2 * rows - 2
for i in range(rows, -1, -1):
for j in range(k, 0, -1):
print(end=" ")
k = k + 1
print("*", end=" ")
print("")
* * * * * *
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
2
5 Pattern 5
[7]: rows = 5
i = rows
while i >= 1:
j = rows
while j > i:
# display space
print(' ', end=' ')
j -= 1
k = 1
while k <= i:
print('*', end=' ')
k += 1
print()
i -= 1
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
6 Pattern 6
[8]: print("Print equilateral triangle Pyramid using asterisk symbol ")
# printing full Triangle pyramid using stars
size = 7
m = (2 * size) - 2
for i in range(0, size):
for j in range(0, m):
print(end=" ")
# decrementing m after each loop
m = m - 1
print("* ", end=' ')
print(" ")
Print equilateral triangle Pyramid using asterisk symbol

*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * * *
3
7 Pattern 7
[9]: rows = 6
print("*", end=' ')
print(" ")
print(" ")
for i in range(rows + 1, 0, -1):

print("*", end=' ')
print(" ")
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
8 Pattern 8
[10]: rows = 5
print("*", end=' ')
print("\r")

print("*", end=' ')
print("\r")
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
4
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
9 Pattern 9
[12]: rows = 5
i = 1
while i <= rows:
j = i
while j < rows:
# display space
print(' ', end=' ')
j += 1
k = 1
while k <= i:
print('*', end=' ')
k += 1
print()
i += 1
i = rows
while i >= 1:
j = i
while j <= rows:
print(' ', end=' ')
j += 1
k = 1
while k < i:
print('*', end=' ')
k += 1
print('')
i -= 1
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
5
10 Pattern 10
[13]: rows = 5
i = 0
while i <= rows - 1:
j = 0
while j < i:
# display space
print('', end=' ')
j += 1
k = i
while k <= rows - 1:
print('*', end=' ')
k += 1
print()
i += 1
i = rows - 1
while i >= 0:
j = 0
while j < i:
print('', end=' ')
j += 1
k = i
while k <= rows - 1:
print('*', end=' ')
k += 1
print('')
i -= 1
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
11 Pattern 11
[14]: rows = 5
k = 2 * rows - 2
for j in range(0, k):
6
print(end=" ")
k = k - 1
print("* ", end="")
print("")
k = rows - 2
for i in range(rows, -1, -1):

for j in range(k, 0, -1):
print(end=" ")
k = k + 1
print("* ", end="")
print("")
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
12 Pattern 12
[15]: rows = 5
i = 1
while i <= rows:
j = rows
while j > i:
# display space
print(' ', end=' ')
j -= 1
print('*', end=' ')
k = 1
while k < 2 * (i - 1):
print(' ', end=' ')
k += 1
if i == 1:
print()
else:
print('*')
7
i += 1
i = rows - 1
while i >= 1:
j = rows
while j > i:
print(' ', end=' ')
j -= 1
print('*', end=' ')
k = 1
while k <= 2 * (i - 1):
print(' ', end=' ')
k += 1
if i == 1:
print()
else:
print('*')
i -= 1
*
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
*
[ ]:
8
45.Bank Transaction
1 Write a python program that computes the net amount of a bank ac-
count based on a transaction log from console input. The transaction
log format is shown below.
Input Format :
4
D 300
D 300
W 200
D 100
Output Format :
B 500
[1]: n=int(input())
x=[]
for i in range(n):
x.append(input())
3
D 100
D 200
W 100
[2]: balance=0
for i in x:
i=i.split()
if i[0]=="D" or i[0]=="d":
balance=balance+int(i[1])
if i[0]=="W" or i[0]=="w":
balance=balance-int(i[1])
[3]: print("B",balance)
B 200
1
46.Permutations and Combinations
1 Write a Python program to find the Permutations and Combinations

of the given list
[1]: import itertools #itertools is a Python module
[7]: val = [1, 2]
[8]: #Permutation without replacement

perm_set = itertools.permutations(val)
print(perm_set)
<itertools.permutations object at 0x0452C540>
[9]: for i in perm_set:

print(i)
(1, 2)
(2, 1)
[12]: #Permutations of a string

str1 = "AB"
perm_set = itertools.permutations(str1)
for i in perm_set:
print(i)
('A', 'B')
('B', 'A')
[13]: #Permutation of required length

val = [1, 2, 3]
perm_set = itertools.permutations(val,2)
for i in perm_set:
print(i)
(1, 2)
(1, 3)
1
(2, 1)
(2, 3)
(3, 1)
(3, 2)
[14]: #Combination without replacement

com_set = itertools.combinations(val, 2)
for i in com_set:
print(i)
(1, 2)
(1, 3)
(2, 3)
[15]: #Combination with replacement

com_set = itertools.combinations_with_replacement(val, 2)
for i in com_set:
print(i)
(1, 1)
(1, 2)
(1, 3)
(2, 2)
(2, 3)
(3, 3)
2 To calculate Binomial Coefficients

2.1 npr=n!/(n-r)!
2.2 ncr=npr/r!
[20]: import math
n=int(input("Enter the value of n"))
r=int(input("Enter the value of r"))
Enter the value of n5

Enter the value of r3
[21]: npr=math.factorial(n)/math.factorial(n-r)
[22]: npr
[22]: 60.0
2
[23]: ncr=math.factorial(n)/math.factorial(n-r)/math.factorial(r)
[24]: ncr
[24]: 10.0
3
47.Transpose of a Matrix
1 Write a Python program to find the transpose of a matrix
[11]: X = [[1, 3], [4,5], [7, 9],[6,7]]
result = [[X[j][i] for j in range (len (X))] for i in range (len (X[0]))]
for r in result:
print (r)
[1, 4, 7, 6]
[3, 5, 9, 7]
[13]: import numpy #numpy is a Python library used to work with arrays
Y=numpy.transpose(X)
[13]: array([[1, 4, 7, 6],

[3, 5, 9, 7]])
[14]: type(Y)
[14]: numpy.ndarray
1
48.Shuffle Two Lists
1 Write a function shuffle(l1,l2) that takes as input two lists, 11 and l2,
and returns a list consisting of the first element in l1, then the first
element in l2, then the second element in l1, then the second element
in l2, and so on.
If the two lists are not of equal length, the remaining elements
of the longer list are appended at the end of the shuffled output.
[1]: list1=input() #Enter list1 elements separated by space
list1=[int(i) for i in list1.split()] #Split the list and convert every element␣
,→to integer
2 4 6 8
[2]: list2=input() #Enter list2 elements separated by space
list2=[int(i) for i in list2.split()] #Split the list and convert every element␣
,→to integer
1 3 5
for i in range(0,min(len(list1),len(list2))):
[4]: if len(list1)>len(list2):
list3.extend(list1[len(list2):])
elif len(list2)>len(list1):
list3.extend(list2[len(list1):])
list3
[4]: [2, 1, 4, 3, 6, 5, 8]
1
49.Fully Dividing Sequence
1 A fully dividing sequence is a sequence a1,a2,. . . ,aN where ai divides

aj whenever i < j.
For example, 3,15,60,720 is a fully dividing sequence.
Given a sequence of integers your aim is to find the length of

the longest fully dividing subsequence of this sequence.
[1]: n = int(input()) #Enter the length of the list
L = list() #Start with an empty list
best_stored = list() #Start with an empty list
for x in range(n):
L.append(int(input()))
best_stored.append(0)
5
2
4
6
8
16
[2]: bestvals =list() #Start with an empty list
best_stored[0] = 1
for i in range(n):
maxval = 1
for j in range(i):
if L[i] % L[j] == 0:
maxval = max(maxval,(best_stored[j])+1)
best_stored[i] = maxval
1
[3]: print(max(best_stored),end="")
2
50.Histogram
1 Write a Python function histogram(l) that takes as input a list of

integers with repetitions and returns a list of pairs as follows.
For each number n that appears in l, there should be exactly one pair
(n,r) in the list returned by the function, where r is the number of
repetitions of n in l.
The final list should be sorted in ascending order by r, the num-

ber of repetitions. For numbers that occur with the same number of
repetitions, arrange the pairs in ascending order of the value of the
number.
[1]: def histogram(list1):
d={} #Start with an empty dictionary
for i in list1:
if i in d.keys():
d[i] +=1
else:
d[i] = 1
ans = []
for i in d.keys():
number_of_times = d[i]
ans.append((i, number_of_times))
ans = sorted(ans, key=lambda x : x[0])

ans = sorted(ans, key=lambda x : x[1])
return ans
#print(ans)
[2]: x=[2,2,2,3,3,4,4,4,5]
histogram(x)
[2]: [(5, 1), (3, 2), (2, 3), (4, 3)]
1
51.Expanding List
1 Write a function expanding(l) that takes as input a list of integer l and

returns True if the absolute difference between each adjacent pair of
elements strictly increases.
[1]: def expanding(list1):

diff= list1[1]-list1[0]
if abs(list1[i]-list1[i-1])>diff:
diff=abs(list1[i]-list1[i-1])
else:
return False
return True
[2]: x=[2,3,5,8,12] #Initialize a list
expanding(x) #Call the function
[2]: True
1
52.Number of Occurrences
1 Write a Python program to count the number of occurrences of each

digit/character in the input number/string
[1]: str1 = input("Enter a string/number")
Enter a string/number1122233412
[2]: str2=set(str1) #Converting 'string' data type to 'set' data type removes all␣
,→duplicates
for i in str2:
count1=str1.count(i)
print("The frequency of digit/string ", i , " = ",count1)
#Space is also a character
The frequency of digit/string 3 = 2

1
53.Voting Machine
1 Voting was held in a class to elect the monitor.
You are given a list of names.
Write a Python program to find the winner.
If there is a tie, display the name which comes first in alphabet-

ical order.
Sample Input : raveesh raveesh mahesh mahesh
Sample Output : mahesh,2
[1]: names=input("Enter names separated by space ")
Enter names separated by space raveesh raveesh mahesh mahesh mahesh raveesh
[2]: names=names.split() #split() function separates the elementys by space and gives␣
,→a list
[3]: names
[3]: ['raveesh', 'raveesh', 'mahesh', 'mahesh', 'mahesh', 'raveesh']
[4]: keys=set(names) #set() function eliminates duplicates and gives only unique␣
,→elements
[5]: keys
[5]: {'mahesh', 'raveesh'}
[6]: dict1={} #Start with an empty list

for i in keys:
dict1[i]=names.count(i)
1
dict1 #dict1 contains name and vote
[6]: {'raveesh': 3, 'mahesh': 3}
[7]: max_vote=max(dict1.values())
[8]: max_vote
[8]: 3

for i in dict1.keys():
if dict1[i]==max_vote: #If a name has maximum votes, then append to the list
list1.append(i)
list1
[9]: ['raveesh', 'mahesh']
[10]: list2=sorted(list1) #Sort the list in alphabetical order

list2
[10]: ['mahesh', 'raveesh']
[11]: print(list2[0],dict1[list2[0]]) #Display the name with maximum votes
mahesh 3
[12]: #If you want to print name and vote separated by comma
print("{},{}".format(list2[0],dict1[list2[0]]))
mahesh,3
2
54.Vehicle Parking
1 The vehicles are parked in a parking lot in a (Row X Column) man-

ner.
The status of the parking space is represented by 1(available)/

0(Not available).
The status (0/1) of a parking space is represented as the element

of the matrix.
Find the row in the parking lot which has the most available
space to park the vehicle. The Row index starts from 1.
[1]: r=int(input("Enter the number of rows"))
c=int(input("Enter the number of columns"))
Enter the number of rows3

Enter the number of columns4
[2]: #Take input from the user separated by enter/newline

p=[]
for i in range(r*c):
p.append(input())
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
[3]: empty_space=0 #Assume that there are no emptly spaces
for i in range(r):
list1=(p[i*c:(i+1)*c]) #Make a list row wise
count1=list1.count('0') #Count the number of 0s
if count1>empty_space:
req_row=i+1
empty_space=count1
print(req_row)
2
55.Remove Spaces and Find Length
1 Given a string s, remove any spaces if any and output the length of
the string and whether it is even or odd.
[1]: str1= input("Input a string")
Input a stringraveesh hegde cmrit ece
[2]: str2 = str1.split() #Split the string and make a list
str3 = "".join(str2) #Join all the elements of the list
[3]: if len(str3)%2==0:
print(len(str3),"even")
else:
print(len(str3),"odd")
20 even
1
56.Words Longer Than n
1 Write a Python program to input a sentence and make a list of words

that are longer than ‘n’. Take n and sentence as input.
[1]: sentence=input("Enter a sentence")
n=int(input("Enter the minimum word length"))
Enter a sentenceBengaluru is a beautiful city

Enter the minimum word length3
[2]: list1=sentence.split(" ") #Wherever space is there, sentence will be split and a␣
,→list will be formed
print(list1)
['Bengaluru', 'is', 'a', 'beautiful', 'city']
[3]: list2=[] #Start with an empty array
for i in list1:
if len(i)>n:
list2.append(i)
print(list2)
['Bengaluru', 'beautiful', 'city']
1
57.Common and Uncommon Words
1 Write a Python program to separate common and uncommon words

from two strings¶
[1]: str1=input("Enter the first string - ")
str2=input("Enter the second string - ")
Enter the first string - raveesh hegde cmrit

Enter the second string - hegde cmrit bengaluru
[2]: str1=str1.split()
str2=str2.split()
[3]: common=[]
uncommon=[]
for i in str1:
if i in str2:
common.append(i)
print("Common words are ",common)
for i in str1:
if i not in str2:
uncommon.append(i)
for i in str2:
if i not in str1:
uncommon.append(i)
print("Uncommon words are", uncommon)
Common words are ['hegde', 'cmrit']

Uncommon words are ['raveesh', 'bengaluru']
1
58.Duplicate Character
1 Write a Python Program to remove all the duplicate characters in a

given string
[1]: string1=input() #Enter a string
raveesh hegde
[2]: string2="" #Start with an empty string
for i in string1:
if i not in string2:
string2=string2+i
print("The new string is")
print(string2)
The new string is

ravesh gd
2 Write a Python Program to find all the duplicate characters in a given

string, if no duplicates are present, then print “There are no duplicate
characters in the string.”
[3]: name = input("Enter a string")
Enter a stringraveesh hegde
[4]: l="" #Start with an empty string
for i in name:
if name.count(i)>1 and i not in l:
l=l+i
if len(l)>0:
print(*l,sep=",")
1
else:
print("There are no duplicate characters in the string.")
e,h
3 Write a Python program to remove duplicate words from a sentence
[5]: sentence1=input("Enter a sentence")
Enter a sentenceraveesh hegde hegde cmrit ece ece
[6]: sentence2=sentence1.split(" ") #Wherever space is there, sentence will be split␣

,→and a list will be formed
print(sentence2)
['raveesh', 'hegde', 'hegde', 'cmrit', 'ece', 'ece']
[7]: sentence3="" #Start with an empty sentence
for i in sentence2:
if i not in sentence3:
sentence3=sentence3+" "+i
print(sentence3)
raveesh hegde cmrit ece
4 Write a Python program that takes a sentence of words as input.
Removing all duplicate words and print the remaining words

sorting them alphanumerically (based on ASCII value).
[8]: st=input(" enter sentance").split()
enter sentanceraveesh hegde hegde cmrit ece ece
[9]: st1=[]
c=0
for x in st:
if x not in st1:
st1.append(x)
print(sorted(st1))
['cmrit', 'ece', 'hegde', 'raveesh']
2
59.Remove Adjacent Duplicates
1 You are given a number with duplicate digits your task is to remove
the immediate duplicate digits and print the result.
Sample Input : 1331
Sample Output : 131
[1]: def remove_adjacent_dup(str1):

result="" #Start with an empty string
for i in range(len(str1)-1):
if str1[i]!=str1[i+1]: #If present digit is not equal to next digit
result=result+str1[i]
result=result+str1[-1] #Concatenate last digit
return int(result) #Convert the result into integer and return it
[2]: num=input("Enter a number")
result=remove_adjacent_dup(num)
print(result)
Enter a number133322
132
1
60.First Non Repeating Character
1 You are given a string ‘S’ consisting of lowercase Letters.
Find the first non repeating character in S.
If you find all the characters are repeating print the answer as
-1.
engineering
[2]: for i in str1:

if str1.count(i)==1:
print(i)
break
else:
print(-1)
1
61.Anagram and Heterogram
1 Write a Python program to group all anagrams present in a sentence

together in a list.
Anagram means words containing same letters
For ex. ‘listen’ and ‘silent’ are anagrams.
def isanagram(x,y):
x=sorted(x.lower())
y=sorted(y.lower())
if x==y:
return True
else:
return False
[2]: #Main Program
list1=input() #Enter the words separated by space
listen cmrit ece silent
for i in list1:
for j in list1:
if i!=j and isanagram(i,j):
if i not in list2:
list2.append(i)
if j not in list2:
list2.append(j)
if len(list2)==0:
1
print("No Anagrams")
else:
print(*list2)
listen silent
2 Write a Python program to check whether a given string is Hetero-

gram or not.
A heterogram is a word, phrase, or sentence in which no letter

of the alphabet occurs more than once.
For ex. ‘the big dwarf only jumps’.
str1=str1.replace(' ','') #Remove all spaces
the big dwarf only jumps
[5]: str2=set(str1) # 'set' will remove all duplicates
if len(str1)==len(str2):
print(True)
else:
print(False)
True
2
62.Remove Repeated Words
Write a Python program to remove the repeated words of length greater than or equal to 5.
[1]: str1=input() #Enter a sentence
str1=str1.split() #After split(), we get a list
raveesh raveesh ece ece
[2]: list1=[] #This is an empty list
str3="" #This is an empty string
for i in str1:
if i not in list1:
list1.append(i) #This is to append the word to the list
str3=str3+" "+i #This is to concatenate the word to the string
else:
if len(i)<5:
list1.append(i) #This is to append the word to the list
str3=str3+" "+i #This is to concatenate the word to the string
print(str3)
raveesh ece ece
1
63.Remove a Digit
1 Write a Python program to take List of numbers as elements and

remove occurence of all a specific digit from every element and then
return the resultant list.
Take size of the list, digit to be removed, and the list of elements as
input.
Sample Input :
432 52 123
Sample Output :
[43, 5, 13]
[1]: len1=int(input()) #Enter the number of elements
num=input() #enter the digit to replace
list1=input() #Enter the numbers separated by space
3
2
432 52 123
1
for i in list1:
new=i.replace(num,"") #Replace the number with empty string
list2.append(new) #Append the number to list2
[4]: #Convert list elements into int
list2=[int(i) for i in list2 if i!=""]
list2
[4]: [43, 5, 13]
2
64.String Similarity
1 Write a Python program to find similarity between two strings.
For ex.
Input :
Python Exercises
Python Exercises
Output: 1
Input :
Python Exercises
Python Exercise
Output : 0.9696969696969697
[1]: str1=input() #Enter first string
str2=input() #Enter second string
Python Excercises
Python Excercise
[2]: str1=str1.lower() #Convert all letters to lower case
str2=str2.lower() #Convert all letters to lower case
1
[3]: len1=len(str1)
len2=len(str2)
L=min(len1,len2)
[4]: similar=0
for i in range(L):
if str1[i]==str2[i]:
similar=similar+1
print(similar*2/(len1+len2))
0.9696969696969697
1.1 Second Method

[5]: str1=input() #Enter first string
str2=input() #Enter second string
Python Excercises
Python Excercise
[6]: str1=str1.lower() #Convert all letters to lower case
str2=str2.lower() #Convert all letters to lower case
[7]: a=str1
b=str2
[8]: import difflib
c=difflib.SequenceMatcher(a=a,b=b)
[9]: print(c.ratio())
0.9696969696969697
2
65.Shadow Sentences
1 Shadow sentences are sentences where every word is the same

length and order but without any of the same letters.
Write a python program that accepts two sentences that may or

may not be shadows of each other.
The function should return True if they are and False if they
aren’t.
[1]: s1=input() #Enter the first sentence
s2=input() #Enter the second sentence

pbcddqf abcfi xyzab pqr
[2]: s1=s1.split() #After split(), we get a list
s2=s2.split() #After split(), we get a list
[3]: flag=1
if len(s1)!=len(s2):
flag=0
else:
for i in range(len(s1)):
if len(s1[i])!=len(s2[i]):
flag=0
break
else:
for j in range(len(s1[i])):
for k in range(len(s1[i])):
if s1[i][j]==s2[i][k]:
flag=0
break
if flag==1:
1
print(True)
else:
print(False)
True
2
66.Vowels, Consonents, Digits
1 Write a Python program to count the number of vowels, consonents,

digits, spaces, special characters in a string
raveesh hegde @ CMRIT ECE 123
[2]: spaces=[]
space_count=0
numbers=[]
numbers_count=0
upper_cases=[]
upper_cases_count=0
lower_cases=[]
lower_cases_count=0
special_char=[]
special_char_count=0
vowels=[]
vowels_count=0
consonents=[]
consonents_count=0
[3]: for i in str1:

if i==" ":
1
space_count=space_count+1
elif i.isupper():
upper_cases.append(i)
upper_cases_count=upper_cases_count+1
if i in "AEIOU":
vowels.append(i)
vowels_count=vowels_count+1
else:
consonents.append(i)
consonents_count=consonents_count+1
elif i.islower():
lower_cases.append(i)
lower_cases_count=lower_cases_count+1
if i in "aeiou":
vowels.append(i)
vowels_count=vowels_count+1
else:
consonents.append(i)
consonents_count=consonents_count+1
elif i.isdigit():
numbers.append(i)
numbers_count=numbers_count+1
else:
special_char.append(i)
special_char_count=special_char_count+1
[4]: print("The number of spaces is ",space_count)
print("The upper case count is",upper_cases_count)
print("The lower case count is",lower_cases_count)
print("Vowels count is",vowels_count)
print("Consonent count is",consonents_count)
print("The digits count is",numbers_count)
print("The special char count is",special_char_count)
The number of spaces is 5

The upper case count is 8
The lower case count is 12
Vowels count is 8
2
Consonent count is 12
The digits count is 3
The special char count is 1
3
67.To Remove Vowels and Consonants from a String
1 Write a Python Program to remove all consonants from a string

without affecting the spaces present in the string.
Sample Input : cmrit
Sample Output : i
[1]: str1=input() #Input a string
cmrit ece
[2]: str2="" #Start with an empty string
for i in str1:
if i in "aeiouAEIOU" or i in " ":
str2=str2+i #Here 'str2' and 'i' are strings. So, '+' does␣
,→concatenation, NOT arithmetic addition.
[3]: print(str2)
i ee
1
2 Write a Python Program to remove all vowels from a string without
affecting spaces. If there are no consonants, print -1.
Sample Input 1 : cmrit
Sample Output 1 : cmrt
Sample Input 2 : aaa eee iii
Sample Output 2 : -1
[4]: str1=input() #Input a string
cmrit ece
for i in str1:
if i not in "aeiouAEIOU":
str2=str2+i #Here 'str2' and 'i' are strings. Hence, '+' does␣
,→concatenation, NOT arithmetic addition.
[6]: if str2==" "*len(str2): #Here '*' does repetion of space, NOT arithmetic␣
,→multiplication.
#This step is to check whether all elements of str2 are␣

,→spaces.
print("-1")
else:
print(str2)
cmrt c
2
68.Highest Number of Vowels
1 Write a Python program to find the word in a sentence which has the
most number vowels
[1]: x=input() #Enter a string
[2]: x=x.split() #After split(), we get a list
[3]: count1=0
for i in x:
count2=0
for j in i:
if j in "aeiouAEIOU":
count2=count2+1
if count2>count1:
count1=count2
req_word=i
[4]: print(req_word)
raveesh
1
69.Substring
1 Write a Python program to check if a substring is present in a given

string
[1]: str1 =input() #Enter a string
str2 =input() #Enter the substring

ece
[2]: if (str1.find(str2) == -1): #find() function returns -1 if str2 is not found in␣
,→str1
print("Sub string is not present")

else:
print("Substring is present")
Substring is present
1
70.Reverse the Words
1 Write Python program to reverse the words in a sentence.
Sample Input : raveesh hegde cmrit ece
Sample Output : ece cmrit hegde raveesh
raveesh hegde cmrit
[2]: str2 = str1.split() #After split(), we get a list
str3=str2[::-1] #Read the list in reverse order
output = " ".join(str3) #Join the elements of the list using space
print(output)
cmrit hegde raveesh
1
71.Reverse a Name and Capitalize Each Word
1 Sample Input : Raveesh Hegde
Sample Output : Edgeh Hseevar
Raveesh Hegde
[2]: str2=str1[::-1] #Reverse the string
[3]: print(str2.title())
Edgeh Hseevar
1
72.Car Engine Number
1 A car company numbers the car’s engine numbers based on the car’s
number plate. The engine number is the sum of all the integers
present on the car’s number plate. The issuing authority has hired
you in order to provide the engine numbers to the cars. Your task is
to develop an algorithm which takes input as in the form of string
(Number Plate) and gives back the car’s engine number in the form
of an integer.
Sample Input: HR-05-AA-2119
Sample Output: 18
[1]: n="0123456789" #This is a string
s=input() #Enter car number
ka-53-mj2038
[2]: sum=0
for i in s:
if i in n:
sum=sum+int(i)
print(sum)
21
1
73.Replace a Character
1 Write a Python program to replace a specific character from a string
a=input() #Which character should be replaced
b=input() #With what
raveesh
r
k
for i in str1:
if i==a:
str2=str2+b #Here '+' does concatenation of strings, NOT arithmetic␣
,→addition
else:
str2=str2+i #Here '+' does concatenation of strings, NOT arithmetic␣
,→addition
[3]: print(str2) #This is the new string
kaveesh
1
74.Remove Duplicates and Sort Alphanumerically
1 Write a program that takes a sentence of words as input.
Remove all duplicate words and print the remaining words sort-
ing them alphanumerically.
[1]: str1=input() #Enter a Sentence
raveesh hegde cmrit hegde ece raveesh
[2]: str2=set(str1) #Converting 'list' to 'set' will eliminate all duplicates
str3=list(str2) #Set cannot be indexed, but list can be indexed. So, convert␣
,→'str2' to list
str4=sorted(str3) #Sort the list alphanumerically
str5=" ".join(str4) #Join all the elements of str4 and give a single string
print(str5)
cmrit ece hegde raveesh
1
75.Fill With Stars
1 Write a Python program to take a line of text as input and Find the
number of even length words in that line.
If those words length is less than 10, pad them in the right with
the character ’*’ up to the length 10 .
Display the words after padding.
Sample Input : Hi How are you? Going to Bangalore
Sample Output :
Hi********
you?******
to********
Hi How are you? Going to Bangalore
[2]: for i in str1:

if len(i)%2==0 and len(i)<10:
print(i.ljust(10,'*'))
Hi********
you?******
to********
1
76.Wonderful String
1 Write a Python program to check whether a string is wonderful or

not. A string is a wonderful string if it is made of exactly 3 different
characters.
For ex. “aabbcc” is a wonderful string
Display “Wonderful” if the string is wonderful, else display -1.
aabbbcccc
[3]: if len(set(str1))==3:
print("Wonderful")
else:
print("-1")
Wonderful
1
77.Name, Company from Email Id
1 Write a Python program to input email addresses and print the user
name and company names
Sample Input: peter@yahoo.com john@google.com

xyz@accenture.com
Sample Ouput :
peter yahoo
john google
xyz accenture
[1]: str1=input() #Enter email ids separated by space
peter@yahoo.com john@google.com xyz@accenture.com
[2]: for i in str1:

index1=i.find("@")
index2=i.find(".")
name=i[0:index1]
company=i[index1+1:index2]
print(name,company)
peter yahoo
john google
xyz accenture
1
2 Method 2 : Using Regular Expressions
[3]: import re #Import Regular Expressions module
[4]: str1 = input()#Enter email IDs separated by space
peter@yahoo.com john@google.com xyz@accenture.com
[5]: sp = "(\w+)@((\w+)+.(\w{2,3}?).(\w{2,3})?)" #Form a search pattern

for i in str1:
r2 = re.match(sp,i)
print(r2.group(1)+" "+r2.group(3))
peter yahoo
john google
xyz accenture
2
78.Extract Email IDs from a Sentence
1 Given a sentence which consists of email ids, write a Python Pro-

gram to extract all the email ids in the sentence.
Sample Input : I am John. My mail is jhon.b@gmail.com. My

friend is Paul.c@yahoo.ac.in
Sample Output :
jhon.b@gmail.com
Paul.c@yahoo.ac.in
[1]: import re #Import regular expressions module
txt=input() #Enter a sentence
I am John. My mail is jhon.b@gmail.com. My friend is Paul.c@yahoo.ac.in
[2]: emailRegex = re.compile(r'''(

[a-zA-Z0-9._%+-]+ # username
@ # @ symbol
[a-zA-Z0-9.-]+ # domain name
(\.[a-zA-Z]{2,4}) # dot-something
(\.[a-zA-Z]{2,4})?
)''', re.VERBOSE)
list1=emailRegex.findall(txt) #Find all the matches
for i in list1:
print(i[0])
jhon.b@gmail.com
Paul.c@yahoo.ac.in
1
79.Start with A, end with Z
1 You are given a list of words.
Find all the words that start with “A” or “a” and end with “Z”
or “z”
Sample Input : [‘abcdz’, ‘xyzef’, ‘abafz’, ‘asdfgz’,‘1221z’]
Sample Output:[‘bcd’,’baf’]
for i in range(n):
list1.append(input()) #Press "Enter" key after entering every element
4
asdfz
aghjjjz
az
ArhtZ
for i in list1:
if len(i)==5 and i[0] in "Aa" and i[-1] in "Zz":
list2.append(i[1:4]) #Pick 2nd,3rd,4th characters
print(list2)
['sdf', 'rht']
1
80.Start with Hello, End with a Digit
1 Write a Python program that reads n strings as input.
Display all the strings that start with the word ‘Hello’ and end
with the word of digits 0 - 9.
First input the number of strings and then the strings
Sample Input:
Hello How you 9
Helo How is
How are you99
Hello 999
Sample Output:
Hello How you 9
Hello 999
[1]: n=int(input()) #Enter the number of strings
1
for i in range(n):
#I have used this method of input, because sample inputs are given one below the␣
,→other
4
Hello How you 9
Helo How is
How are you99
Hello 999
for i in list1:
if i[0:5]=="Hello" and i[-1].isdigit():
list2.append(i)
[3]: #To print the elements one below the other
print(*list2,sep="\n")
Hello How you 9

Hello 999
[4]: import re #Import regular expression module

#Regular expression is a sequence of characters that forms a search pattern
[5]: n=int(input("Enter the number of words"))
Enter the number of words4
[6]: s=[]
i=0
while i<n:
s1=input("Enter the next word")
s.append(s1)
i=i+1
Enter the next wordHello How you 9

Enter the next wordHelo How is
2
Enter the next wordHow are you99
Enter the next wordHello 999
[7]: for i in s:
if re.search("^Hello",i): #'^' indicates 'starts with'
if re.search("[0-9]$",i): #'$' indicates 'ends with'
print(i)
Hello How you 9

Hello 999
[8]: import re
n=int(input())
i=0
lst=[]
while i<n:
item=input()
lst=lst+ [item]
i=i+1
pattRegex = re.compile(r'^Hello .*\d+$')
for i in lst:
if pattRegex.search(i)!=None:
print(i)
4
Hello How you 9
Helo How is
How are you99
Hello 999
Hello How you 9
Hello 999
3
81.Parenthesis Matching
1 Write a Python program to check whether parenthesis are matched

in a given string.
Return True or False depending on whether parentheis are matched

or not.
[1]: #Function Definition
def par_match(s):
count=0
for i in s:
if i == ')':
count=count-1
if count<0:
return False
elif i=='(':
count=count+1
if count==0:
return True
else:
return False
print(par_match(str1)) #Call the function and print 'True' or 'False'
)(
False
1
82.Valid USN
1 A University Serial Number (USN) contains 1 digit region code,

followed by 2 character college code, 2 digit year, 2 character branch
code, 3 digit roll number.
Write a Python program to take ‘n’ strings and print all the strings
which are USNs.
Sample Input :
4 (This is the number of input strings)
askdf
1CR20IS003
1CR19EC112
2CE18EC110
Sample Output :
1CR20IS003
1CR19EC112
2CE18EC110
[1]: n=int(input()) #Enter the number of strings
1
[2]: #Input strings are given one below the other.
#So, use the following method to take input
x=[]
for i in range(n):
x.append(input()) #Press 'Enter' key after typing every input
askdf
1CR20IS003
1CR19EC112
2CE18EC110
[3]: #Function Definition
def isusn(x):
if len(x)==10:
cond1=i[0].isdigit() #Returns true if all string elements are digits
cond2=i[1:3].isalpha() #Returns true if all string elements are␣
,→alphabetic
cond3=i[3:5].isdigit() #Returns true if all string elements are digits

cond4=i[5:7].isalpha() #Returns true if all string elements are␣
,→alphabetic
cond5=i[7:10].isdigit() #Returns true if all string elements are digits

if cond1 and cond2 and cond3 and cond4 and cond5:
return True
return False
for i in x:
if isusn(i):
list2.append(i)
[5]: if len(list2)==0:
print(None)
else:
print(*list2,sep="\n") #To print the elements one below the other
1CR20IS003
1CR19EC112
2CE18EC110
2
n=int(input()) #Enter the numbers of strings
for i in range(n):
list1.append(input()) #Press 'Enter' key after typing every input
4
askdf
1CR20IS003
1CR19EC112
2CE18EC110
[7]: sp = re.compile(r'\d{1}\w{2}\d{2}\w{2}\d{3}') #Form a search pattern. \d for␣

,→digit, \w for letter
for i in list1:
if sp.search(i)!=None:
list2.append(i)
print(None) #If there are NO valid USNs
else:
1CR20IS003
1CR19EC112
2CE18EC110
3
83.Valid Phone Number
1 Write a Python program to check the validity of a phone number.
Valid : 123-4563-7891
Invalid : 123-4563+7891
Print True if it is valid. Otherwise print False
[1]: def is_phonenum(num):

list1=num.split("-")
if len(list1)==3:
n1=list1[0]
n2=list1[1]
n3=list1[2]
condition1=len(n1)==3 and n1.isdigit()
if condition1 and condition2 and condition3:
return True
return False
[2]: phone_number=input() #Enter a phone number
123-4563-7891
[3]: if is_phonenum(phone_number):
print(True)
else:
print(False)
True
1
2 Given a string containing phone number, write a python program to
identify the same and print the Phone Number.
A phone number follows the following format :XXX-XXXX-XXXX
If no Phone number is available in the string print “Nil”
Sample Input - 1 : My Phone number is 080-2847-4463
Sample Output - 1: 080-2852-4477
Sample Input - 2: The country code for India is +91
Sample Output - 2 : Nil
[4]: def is_phonenum(num):

list1=num.split("-")
if len(list1)==3:
n1=list1[0]
n2=list1[1]
n3=list1[2]
if condition1 and condition2 and condition3:
return True
return False
My Phone number is 080-2847-4463
[6]: list1=str1.split() #After split(), we get a list

if is_phonenum(i):
print(i)
break
else:
print("Nil")
080-2847-4463
2
list1=input() #Enter a sentence
My Phone number is 080-2847-4463
[9]: sp = re.compile(r'\b\d{3}-\d{4}-\d{4}\b') #Form a search pattern
flag=0 #flag=0 indicates thet valid phone number is not present
for i in list1:
print(i)
flag=1
if flag==0:
print("Nil")
080-2847-4463
3
84.Valid PAN
1 Write a Python program to check the validity of a PAN.
PAN must have 10 characters, first 5 elements must be letters,

next 4 elements must be digits, last element must be a letter
Sample Input : HXTPS2142R
Sample Output : Valid PAN
BDDQS6617D
[2]: flag=0
if len(str1)!=10:
flag=0
else:
if str1[0:5].isalpha() and str1[5:9].isdigit() and str1[9].isalpha():
flag=1
if flag==1:
print("Valid PAN")
else:
print("Invalid PAN")
Valid PAN
str1= input() #Enter a string
BDDQS6617D
1
[4]: sp = re.compile("[A-Z]{5}[0-9]{4}[A-Z]{1}") #Form a search pattern
if sp.search(str1)!=None:
print("Valid PAN")
else:
print("Invalid PAN")
Valid PAN
2
85.Valid Date
1 Write a Python program to take dates as string input and convert a

date of yyyy-mm-dd format to dd-mm-yyyy format.
If the date is in dd-mm-yyyy format do not change it.
Sample Input: 2016-01-20 2020-05-25 12-10-2008 01-12-2007 1999-

12-21
Sample Output: 20-01-2016 25-05-2020 12-10-2008 01-12-2007 21-12-

1999
[1]: str1=input() #Enter dates separated by space
2016-01-20 2020-05-25 12-10-2008 01-12-2007 1999-12-21
for i in str1:
str2=i.split("-") #After split(), we get a list
if(len(str2[0])==4):
str2.reverse()
str3="-".join(str2)
list1.append(str3)
else:
list1.append(i)
[3]: print(*list1) #We use this method of printing because sample output shows that␣
,→output values should be printed in a sinle line separated by space
20-01-2016 25-05-2020 12-10-2008 01-12-2007 21-12-1999
1
str1=input() ##Enter dates separated by space
2016-01-20 2020-05-25 12-10-2008 01-12-2007 1999-12-21
[5]: sp = re.compile(r'(\d{4})-(\d{1,2})-(\d{1,2})') #Form a search pattern
valid_dates=sp.sub('\\3-\\2-\\1',str1) #sub() method is to substitute one␣

,→pattern with another pattern
print(valid_dates)
20-01-2016 25-05-2020 12-10-2008 01-12-2007 21-12-1999
2
86.Valid Password
1
1 Write a Python program to check the validity of password input by
users.
Following are the criteria for checking the password:
At least 2 letter between [a-z]
At least 2 number between [0-9]
At least 1 letter between [A-Z]
At least 1 character from @
Minimum length of transaction password: 8
Maximum length of transaction password: 15
Your program should accept a list of passwords and check them

according to the above criteria.
Passwords that match the criteria are to be printed.
Sample Input :
ABd12t34@1
a F1ttt
2w3EEEgw3*
2We3345
ab34#ullo*12AakQ
Sample Output :
2
ABd12t34@1
for i in range(n):
list1.append(input()) #Press 'Enter' key after typing every string
ABd12t34@1
a F1ttt
2w3EEEgw3*
2We3345
ab34#ullo*12AakQ
[3]: def valid(x):

if len(x)<8 or len(x)>15:
return(False)
else:
low=0
up=0
d=0
s=0
for i in x:
if i.islower():
low=low+1
elif i.isupper():
up=up+1
elif i.isdigit():
d=d+1
elif i in "$#@":
s=s+1
if low>1 and up>0 and d>1 and s>0:
return(True)
else:
return(False)
[4]: l=0
for i in list1:
if valid(i):
print(i)
l=l+1
if l==0:
print("None")
ABd12t34@1
3
for i in range(n):
list1.append(input()) #Press 'Enter' key after typing every string
ABd12t34@1
a F1ttt
2w3EEEgw3*
2We3345
ab34#ullo*12AakQ
for i in list1:
cond1=len(i)>=8 and len(i)<=15 #There should be at least 8 and at most 15␣
,→letters in the password
cond2=len(re.findall('\d',i))>=2 #There should be at least 2 digits
cond3=len(re.findall('[a-z]',i))>=2 #There should be at least 2 lower case␣

,→ letters
cond4=len(re.findall('[A-Z]',i))>=1 #There should be at least 1 upper case␣

,→ letter
cond5=len(re.findall('[$#@]',i))>=1 #There should be at least 1 special␣

,→character

list2.append(i)
if len(list2) == 0: #If there is no valid password in the given list

print(None)
else:
print(*list2,sep="\n") #To print the valid passwords one below the other
ABd12t34@1
4
87.Valid Vehicle Number
1 Write a Python program to find the valid vehicle numbers from the
given list of numbers.
Sample Input :
KA55NK2040
AB68XY3049
55KANK2040
AB6830XY49
Sample Output :
KA55NK2040
AB68XY3049
for i in range(n):
4
KA55NK2040
AB68XY3049
55KANK2040
1
AB6830XY49
for i in list1:
cond1=len(i)==10 #There should be 10 letters in the vehicle number
cond2=i[0:2].isalpha() #First 2 elements should be alphabetic
cond3=i[2:4].isdigit() #Next 2 elements should be digits
cond4=i[4:6].isalpha() #Next 2 elements should be alphabetic
cond5=i[6:10].isdigit() #Next 4 elements should be digits

list2.append(i)
print(None) #If there are NO valid vehivle numbers
else:
KA55NK2040
AB68XY3049
for i in range(n):
4
KA55NK2040
AB68XY3049
55KANK2040
AB6830XY49
[6]: import re #Import reguler expressions module
sp = re.compile(r'\w{2}\d{2}\w{2}\d{4}') #Form a search pattern. \d for digit,␣

,→\w for letter. There should be 2 letters,2 digits,2 letters and 4 digits
2
for i in list1:
list2.append(i)
print(None) #If there are NO valid vehicle numbers
else:
KA55NK2040
AB68XY3049
3
88.Valid IP Address
1 Write a Python program to print valid IP addresses from the given

list.
A valid IP address contains
Four numbers ranging from 0 to 255 separated by dot
A number cannot start with 0 unless 0 is the only digit in that number
Sample Input :
4 (This number gives the length of the list)
192.168.0.1
292.168.0.1
192.168.02.1
192.16.0.1
Sample Output :
192.168.0.1
192.16.0.1
Print ‘None’ if there are no valid IP addresses

[1]: n=int(input()) #Enter the number of inputs
1
for i in range(n):
4
192.168.0.1
292.168.0.1
192.168.02.1
192.16.0.1
[2]: def valid_ip(str1):

list2=str1.split(".") #After split(), we get a list
if len(list2)==4:
for i in list2:
if i.isdigit()==False or int(i)<0 or int(i)>255 or (i[0]=="0" and␣
,→len(i)!=1):
return False
else:
return True
else:
return False
for i in list1:
if valid_ip(i):
list3.append(i)
print(None) #If there are no valid IP addresses
else:
192.168.0.1
192.16.0.1
2
89.Valid URL
1 Take n URL strings as input, write a Python program to display the

proper URLS, and also display count of the URLs that start with
‘https’ and ends with ‘com’
Input :
6
https://www.yahoo.com
http://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/Index.html
http://www.cmrit.ac.in
https://www.karnatakacareers.in
ftp://internet.address.edu/file/path/file.txt
abc:/xxx.abc.vvv.in
Output:
1
[1]: import re #Import REgular Expressions module
n=int(input()) #Enter the number of URLs
[2]: #Enter URLs one below the other

list1=[]
1
for i in range(n):
abc:/xxx.abc.vvv.in
[3]: sp1 = re.compile(r'http(s)?|ftp://(\w)+(\.)(\w)+(\.)(\w){2,4}(/\w+){0,}((/\w+)\.

,→(html|txt)?)') #Form a search pattern
for i in list1:
if sp1.search(i)!=None:
list2.append(i)
[5]: print(*list2,sep="\n") #To print the elements one below the other
[6]: sp2=re.compile(r'^https(.)+com$') #Form a search pattern to find the URLs that␣

,→start with 'https' and end with 'com'
count=0
for i in list2:
if sp2.search(i)!=None:
count+=1
print(count)
2
90.Exception Handling
1 Write a Python program which takes 2 parameters a, b and prints the

value of c where c=a/b.
Raise an exception if value of b is 0
[1]: a = int(input()) #Enter the value of a
b = int(input()) #Enter the value of b
try:
c = a/b
print(c)
except:
print("Error : Division by Zero")
2
0
Error : Division by Zero
1
91.Top 10 Words
1 Write a Python program to print 10 most frequently appearing words

in a text file.
[1]: my_file = open('My Text File.txt') # Open the file in read mode
[2]: sentence_list=my_file.readlines() # Return all lines of the file, as a list␣

,→where each line is an item in the list object
[3]: word_list = [] #Start with an empty list. This list will eventually contain all␣
,→words in the text file
for i in sentence_list:
word_list = word_list+i.split() #split() function separates words
[4]: word_dict = {} #Start with an empty dictionary. This list will eventually␣
,→contain all words in the text file and their frequency
word_set=set(word_list) #set() will remove all duplicate items. Resulting␣

,→elements will form the keys for the dictionary.
for i in word_set:
word_dict[i] = word_list.count(i) # Creating a dictionary with word and count.
[5]: #sorted_keys = sorted(word_dict,key=word_dict.get, reverse=True) #This will␣

,→arrange the keys of the dictionary in reverse order of their frequency
sorted_keys = sorted(word_dict,reverse=True) #This will arrange the keys of the␣

,→dictionary in reverse order of their frequency
count=0
for i in sorted_keys: # 'i' will give the keys in the dictionary
print(" Frequency of word '", i,"'=", word_dict[i])
count+=1
if(count == 10):
break
Frequency of word ' written '= 1

Frequency of word ' world.[4][5][6] '= 1
1
Frequency of word ' with '= 1
Frequency of word ' was '= 3
Frequency of word ' to '= 1
Frequency of word ' the '= 14
Frequency of word ' that '= 1
Frequency of word ' than '= 1
Frequency of word ' supreme '= 1
Frequency of word ' supremacy, '= 1
2
92.Sort a Text File
1 Write a program to sort the contents of a text file and write the sorted
contents into a separate text file.
[1]: fp = open("My Text File.txt", "r")
[2]: word_lst = []
for i in fp:
word_lst+=i.split()
# append all the words to the list -> lst
[3]: word_lst.sort()
# Sorts all the words alphabetical order.
str = " ".join(word_lst)
# Joins all words by the delimited " " = space.
[4]: fp = open("textw.txt", "w")

# textw.txt is the file to which the sorted content to be written.
# Open the file to be written in write mode.
fp.write(str)
# Write the content.
fp.close()
# Close the file pointer.
1
93.ZIP a Folder
1 Write a program to backing Up a given Folder (Folder in a current

working directory) into a ZIP File by using relevant modules and
suitable methods.
[1]: import shutil
import os.path
# Creating the ZIP file

#archived = shutil.make_archive('E:/Zipped file', 'zip', 'E:/Folder to be␣
,→zipped')
archived = shutil.make_archive('Zipped Folder', 'zip', 'To Zip Folder')
if os.path.exists('Zipped Folder.zip'):
print(archived)
else:
print("ZIP file not created")
C:\Users\cmrit\Desktop\Python Programs\Final Programs\Zipped Folder.zip
1
94.Class Complex
1 Define a function which takes TWO objects representing complex

numbers and returns new complex number with a addition of two
complex numbers.
Define a suitable class ‘Complex’ to represent the complex num-

ber.
Develop a program to read N (N >=2) complex numbers and to

compute the addition of N complex numbers.
[1]: # User Defined class

class Complex:
# Constructor to accept real and imaginary part
def __init__(self, tempReal, tempImaginary):
self.real = tempReal
self.imaginary = tempImaginary
# Defining addComplex() method for adding two complex number

def addComplex(self, C1, C2):
# creating temporary object of class Complex

temp=Complex(0, 0)
# adding real part of complex numbers
temp.real = C1.real + C2.real
# adding Imaginary part of complex numbers
temp.imaginary = C1.imaginary + C2.imaginary
# returning the sum
return temp
[2]: a = input("Enter real and imaginary part of a complex number A : ")

# Complex number as real an imaginary part.
# Enter the real part and imaginary part as a list separated by space
# Both can be read as string and then convert into a list of real and imaginary␣
,→to compute.
1
a = a.split()
areal = int(a[0])
aimaginary = int(a[1])
Enter real and imaginary part of a complex number A : 2 4
[3]: b = input("Enter real and imaginary part of a complex number B : ")

b = b.split()
breal = int(b[0])
bimaginary = int(b[1])
Enter real and imaginary part of a complex number B : 1 3
[4]: complexR = Complex(0,0)

complexA = Complex(areal, aimaginary)
complexB = Complex(breal, bimaginary)
complexR =complexR.addComplex(complexA, complexB)
[5]: print("Sum of Complex Number A and B = %d + i%d"%(complexR.real, complexR.

,→imaginary))
Sum of Complex Number A and B = 3 + i7
2
95.Class Student
1 Write a program that uses class Student which prompts the user to
enter marks in three subjects and calculates total marks, percentage
and displays the score card details.
[1]: # User defined class

class Student:
# Method to update the basic details of the student
def __init__(self):
self.rollno=input("Enter Roll Number : ")
self.name = input("Enter Student Name : ")
self.marks = []
# setter method to read marks.
def setMarks(self):
self.marks.append(int(input("Enter Physics Marks : ")))
self.marks.append(int(input("Enter Chemistry Marks : ")))
self.marks.append(int(input("Enter Math Marks : ")))
# getter method to display the score card.
def display(self):
print("Roll Number\t\t: ", self.rollno)
print("Student Name\t\t: ", self.name)
print("Physics Marks\t\t: ", self.marks[0])
print("Chemistry Marks\t\t: ", self.marks[1])
print("Physics Marks\t\t: ", self.marks[2])
total=sum(self.marks)
avg=total/3
print("Total marks = %0.2f / 300 \t Average Score = %0.2f"%(total, avg))
[2]: a = Student()
print("\nEnter your scores out of 100 in Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics.\n")
a.setMarks()
print("\n---------SCORE CARD ---------\n")
a.display()
Enter Roll Number : 000

Enter Student Name : raveesh hegde
Enter your scores out of 100 in Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics.
1
Enter Physics Marks : 35
Enter Chemistry Marks : 36
Enter Math Marks : 37
---------SCORE CARD ---------
Roll Number : 000

Student Name : raveesh hegde
Physics Marks : 35
Chemistry Marks : 36
Physics Marks : 37
Total marks = 108.00 / 300 Average Score = 36.00
2
96.Class Circle
1 Write a Python program to create a class representing a Circle. In-

clude methods to calculate its area and perimeter.
Sample Input: 4
Sample Output:
Area 50.27
Perimeter: 25.13
[1]: import math
class Circle:
def __init__(self, radius):
self.radius = radius
def calculate_circle_area(self):
return math.pi * self.radius**2
def calculate_circle_perimeter(self):
return 2 * math.pi * self.radius
[2]: radius = float(input()) #Input the radius of the circle
circle = Circle(radius)
area = circle.calculate_circle_area()
perimeter = circle.calculate_circle_perimeter()
[3]: print("Area: {:.2f}".format(area))
print("Perimeter: {:.2f}".format(perimeter))
1
Area: 50.27
Perimeter: 25.13
2
97.Add Two Time Objects
1 Write a Python program to add the two time objects and display
[1]: class t:
def __init__(self,hh,mm,ss):
self.hh=hh
self.mm=mm
self.ss=ss
def addition(self,h,m,s):
if self.ss>59 or s>59:
print("invalid input")
else:
self.ss=self.ss+s
if self.ss>60:
self.mm=self.mm+1
self.ss=self.ss-60
if self.mm>59 or m>59:
print("invalid input")
else:
self.mm=self.mm+m
if self.mm>60:
self.hh=self.hh+1
self.mm=self.mm-60
self.hh=self.hh+h
print(str(self.hh)+":"+str(self.mm)+":"+str(self.ss))
[4]: a,b,c=input().split()
x,y,z=input().split()
obj=t(int(a),int(b),int(c))
obj.addition(int(x),int(y),int(z))
10 20 30
1 2 3
11:22:33
1
98.LInear Search
1 Write a Python program to find the index of an element using linear

search.
Return the index of the element.
Return -1 if the element is not found.

[1]: x=input() #Enter space separated values
x=x.split() #After split(), we get a list
x=[int(i) for i in x] #Convert every element of 'x' to 'int'
2 4 6 8
[2]: a=int(input()) #Enter the value to be found
[3]: flag=0 #flag=0 indicates that element is not found
for i in range(len(x)):
if x[i]==a:
print(i)
flag=1 #flag=1 indicates that element is found
if flag==0:
print(-1) #Print -1 if the element is not found
1
99.Binary Search
1 Write a Python program to find the index of an element using binary

search.
Return the index of the element.
Return -1 if the element is not found

[1]: def binary_search(list1, x):
low = 0
high = len(list1) - 1
while low <= high:
mid = (high + low) // 2
if list1[mid]==x:
return mid
if list1[mid] < x:
low = mid + 1
elif arr[mid] > x:

high = mid - 1
# If we reach here, then the element was not present

return -1
[2]: list1=input() #Enter space separated values
list1=[int(i) for i in list1] #Convert every element of 'x' to 'int'
x=int(input()) #Enter the value to be found
2 4 6 8 10
1
8
[3]: # Function call

result = binary_search(list1, x)
[4]: if result != -1:

print("Element is present at index", str(result))
else:
print("Element is not present in array")
Element is present at index 3
2
100.Bubble Sort
1 Write a Python program to sort an array using Bubble Sort technique.
[1]: # Python3 program for Bubble Sort Algorithm Implementation

def bubbleSort(x):
n = len(x)
for i in range(n):
for j in range(0, n - i - 1):
# Range of the array is from 0 to n-i-1
# Swap the elements if the element found
#is greater than the adjacent element
if x[j] > x[j + 1]:
x[j], x[j + 1] = x[j + 1], x[j] #Exchange x[j] and x[j+1]
[2]: # Example to test the above code

arr = [ 2, 1, 10, 23 ]
bubbleSort(arr)
print("Sorted array is:")

for i in range(len(arr)):
print("%d" % arr[i])
Sorted array is:

1
2
10
23
1
101.Selection Sort
1 Write a Python program to sort an array using Selection Sort tech-

nique.
[1]: # Selection Sort algorithm in Python

def selectionSort(array, size):
for s in range(size):
min_idx = s
for i in range(s + 1, size):
# For sorting in descending order
# for minimum element in each loop
if array[i] < array[min_idx]:
min_idx = i
# Arranging min at the correct position

(array[s], array[min_idx]) = (array[min_idx], array[s])
[2]: # Driver code

data = [ 7, 2, 1, 6 ]
size = len(data)
selectionSort(data, size)
print('Sorted Array in Ascending Order is :')

print(data)
Sorted Array in Ascending Order is :

[1, 2, 6, 7]
1
102.Insertion Sort
1 Write a Python program to sort an array using Insertion Sort tech-

nique.
[1]: # Creating a function for insertion sort algorithm

def insertion_sort(list1):
# Outer loop to traverse on len(list1)
for i in range(1, len(list1)):
a = list1[i]
# Move elements of list1[0 to i-1],
# which are greater to one position
# ahead of their current position
j = i - 1
while j >= 0 and a < list1[j]:
list1[j + 1] = list1[j]
j -= 1
list1[j + 1] = a
return list1
[2]: # Driver code

list1 = [ 7, 2, 1, 6 ]
print("The unsorted list is:", list1)
print("The sorted new list is:", insertion_sort(list1))
The unsorted list is: [7, 2, 1, 6]

The sorted new list is: [1, 2, 6, 7]
1
103.Merge Sort
1 Write a Python program to sort an array using Merge Sort technique.
[1]: def merge_sort(unsorted_list):

if len(unsorted_list) <= 1:
return unsorted_list
# Find the middle point and devide it
middle = len(unsorted_list) // 2
left_list = unsorted_list[:middle]
right_list = unsorted_list[middle:]
left_list = merge_sort(left_list)
right_list = merge_sort(right_list)
return list(merge(left_list, right_list))
# Merge the sorted halves

def merge(left_half,right_half):
res = []
while len(left_half) != 0 and len(right_half) != 0:
if left_half[0] < right_half[0]:
res.append(left_half[0])
left_half.remove(left_half[0])
else:
res.append(right_half[0])
right_half.remove(right_half[0])
if len(left_half) == 0:
res = res + right_half
else:
res = res + left_half
return res
unsorted_list = [64, 34, 25, 12, 22, 11, 90]
print(merge_sort(unsorted_list))
[11, 12, 22, 25, 34, 64, 90]
1
104.Quick Sort
1 Write a Python program to sort an array using Quick Sort technique.

[1]: # Python program for implementation of Quicksort Sort
# This implementation utilizes pivot as the last element in the nums list
# It has a pointer to keep track of the elements smaller than the pivot
# At the very end of partition() function, the pointer is swapped with the pivot
# to come up with a "sorted" nums relative to the pivot
# Function to find the partition position

def partition(array, low, high):
# choose the rightmost element as pivot

pivot = array[high]
# pointer for greater element

i = low - 1
# traverse through all elements

# compare each element with pivot
for j in range(low, high):
if array[j] <= pivot:
# If element smaller than pivot is found

# swap it with the greater element pointed by i
i = i + 1
# Swapping element at i with element at j

(array[i], array[j]) = (array[j], array[i])
# Swap the pivot element with the greater element specified by i

(array[i + 1], array[high]) = (array[high], array[i + 1])
# Return the position from where partition is done

return i + 1
1
# function to perform quicksort
def quickSort(array, low, high):

if low < high:
# Find pivot element such that

# element smaller than pivot are on the left
# element greater than pivot are on the right
pi = partition(array, low, high)
# Recursive call on the left of pivot

quickSort(array, low, pi - 1)
# Recursive call on the right of pivot

quickSort(array, pi + 1, high)
data = [1, 7, 4, 1, 10, 9, -2]

print("Unsorted Array")
print(data)
size = len(data)
quickSort(data, 0, size - 1)
print('Sorted Array in Ascending Order:')

print(data)
Unsorted Array
[1, 7, 4, 1, 10, 9, -2]
Sorted Array in Ascending Order:
[-2, 1, 1, 4, 7, 9, 10]

104 Python Programs For Beginners-1

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104

PYTHON PROGRAMS FOR BEGINNERS

CMR Institute of Technology

S. No. Program Difficulty Page No.

This chapter does not contain any programs.

1 How to input a string in Jupyter Notebook

[1]: #By default, input() function takes string data type

#Letters,Space,Numbers,Special Characters - all are considered as string

s=input("Enter a string : ")

Enter a string : raveesh hegde

2 How to input a string in online coding tests

3 How to check the data type of s

[4]: n=int(input("Enter an integer"))

#By defualt, input() function takes string data type

5 How to input an integer in online coding tests

6 How to check the data type of n

7 How to input a float in Jupyter Notebook

[7]: x=float(input("Enter a float : "))

#By defualt, input() function takes string data type

Enter a float : 2.3

8 How to input a float in online coding tests

9 How to input multiple strings in Jupyter Notebook

[9]: list1=input("Enter multiple strings separated by space : ")

[10]: #Now, we split the string and create a list

[11]: #To view the list

# Now, we have a list of strings

['raveesh', 'hegde', 'cmrit', 'ece', '123']

10 How to input multiple strings in online coding tests

list1=input() #Enter multiple strings separated by space

list1=list1.split() #After split(), we get a list

raveesh hegde cmrit ece 123

11 How to input multiple strings in online coding tests

list1=input() #Enter multiple strings separated by comma

list1=list1.split(",") #After split(), we get a list

12 How to input multiple strings in online coding tests

[15]: n=int(input()) #Take the length of the list as input

list1=[] #Start with an empty list

13 How to input multiple strings in online coding tests

[16]: n=int(input()) #Take the length of the list as input

list1=[] #Start with an empty list

14 How to input multiple integers in online coding tests

[17]: list1=input() #Enter multiple integers separated by space

list1=list1.split() #After split(), we get a list

list1=[int(i) for i in list1] #Convert every element of the list to integer

15 How to input multiple integers in online coding tests

[18]: list1=input() #Enter multiple integers separated by comma

list1=list1.split(",") #After split(), we get a list

16 How to input multiple integers in online coding tests

[19]: n=int(input()) #Take the length of the list as input

list1=[] #Start with an empty list

17 How to input multiple integers in online coding tests

[20]: n=int(input()) #Take the length of the list as input

list1=[] #Start with an empty list

18 How to print elements of a list in online coding tests

19 How to print elements of a list in online coding tests

20 How to print elements of a list in online coding tests

21 How to print elements of a list in online coding tests