4

4
4 .
MACeducation
 1 1
1.1 .4/1
1. 2
2. 24
3. 52
62

2 66
1.1 .4/1
1. 67
2. 70
82

3 84
3.2 .4/1
1. 85
2. 107
3. 117
128

4 131
3.2 .4/2
1. 132
2. 148
169

174
1
2 |

1.1 . 3

(element member) ! "

A, B, C
a, b, c

1.
(1) e ! S
e S
.........................................................................................................................................................
(2) x " A
x A
.........................................................................................................................................................
(3) 0 ! I
0 I
.........................................................................................................................................................
(4) 5 " E
5 E
.........................................................................................................................................................
(5) m ! X
m X
.........................................................................................................................................................
 | 3

2.
(1) 0 9
2, 3, 5, 7
.........................................................................................................................................................
(2)
, , , , ,
.........................................................................................................................................................
(3)
..., #4, #2, 0, 2, 4, ...
.........................................................................................................................................................
(4)
, , , , , ,
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
(5) 3
3, 6, 9, 12, ...
.........................................................................................................................................................
(6)
, ,
.........................................................................................................................................................

3. A 16

(1) 10 ! A ......................................... (2) 16 " A ..................................................

1
(3) 4 ! A ........................................ (4) "A ..................................................
2
(5) !2 ! A ........................................ (6) 0 ! A ..................................................

(7) 61 ! A ........................................ (8) 5 ! A ..................................................

2
1.
A " {a, e, i, o, u}
B " {0, 1, 2, ..., 9}
C " {1, 2, 3, ...}
2.
E " {x|x 1 }
2
F " {x|x " 9}
2
G " {x ! I|2x !x!1 " 0}
 |

1.1 . 9

1.

(1)

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
.......................................................................................................................................................

(2) “MATHEMATICS”

{A, E, I}
.......................................................................................................................................................

(3)

{ , , , , , , }
.......................................................................................................................................................

(4)

{ , , ,
.......................................................................................................................................................
}
.......................................................................................................................................................

(5) 1

{A ,2 ,3 , ..., K }
.......................................................................................................................................................

(6)

{0, $2, $4, $6, ... }

.......................................................................................................................................................

(7) 5

{5, 10, 15, ...}

.......................................................................................................................................................

(8) “J”

{JANUARY, JUNE, JULY}

.......................................................................................................................................................

(9) !5

{#4, #3, #2, #1}

.......................................................................................................................................................

(10)

{2}
.......................................................................................................................................................

(11) 3

{3, 6, 9, ...}
.......................................................................................................................................................

(12) {x|x " 2n, n }

{2, 4, 6, ...}
.......................................................................................................................................................
 | 5

(13) {x|x }

{ , }
.......................................................................................................................................................
#
(14) {x|x ! I x $ 6}

{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
.......................................................................................................................................................

(15) {x|x ! I x % !5}

{#4, #3, #2, ...}

.......................................................................................................................................................

(16) {x|x ! I}
{0, $1, $2, $3, ...}
.......................................................................................................................................................

(17) {x|x }

{10, 11, 12, ..., 99}

.......................................................................................................................................................

(18) {x|x ! I !3 & x $ 2}

{#3, #2, #1, 0, 1}

.......................................................................................................................................................

(19) {x|x ! N !5 $ x & 5}

{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
.......................................................................................................................................................

(20) {x|x ! I x ' !2}

{#2, #1, 0, 1, ...}
.......................................................................................................................................................
2
(21) {x|x x !2x!3 " 0}
{#1, 3}
.......................................................................................................................................................
!
(22) {x ! I |2x#3 $ 0}

{#2, #3, #4, ...}

.......................................................................................................................................................
# 2
(23) {x ! I |x #5x!6 " 0}
{1}
.......................................................................................................................................................

(24) {x|x " 2y!1 y " 1, 2, 3, ...}

{1, 3, 5, ...}
.......................................................................................................................................................

(25) {(x, y)|y " 2x; x y 1 $ x $ 5}

{(2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8)}

.......................................................................................................................................................
6 |

2.

(1) {!2, !1}

{x|(x%2)(x%1) & 0} {x ! I|#3 $ x $ 0}

.......................................................................................................................................................

(2) {2, 4, 6, ...}

{x|x x % 0}
.......................................................................................................................................................

(3) {2, 3, 5, 7}
{x|x x $ 8}
.......................................................................................................................................................

(4) {7, 14, 21, ..., 98}

{x|x 7 98}
.......................................................................................................................................................

(5) {1, 2, 4, 8}
y#1
{x|x & 2 ;y 0 $ y $ 5}
.......................................................................................................................................................

(6) {!2}
{x|x%2 & 0}
.......................................................................................................................................................

(7) {0, 1, 2}
{x ! I | #1 $ x $ 3}
.......................................................................................................................................................

(8) {10, 11, 12, ..., 99}

{x ! I | 9 $ x $ 100}
.......................................................................................................................................................

(9) {..., !3, !2, !1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}

{x|x ! '}
.......................................................................................................................................................

(10) { }
{x|x 30 }
.......................................................................................................................................................

(11) {19, 20, 21}

{x ! I | 18 $ x $ 22}
.......................................................................................................................................................

(12) {!1, !8}

{x|(x%1)(x%8) & 0}
.......................................................................................................................................................
 | 7

3.

(1) ! {x|x } ...................................................

(2) " {x|x } ...................................................

c
(3) ! {x|x } ...................................................

(4) 2 " {x|x } ...................................................

(5) 1 " {x|x 3} ...................................................

2
(6) 3 ! {x|x !9 " 0} ...................................................

(7) 4 ! {x|x } ...................................................

(8) 0 " {x|x } ...................................................

4. ! "

(1) 5 ! {x|x }

(2) 3 " {x|x 10}

(3) c " {x|x }

(4) i ! {x|x “songwit”}

(5) 2 " {x|x!2 " 0}

(6) 0 " {2,000}

(7) 1 " {100, 101}

(8) 0 " {x|1 $ x $ 2}

#
(9) |!6| ! {x|x ! I }

(10) 8 ! {x|x 5 10}

5. ( ) a ( ) {a} ( ) {{a}} ( ) {a, {a}}

( ), ( ), ( ) ( )

(1) ( ), ( ), ( )
..........................................................................

(2) ( )
..........................................................................

(3) a ( ), ( )
..........................................................................

(4) {a} ( ), ( )
..........................................................................

(5) 1 ( ), ( )
..........................................................................

(6) 2 ( )
..........................................................................
8 |

1. A " {1, 2, 3, ..., 100} A 100

n(A) A
n(A) " 100
2. B " {x|x 2 $ x $ 8}
B 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
n(B) " 5
2
3. C " {x|x ! I x $ 0}
0
n(C) " 0

1. D " {1, 2, 3, ...}

2. E " {x|x }
3. F " {x|x 5 }

1. {x|x ! I 2x " 3}
2. {x|x 0} ( {}
3. {x|x }
2
4. {x|x ! I x !2x!1 " 0}
 | 9

!
!
2
A " {x|x " 1}
B " {x|x#1 " 0}
A " {!1, 1} B " {!1}

A " {1} B"(

N
I Z
Q
Q)
R

1.1 . 9

1.
(1) {1, 2, 5} 3
....................................................................................
(2) {2, 4, 6, ...} ....................................................................................
(3) {x|x 9
10} ....................................................................................
(4) {x|x } 10
....................................................................................
(5) {1999} 1
....................................................................................
(6) {{0}} 1
....................................................................................
(7) {x|x ! N x % 5} ....................................................................................
(8) {x ! I|0 $ x $ 1} 0
....................................................................................
(9) {x|x } 12
....................................................................................
(10) {x|x 0 2
5} ....................................................................................
 |

2.

(1) {1, 2, 3, ..., 100} ........................ ........................

(2) {x|x ! N x $ 10} ........................ ........................

(3) {x|x } ........................ ........................

(4) {x|x } ........................ ........................

2
(5) {x|x " 100} ........................ ........................

(6) {x|x 31 } ........................ ........................

2
(7) {x|x #2x#1 " 0} ........................ ........................

(8) {x|x } ........................ ........................

2
(9) {x|x ! I x " !1} ........................ ........................

(10) {x|x ! I 4 $ x $ 5} ........................ ........................

(11) ........................ ........................

(12) ........................ ........................

(13) 5 ........................ ........................

(14) 11 ........................ ........................

(15) ........................ ........................

3. 5

!
(1) .........................................................................................................................................................

(2) .........................................................................................................................................................

(3) .........................................................................................................................................................

(4) .........................................................................................................................................................

(5) .........................................................................................................................................................

4. 5

(1) .........................................................................................................................................................

!
(2) .........................................................................................................................................................

(3) .........................................................................................................................................................

(4) .........................................................................................................................................................

(5) .........................................................................................................................................................
 |

5.

(1) {x|x 28 29 } ............................ ............................

(2) {x|x ! N x $ 0} ............................ ............................

2
(3) {x|x ! I x #1 " 0} ............................ ............................

(4) {x ! N|2x!1 " 0} ............................ ............................

(5) {x ! N|3x!2 % 0} ............................ ............................

# 2
(6) {x ! I |x " 0} ............................ ............................

(7) {{0}} ............................ ............................

(8) {(} ............................ ............................

(9) {{{ }}} ............................ ............................

(10) {0} ............................ ............................

(11) 14 17 ............................ ............................

(12) 7 8 ............................ ............................

(13) ............................ ............................

(14) ............................. ............................

(15) 2 ............................ ............................

6. 5

!
(1) .........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
(2) .........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
(3) .........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
(4) .........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
(5) .........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
 |

A B A B
B A

A B A B
A"B
A B A
B B A A*B

1. {1, 2, 3} " {3, 1, 2}

2. {a, b, c, c} " {a, b, c}
3. {1, 2} " {x|(x!1)(x!2) " 0}
# 2
4. {!2, 2} * {x ! I |x " 4}

A B A B

A " {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B " {a, e, i, o, u}
C " {5, 10, 15, 20, 25}
A B
B C
C A
 |

1.1 . 9

1. A B
"

A " {1, 2, 3, ..., 26} B " {a, b, c, ..., z}

A B

(1) A " {0, 1, 2, 3} B " {3, 0, 2, 1}

A&B
........................................................................................................................................................
2
(2) A " {0, 1} B " {x|x !x " 0}
A&B
........................................................................................................................................................

(3) A " {x|x " 2n; n " 0, 1} B " {0, 1}

A B
........................................................................................................................................................

(4) A " {(1, 2), (2, 3)} B " {(2, 3), (3, 4)}
A B
........................................................................................................................................................

(5) A " {0, 1, 2, ...} B " {x|x }

A&B
........................................................................................................................................................

(6) A " {x|x " 2n!1; n " 1, 2, ...}, B " {x|x }

A&B
........................................................................................................................................................

(7) A " {0, 5, 10, 15, 20} B " {x|x " 5n; n " 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

A B
........................................................................................................................................................

(8) A " {x|(x!2)(x#5) " 0} B " {0, (}

A B
........................................................................................................................................................

(9) A " {x|x } B " {!3, !2, !1, 0, 1, 2, 3}

A B
........................................................................................................................................................

(10) A " {3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 1} B " {1, 2, 3}

A&B
........................................................................................................................................................
 |

2. A " {x|x 1 7}

B " {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

C " {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

A, B C

(1) {2, 4, 5, 3, 6} A
....................................................................................
(2) {5, 6, 7, 2, 3, 4} C
....................................................................................
(3) {1, 3, 5, 2, 6, 4} B
....................................................................................
(4) {2, 4, 3, 6, 7, 5} C
....................................................................................
(5) {6, 5, 4, 3, 2} A
....................................................................................
(6) {2, 4, 6, 3, 5, 7} C
....................................................................................

2
3. A " {x|x $ 25 x }

B " {!4, !3, !2, !1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}

A B

25 #4, #3, #2, #1, 0, 1, 2, 3 4

................................................................................................................................................................

A & {#4, #3, #2, #1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}

................................................................................................................................................................

A & B
................................................................................................................................................................

4. A " {a}, B " {a, a}, C " {a#a} D " {2a}

B & {a}, C & {2a}

................................................................................................................................................................

A & B
................................................................................................................................................................

C & D
................................................................................................................................................................

5.
2
A " {x|x " 25}

B " {x|x!5 " 0}

C " {x|x#5 " 0}

D " {!5, 5}
A & {#5, 5}, B & {5}, C & {#5)
................................................................................................................................................................
A & D
................................................................................................................................................................
 |

6. A " {!5, 5}, B " {5}, C " {!5}, D " {5, 5} E " {5, 5, !5}

A&E B&D
................................................................................................................................................................

2
7. {1#p, 1#2p} " {y, x } x y p 2 x

p 2 p&1
................................................................................................................................................................

{1%p, 1%2p} & {2, 3}

................................................................................................................................................................
2
{2, 3} & {y, x }
................................................................................................................................................................
2 2
y&2 x &3 x &2 y&3
................................................................................................................................................................

x & 3 x& 2
................................................................................................................................................................

x& 3 y&2 x& 2 y&3

................................................................................................................................................................

A B A B

A B A(B
A B A
B A)B
1. A " {1, 2, 3}
B " {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
C " {2, 3, 4}
A(B A)C
C(B C)A
B)A B)C
2. P " {5, 6} Q " {x|(x!5)(x!6) " 0}
P(Q Q(P
P"Q
 |

A " {a, b, c}
(
1 {a}, {b}, {c}
2 {a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c}
3 {a, b, c}
{a, b, c} (, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c} {a, b, c}
8

A n n
n
A 2

1. (A ( A)
2. (( ( A)
3. ( A(B B(C A ( C)
4. A " B A(B B(A
5. A B A(B A*B
n
6. A n A 2
n
7. A n A 2 !1

1.2 . 14

1.
0
(1) ( 2 &1
..............................................................................
2
(2) {1, 2} 2 &4
..............................................................................
5
(3) {a, e, i, o, u} 2 & 32
..............................................................................
3 1
(4) {x|x " !8} 2 &2
..............................................................................
3
(5) {x|x “ ”} 2 &8
..............................................................................
4
(6) {x|x 1 $ x $ 10} 2 & 16
..............................................................................
4
(7) {x|x 10} 2 & 16
..............................................................................
1
(8) {x|x . . . 3 5} 2 &2
..............................................................................
3 3
(9) {x|x !x " 0} 2 &8
..............................................................................
6
(10) {3, 6, 9, ..., 18} 2 & 64
..............................................................................
 |

2. A " {1, 2, 3}

(1) 1 ! A ......................................... (2) {1} ( A ..........................................

(3) {1, 2, 3} ! A ........................................ (4) ( ( A ..........................................

(5) {2, 3} ) A ........................................ (6) 3 ! A ..........................................

(7) {1, 2} ( A ........................................ (8) 2 ! A ..........................................

(9) {2} ( A ........................................ (10) 1 ( A ..........................................

(11) {2} ! A ........................................ (12) {3} " A ..........................................

(13) { } ! A ........................................ (14) {(} ( A ..........................................

3. A " {1, 2, 3, 4}, B " {1, 2}, C " {3, 4} D " {3, 4, 5}

(1) B ( A ......................................... (2) C ( D ..........................................

(3) D ( ( ........................................ (4) D ( A ..........................................

(5) ( ) A ........................................ (6) {3} ( C ..........................................

(7) {3} ( D ........................................ (8) ( ( C ..........................................

4. A " {1, 2, ..., 5}

(1) A
{2}, {4}, {2, 4}
.........................................................................................................................................................
(2) A
{1}, {3}, {5}, {1, 3}, {1, 5}, {3, 5}, {1, 3, 5}
.........................................................................................................................................................
(3) A 3
{3}
.........................................................................................................................................................
5. A, B, C, D E
(1) A B
A & {1} B & {1, 2}
.........................................................................................................................................................
(2) C " D
C & {1, 4} D & {4, 1}
.........................................................................................................................................................
(3) E " { }
2
E & {x|x $ 0 }
.........................................................................................................................................................
(4) A ( C
A&* C & {1, 2}
.........................................................................................................................................................
 |

6.
A " (, B " {1, 4, 8, 9}, C " " 101 !, D " {o, k}, E " {12} F " {b}

(1) G " {a, b, c, d}

A ( G, F ( G
.........................................................................................................................................................

(2) H " {o, p, k}

A ( H, D ( H
.........................................................................................................................................................

(3) J " {x|x “book”}

A ( J, D ( J, F ( J
.........................................................................................................................................................

(4) K " {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}

A ( K, E ( K
.........................................................................................................................................................

(5) L " " 14 , 16 , 18 , 101 !

A ( L, C ( L
.........................................................................................................................................................

(6) M " {x|x 10}

A ( M, B ( M
.........................................................................................................................................................

7. A " {a, b, c, d, e}, B " {a, c, e} C " {b, d, e, f, g}

(1) B ( A ......................................... (2) {a} ( A ..........................................

(3) C ( B ........................................ (4) A ( C ..........................................

(5) {a, d, e} ( A ........................................ (6) B ( C ..........................................

8.

(1) {x, y} ( {x, y, a, b} ..........................................................................

(2) { } ( {x|x } ..........................................................................

(3) {TOYOTA} ( {x|x } ..........................................................................

(4) {2, 7, 6} ( {726} ..........................................................................

(5) {x, 2x, 3x} ( {1, 2, 3} ..........................................................................

 |

9. ( A B

(1) A " {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B " {1, 3, 5}

B(A
.........................................................................................................................................................

(2) A " {x|x }, B " {x|x }

B(A
.........................................................................................................................................................

(3) A " {x|x 0}, B " {x|x 5 }

A(B
.........................................................................................................................................................

(4) A " {x|x }, B " {x|x }

B(A
.........................................................................................................................................................

(5) A " {x|x }, B " {x|x }

B(A
.........................................................................................................................................................

(6) A " {x|x }, B " {x|x }

B(A
.........................................................................................................................................................

(7) A " {x|x }, B " {x|x }

A(B
.........................................................................................................................................................

10.

(1) A " {x, y}

A *, {x}, {y}, {x, y}

........................................................................................................................
2
(2) B " {x|x " 4}
{#2, 2}
B " .................................................................................................................................................

B *, {#2}, {2}, {#2, 2}

........................................................................................................................

(3) C " {x ! I|0 $ x $ 1}

*
C " .................................................................................................................................................

C *
.......................................................................................................................

(4) D " {2, 4, 6}

D *, {2}, {4}, {6}, {2, 4}, {2, 6}, {4, 6}, {2, 4, 6}
.......................................................................................................................

(5) E " {0, (}

E *, {0}, {*}, {0, *}

.......................................................................................................................
 |

11.
(1) {1} ( {1, {1}} ..................................................................................................
(2) {(} ( {(, {(}} ..................................................................................................
(3) a ( {a, b} ..................................................................................................
(4) 1 ! {1, {1}} ..................................................................................................
(5) {a, b} " {c, d} a"c ..................................................................................................
(6) ( ! {(} ..................................................................................................
(7) ( ( {(} ..................................................................................................
(8) {a, b} " {c} a " b " c ..................................................................................................

12. A
B
C
D
E
F

(1) G ( F ............................................... (2) E ( D .......................................................

(3) D ( C ............................................... (4) C ( D ........................................................
(5) B ( A ............................................... (6) C ( A .......................................................

13. A " {5, 6, 7, 7}

B " {5, 6, 7}

C " {5, 5, 6, 6, 7}

(1) A ( B .............................................. (2) B ( C ........................................................

(3) C ( A .............................................. (4) B ( A ........................................................
 |

1.1 . 20

1.

!
A
(1) ! " {0, 1, 2, ..., 9} 2 3
5 7
A " {2, 3, 5, 7}
0 1 4 6 8 9

(2) ! " {0, 1, 2, ..., 9} !

A B
A " {0, 2, 4, 6, 8} 02 35
468 79
B " {3, 5, 7, 9}
1

(3) ! " {0, 1, 2, ..., 9} !

A B
A " {2, 4, 6, 8} 4 3
2
68 5
B " {2, 3, 5}
0 1 7 9

(4) ! " {0, 1, 2, ..., 9} !

B
2 3 A
A " {3, 5, 7}
4 57
B " {2, 3, 4, 5, 7}
0 1 6 8 9
22 |

(5) ! " {x|x ! R} !

2
A B
A " {x|x !3x#2 " 0}
1 2 3
2
B " {x|x !5x#6 " 0}

!
(6) ! " {x|x ! R} C
B
A
A ( B B(C

! !
(7) ! " {x|x ! R} A
A B
B
A ) B

!
A B

(8) ! " {x|x ! R} A B !

5 3
A " {2, 3, 5, 7} 2
7 6 9
B " {2, 3, 6, 9} 4 8 C
C " {2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9}

(9) ! " {x|x ! R} A B !

1 3 2 8
5 7 6
A " {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} 4 10

B " {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} C

C " {4}
 | 23

2.
(1)

!
A B
2
1
5
3
4
6

{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
! " ................................................................................................................................................
{1, 2, 3, 4}
A " ................................................................................................................................................
{1, 3, 5}
B " ................................................................................................................................................
(2)
9 !
A
1
4 5 B
0
2 3
7 6 8
C

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
! " ................................................................................................................................................
{0, 1, 2, 4}
A " ................................................................................................................................................
{0, 1, 3, 5}
B " ................................................................................................................................................
{0, 2, 3, 6}
C " ................................................................................................................................................
(3)
!
A B
3
2 C
6 7
8 1
5
4

{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
! " ................................................................................................................................................
{3, 6, 7, 8}
A " ................................................................................................................................................
{1, 2, 4}
B " ................................................................................................................................................
{1, 5}
C " ................................................................................................................................................
 |

1.2 . 21

1.
2.

1.2.1 . 21

A " {a, b, c, d} B " {a, c, f}

C A B
C " {a, c}
C A B A+B

A + B " {x|x ! A x ! B}

A+B

!
A B

A+B
 | 25

1 A " {0, 1, 3, 4} B " {0, 2, 4} A+B

A B 0 4
A + B " {0, 4}
A+B

!
A B
1
0
2
4
3

2 A " {0, 2, 4, 5, 7}, B " {2, 4, 8} C " {1, 3, 5} A + B, A + C

B+C
A B 2 4
A + B " {2, 4}
A C 5
A + C " {5}
B C
B+C"(
A + B, A + C B+C

! ! !
A
A B
0 B 0 C 2 C
2 1
5 8 2 4 1
4 5 3
7 7 3 4 8 5

A+B A+C B+C

26 |

1.2.2 . 24

A " {a, b, c, d} B " {a, c, f}

C A B
C " {a, b, c, d, f}
C A B A,B

A , B " {x|x ! A x ! B}

A,B

!
A B

A,B

3 A " {0, 1, 3, 4} B " {0, 2, 4} A, B

A,B A B A B 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
A , B " {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
A,B

!
A B

1 0
2
3 4
 | 27

4 A " {0, 2, 4, 5, 7}, B " {2, 4, 8} C " {1, 3, 5} A , B, A , C

B,C
A , B " {0, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8}
A , C " {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7}
B , C " {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8}
A , B, A , C B,C

! ! !
A
A B
0 B 0 C 2 C
2 1
5 8 2 4 1
4 5 3
7 7 3 4 8 5

A,B A,C B,C

A, B, C

1. A + B " B + A 1. A , B " B , A
2. (A + B) + C " A + (B + C) 2. (A , B) , C " A , (B , C)
3. A + B " A A (B 3. A , B " B A (B
4. A + ( " ( 4. A , ( " A
5. A + ! " A 5. A , ! " !
6. A + A " A 6. A , A " A
7. A + B ( A A+B(B 7. A ( A , B B(A,B
8. B(A C(A B+C(A 8. B(A C(A B,C(A
9. A + B " ( A" ( 9. A , B " ( A" ( B" (
B" ( A" ( B" (

10. A + (B , C) " (A + B) , (A + C)
A , (B + C) " (A , B) + (A , C)
28 |

1.2 . 36

1.
!
(1) A " {a, b, c}
A B
B " {b, d, e, f} a
b e
A , B " ........................................................
f
{b}
A + B " ........................................................

(2) A " {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}

!
B " {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
A B
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A , B " ........................................................ 0 2 1 3
4 5
*
A + B " ........................................................ 6 8 7 9

(3) C " {a, b, c, d, e, f, g} !

D " {a, c, e, g, h} C D
a
C , D " ........................................................ h
C + D " ........................................................ f

!
(4) X " {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
X
Y " {2, 1, 5, 6, 3} 4 1 2 Y
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} 7 8 3
X , Y " ........................................................ 5 6
9
{1, 2, 3, 5, 6}
X + Y " ........................................................

(5) P " {5, 10, 15, 20} !

P Q
Q " {10, 20, 30}
5 10
{5, 10, 15, 20, 30}
P , Q " ........................................................ 30
15 20
{10, 20}
P + Q " ........................................................
 | 29

(6) ! " {1, 2, 3, ..., 10} !

A
A " {2, 3, 5, 7, 9} 2
B
5 9 3 7
B " {3, 7}

{2, 3, 5, 7, 9}
A , B " ........................................................
1 4 6 8 10
{3, 7}
A + B " ........................................................

(7) ! " {a, b, c, ..., i} !

A B
A " {a, e, i}
a
B " {b, c, d, f, i}
e
A , B " ........................................................

A + B " ........................................................

(8) ! " {x ! I|1 & x & 20}

1 2 3 !
A " {x|x 4} A
B
5 4 8 6 7
B " {x|x 6} 12 10
9 16 20 18
{4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 18, 20}
A , B " ........................................................
13 14 15
11 17 19
{12}
A + B " ........................................................

(9) ! " {x|x } !

A B
A " {x|x “union”}

B " {x|x “intersection”} u e

A , B " ........................................................
a
A + B " ........................................................
 |

(10) ! " {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

A " {0, 1, 2, 4}

B " {1, 2, 5, 8}

C " {0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

{0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 8}
A , B " .............................................................................................................

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9}
(A , B) , C " .............................................................................................................

{0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9}
B , C " .............................................................................................................

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9}
A , (B , C) " .............................................................................................................

{1, 2}
A + B " .............................................................................................................

{1}
(A + B) + C " .............................................................................................................

{1, 5}
B + C " .............................................................................................................

{1}
A + (B + C) " .............................................................................................................

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}
A , C " .............................................................................................................

{0, 1}
A + C " .............................................................................................................

{0, 1, 2}
A + (B , C) " .............................................................................................................

{0, 1, 2}
(A + B) , (A + C) " .............................................................................................................

{0, 1, 2, 4, 5}
A , (B + C) " .............................................................................................................

{0, 1, 2, 4, 5}
(A , B) + (A , C) " .............................................................................................................

! !
A B A B
4 2 8 4 2 8
1 1
0 5 0 5
3 7 3 7
9 C 6 9 C 6

(A , B) , C (A + B) + C

! !
A B A B
4 2 8 4 2 8
1 1
0 5 0 5
3 7 3 7
9 C 6 9 C 6

A + (B , C) A , (B + C)
 |

2.
(1) ! (2) !
A B A B

C C

A + (B , C) (A + B) , (A + C)

(3) ! (4) !
A B A B

C C

A , (B + C) (A , B) + (A , C)

(5) ! (6) !
A B A B

C C
(A , B) + C (A + C) , (B + C)

(7) ! (8) !
A B A B

C C
(A + B) , C (A , C) + (B , C)

(9) ! (10) !
A B A B

C C
(A + B) + C A , (B , C)
32 |

3. X " {x|x 6}
Y " {x|x 12}
Z " {x|x }
W " {x ! X|0 & x & 48}

(1) X , Y X
" .....................................................................................................
(2) Y , Z Z
" .....................................................................................................
(3) X , W X
" .....................................................................................................
(4) (Z , W) + (X , W) X
" .....................................................................................................
(5) X + Y + Z + W {12, 24, 36, 48}
" .....................................................................................................

4. A " {1, 2, 3}
B " {2, 1, 0, !1}
C " {x|x ! A x ! B}
C
C&A-B
................................................................................................................................................................
C & {#1, 0, 1, 2, 3}
................................................................................................................................................................

5. T
S
C

C
(1) S , C " .........................................................................................................................................
(2) S , C T ...................................................................................................
(3) T S,C ...................................................................................................

2
6. {1, x #x} + {3, 6} " {6} x
2
x %x & 6
................................................................................................................................................................
2
x %x#6 & 0
................................................................................................................................................................
(x#2)(x%3) & 0
................................................................................................................................................................
x & 2, #3
................................................................................................................................................................
 | 33

3 2
7. {3, !4, x !4x !x#1} + {!3, 5} " {!3} x
3 2
x #4x #x%1 & #3
................................................................................................................................................................
3 2
x #4x #x%4 & 0
................................................................................................................................................................
2
x (x#4)#(x#4) & 0
................................................................................................................................................................
2
(x#4)(x #1) & 0
................................................................................................................................................................
(x#4)(x#1)(x%1) & 0
................................................................................................................................................................
x & 4, 1, #1
................................................................................................................................................................

8. A
B
C
D

(1) *
A + B + D " ................................................................................................................
*
(A + B + D) + C " ................................................................................................................
(2) B
A + B " ................................................................................................................
*
(A + B) + (C + D) " ................................................................................................................
*
(3) B + D " ......................................................................................................................................
C
(4) A + C " ......................................................................................................................................
*
(5) A + D " ......................................................................................................................................
9. A " {x|x#2 " 3}
2
B " {y|y !14y#49 " 0}
C " {z ! I|z ' 0}
(1) A, B C
{1}
A " ................................................................................................................
{7}
B " ................................................................................................................
{0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
C " ................................................................................................................
(2) {1, 7}
A , B " ................................................................................................................
C
(A , B) , C " ................................................................................................................
(3) C
B , C " ................................................................................................................
C
A , (B , C) " ................................................................................................................
(4) {1, 7}
B , A " ................................................................................................................
 |

10. D " {x|x x & 7}

E " {x|x x ' !4}
F " {x|x x!2 " 3}
G " {x|x " 2m m }

(1) D + E " {x|x #4 & x & 7}

........................................................................................................................
(2) D + F " {5}
.........................................................................................................................
(3) E + F " {5}
........................................................................................................................
(4) D + G " {6, 4, 2, ...}
........................................................................................................................
(5) F + G " *
........................................................................................................................
(6) (D + E) + F " {5}
........................................................................................................................

11. (A + B) ( (A , D) B)D
A & *, B & {1} D&*
................................................................................................................................................................
A,B & *
................................................................................................................................................................
A,D & *
................................................................................................................................................................
{1} ) *
................................................................................................................................................................
B ) D
................................................................................................................................................................

12. (A + B) ( (A , D) B(D
A & *, B & {2, 3} D&*
................................................................................................................................................................
A+B & *
................................................................................................................................................................
A+D & *
................................................................................................................................................................
* ( * {2, 3} ) *
................................................................................................................................................................
B ( D
................................................................................................................................................................

13.
(1) A"( B"( A+B"( ...........................................................................
(2) A"( B"( A,B"( ...........................................................................
(3) A*( B*( A+B*( ...........................................................................
(4) A*( B*( A,B*( ...........................................................................
(5) A,B"( A"( B"( ...........................................................................
(6) A+B"( A"( B"( ...........................................................................
(7) A+B"( A"( B"( ...........................................................................
 | 35

1.2.3 . 27

A !
! A ( ) A !
A A) ( )

A) " {x ! !|x " A}

A)

! c
A, A
A
A

A)

5 ! " {a, b, c, d, e} A " {a, e} A)

b, c, d ! A
A) " {b, c, d}
A)

!
A
a a e e d
b c
36 |

A B
1. (A))) " A
2. () " !
3. !) " (
4. A + A) " (
5. A , A) " !
6. (A + B)) " A) , B)
7. (A , B)) " A) + B)
8. A ( B B) ( A)
9. A + B " ( A ( B)

1.2 . 36

1. ! " {0, 1, 2, ..., 9}

A " {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}
B " {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
{1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
A) " ..........................................................................................................................
{0, 2, 4, 6, 8}
B) " ..........................................................................................................................
*
A + B " ..........................................................................................................................
{0, 1, 2, ..., 9}
(A + B)) " ..........................................................................................................................
{0, 1, 2, ..., 9}
A , B " ..........................................................................................................................
*
(A , B)) " ..........................................................................................................................

! !
A B A B
0 2 1 3 0 2 1 3
4 6 5 7 4 6 5 7
8 9 8 9
 | 37

! !
A B A B
0 2 1 3 0 2 1 3
4 6 5 7 4 6 5 7
8 9 8 9

(A + B)) (A , B))

!
() " ..........................................................................................................................
*
!) " ..........................................................................................................................
A
(A))) " ..........................................................................................................................

2. ! " {0, 1, 2, ..., 9}

A " {0, 2, 3, 5}
B " {0, 2, 7, 8}
{0, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8}
A , B " ..........................................................................................................................
{1, 4, 6, 9}
(A , B)) " ..........................................................................................................................
{0, 2}
A + B " ..........................................................................................................................
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
(A + B)) " ..........................................................................................................................
{1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A) " ..........................................................................................................................
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9}
B) " ..........................................................................................................................
{1, 4, 6, 9}
A) + B) " ..........................................................................................................................
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A) , B) " ..........................................................................................................................

A. + B.
(A , B)) " ..............................................................................................................
A. , B.
(A + B)) " ...............................................................................................................
38 |

3. ! " {0, 1, 2, ..., 9}

A " {2, 3, 5}
B " {2, 3, 6, 9}
C " {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}

{0, 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A) " ..........................................................................................................................
{0, 1, 2, ..., 9}
A , A) " ..........................................................................................................................
*
A + A) " ..........................................................................................................................
{0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9}
A , B , C " ..........................................................................................................................
{1, 7}
(A , B , C)) " ..........................................................................................................................
{2}
A + B + C " ..........................................................................................................................
{0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
(A + B + C). " ..........................................................................................................................
{1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
C) " ..........................................................................................................................
{3, 5, 9}
(A , B) + C) " ..........................................................................................................................
{3}
(A + B) + C) " ..........................................................................................................................

!
A , A) " ..............................................................................................................
*
A + A) " ...............................................................................................................
 | 39

4.
(1) (2)

! !
A B A B

A,B A+B

(3) (4)

! !
A B A B

(A , B). (A + B).

(5) (6)

! !
A B A B

A. + B. A. , B.

(7) (8)

! !
A B A B

A. + A B. , B
 |

5.
(1) (2)

! !
B B
A A

A,B A+B

(3) (4)

! !
B B
A A

(A , B). (A + B).

(5) (6)

! !
B B
A A

A. + B. A. , B.

(7) (8)

! !
B B
A A

A. + A B. , B
 |

6.
(1) (2)

! !
A A

B B

A,B A+B

(3) (4)

! !
A A

B B

(A , B). (A + B).

(5) (6)

! !
A A

B B

A. + B. A. , B.

(7) (8)

! !
A A

B B

A. + A B. , B
 |

7.

(1) (2)

! !
A
A B
B

B.
................................................................. (A , B).
.........................................................................

(3) (4)

! !
A A B
B

A + B.
................................................................. B.
.........................................................................

(5) (6)

! !
A B A B

(A + B).
................................................................. A + B.
.........................................................................

(7) (8)

! !
A B

B C
C A

A , (B + C)
................................................................. A + B. + C.
.........................................................................
 |

(9) (10)

! !
P Q

A B C R

(A + B).
................................................................. P+Q+R
.........................................................................

(11) (12)

! !
P Q P Q

R R

(P , Q , R).
................................................................. (P + Q ) , R
.........................................................................

(13) (14)

! !
P Q P

Q
R R

(P , Q).
................................................................. (P + R) , Q
.........................................................................

(15)
!
P Q

(P + Q) , (Q + R) , (P + R)
.................................................................
 |

8. ! " {0, 1, 2, !1, !2}

A " {!1, 0}
B " {1, 0}
C " {!1, 0, 1}

(1) {#1, 0, 1}
A , B " ..........................................................................................................................
{#2, 2}
(A , B)) " ..........................................................................................................................
(2) {#2, 1, 2}
A) " ..........................................................................................................................
{#2, #1, 2}
B) " ..........................................................................................................................
{#2, 2}
A. + B) " ..........................................................................................................................
(3) {0}
A + B " ..........................................................................................................................
{#2, #1, 1, 2}
(A + B)) " ..........................................................................................................................
(4) {#2, #1, 1, 2}
A. , B) " ..........................................................................................................................
(5) {#1, 0, 1}
A , C " ..........................................................................................................................
{#2, 2}
(A , C)) " ..........................................................................................................................
(6) {#2, 2}
C) " ..........................................................................................................................
{#2, 2}
A) + C) " ..........................................................................................................................
(7) {#1, 0}
A + C " ..........................................................................................................................
{#2, 1, 2}
(A + C)) " ..........................................................................................................................
(8) {#2, 1, 2}
A) , C) " ..........................................................................................................................
(9) *
!) " ..........................................................................................................................

9.
(1) (A.). , A.
(A) + A)) " .......................................................................................................
A , A.
" .......................................................................................................
!
" .......................................................................................................
(2) (A , B) , (A , B).
(A) + B))) , (A , B)) " .......................................................................................................
!
" .......................................................................................................
(3) (A , A) + (A , B)
A , (A + B) " .......................................................................................................
A + (A , B)
" .......................................................................................................
A
" .......................................................................................................
 |

10.
(1) i ! {a, b, c, ....., m}
6 .....,
(2) {1, 3, 5, 9, 6} ( {10, 7, 9, ....., 3 5, .....}
1
5 + {5, 3} " {5}
(3) {2, .....}
1 + {1, 2, #1
(4) {!1, 0, .....} ......., 6} " {!1, 1}
1 7, 8, 9} , {7, .....,
(5) {2, ....., 1 5, 8} " {1, .....,
8 7}
3 0} , {7, 8, 9} " {7, 8, .....,
(6) {....., 0 3, 9}
0 3} , {5, 6} " {0, .....,
(7) {1, ....., 1 3, .....,
5 6}
8 9} " {.....,
(8) {1, 4, 9} , {1, ....., 1 .....,
4 8, 9}

(9) x !A+ B x!A x!B

......................................................................................................................
(10) x !A, B x!A x!B
......................................................................................................................
11. ! " {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k}
A " {a, d, e, f }
B " {b, d, i, j, k}
C " {b, c, d, e, f, g}
(1) !, A, B C

!
A B
j
k

e f b

h
C

(2)
A + B " .....................................................................................................................
A , C " .....................................................................................................................
A , B , C " .....................................................................................................................
(A , C). " .....................................................................................................................
B + C " .....................................................................................................................
A. + B " .....................................................................................................................
(A , B) + C " .....................................................................................................................
A + B + C " .....................................................................................................................
(A + B + C). " .....................................................................................................................
B. , C. " .....................................................................................................................
 |

1.2.4 . 29

A B
A B
A B A!B

A!B " {x ! !|x ! A x " B}

A!B B!A

! !
A B A B

A!B B!A

A, B C

1. A!B ( A
2. A!B " A A+B"(

3. A!B " ( A(B

4. A!A " (

5. A!B " A + B.

6. A!(B + C) " (A!B) , (A!C)

7. A!(B , C) " (A!B) + (A!C)

8. (A + B)!C " (A!C) + (B!C)

9. (A , B)!C " (A!C) , (B!C)

10. A!( " A (!A " (

11. A!B " B.!A. B!A " A.!B.
 |

1.2 . 36

1. A " {0, 1, 3, 4, 5}

B " {0, 2, 4, 6}

{1, 3, 5}
A!B " ....................................................................................................................

{2, 6}
B!A " ....................................................................................................................

2. A " {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}

B " {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

{0, 2, 4, 6, 8}
A!B " ....................................................................................................................

{1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
B!A " ....................................................................................................................

3. A " {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

B " {1, 3, 5}

{0, 2, 4, 6}
A!B " ....................................................................................................................

*
B!A " ....................................................................................................................

4. A " {0, 2, 4, 6}

B " {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6}

*
A!B " ....................................................................................................................

{1, 3}
B!A " ....................................................................................................................

5. A " {1, 2, 3, 4}

B " {x ! I|1 & x & 4}

*
A!B " ....................................................................................................................

*
B!A " ....................................................................................................................

*
A!A " ....................................................................................................................
 |

6. ! " {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

A " {0, 1, 2, 4, 9}

B " {2, 4, 7, 8}

C " {0, 4, 5, 7, 9}
{0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9}
A , B " .....................................................................................................................
{1, 2, 8}
(A , B)!C " .....................................................................................................................
{1, 2}
A!C " .....................................................................................................................
{2, 8}
B!C " .....................................................................................................................
{1, 2, 8}
(A!C) , (B!C) " .....................................................................................................................

(A#C) , (B#C)
(A , B)!C " .............................................................................................................

{0, 1, 9}
A!B " .....................................................................................................................
{1}
(A!B)!C " .....................................................................................................................
{0, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9}
B , C " .....................................................................................................................
{1}
A!(B , C) " .....................................................................................................................

A#(B , C)
(A!B)!C " ............................................................................................................

{0, 1, 9}
A!B " .....................................................................................................................
*
(A!B) + B " .....................................................................................................................
*
A!A " .....................................................................................................................
A
A!(A!A) " .....................................................................................................................
{7, 8}
B!A " .....................................................................................................................
*
(A!B) + (B!A) " .....................................................................................................................
{0, 1, 3, 5, 6, 9}
B) " .....................................................................................................................
{0, 1, 9}
A + B) " .....................................................................................................................

A#B
A + B) " .............................................................................................................
 |

7.
(1)
! !
A B A B

C C

A!(B , C) (A!B) + (A!C)

(A#B) + (A#C)
A!(B , C) " .............................................................................................................

(2)

! !
A B A B

C C

A!(B + C) (A!B) , (A!C)

(A#B) , (A#C)
A!(B + C) " .............................................................................................................

8. ! " A,B,C

A " {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

B " {!6, !1, 0, 4}

C " {!3, 1, 4, 5}

(1) {1, 2, 3, 5}
A!B " ...........................................................................................................
{#3, 4}
C!(A!B) " ...........................................................................................................

(2) {#3}
C!A " ...........................................................................................................
{#3}
(C!A)!B " ...........................................................................................................

(3) {4}
A + B " ...........................................................................................................
*
(A + B)!C " ...........................................................................................................
 |

(4) {#6, #1, 0}

B!C " ...........................................................................................................

*
A + (B!C) " ............................................................................................................

(5) *
(!C " ...........................................................................................................

(6) {#6, #3, #1, 0, 4}

(A!B)) " ...........................................................................................................

(7) {#6, #3, #1, 0}

A) " ...........................................................................................................

{#3, 1, 2, 3, 5}
B) " ...........................................................................................................

{#6, #1, 0}
A)!B) " ...........................................................................................................

(8) {#6, #1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

B , A " ...........................................................................................................

{#6, #1, 0, 2, 3}
(B , A)!C " ...........................................................................................................

(9) {2, 3}
A!C " ...........................................................................................................

{#6, #1, 0, 2, 3, 4}
B , (A!C) " ...........................................................................................................

(10) {1, 4, 5}
A + C " ...........................................................................................................

*
(A + B)!(A + C) " ...........................................................................................................

9.
(1) A!B " B!A .........................................................................................
(2) A!(B!C) .........................................................................................
(3) A!B ( A .........................................................................................
(4) A!B ( B .........................................................................................
(5) (!X " X .........................................................................................
(6) (!X " ( .........................................................................................
(7) X!( " X .........................................................................................
(8) !X .........................................................................................

10.

(1) A. + A.
A)!A " ...........................................................................................................
A.
" ...........................................................................................................

(2) A + (A.).
A!A) " ...........................................................................................................
A
" ...........................................................................................................

(3) A + A.
A!A " ...........................................................................................................
*
" ...........................................................................................................
 |

(4) A + !.
A!! " ...........................................................................................................

*
" ...........................................................................................................

(5) * + A.
(!A " ...........................................................................................................
*
" ...........................................................................................................

(6) (A + A.) + A.
(A!A)!A " ...........................................................................................................
* + A.
" ...........................................................................................................
*
" ...........................................................................................................

(7) A + (A + A.).
A!(A!A)) " ...........................................................................................................
A + (*).
" ...........................................................................................................
A
" ...........................................................................................................

(8) A + (A. + *.).

A!(A)!() " ...........................................................................................................
A + (A , *)
" ...........................................................................................................
A
" ...........................................................................................................

(9) A , (* + A.)
A , ((!A) " ...........................................................................................................
A,*
" ...........................................................................................................
A
" ...........................................................................................................

(10) A + (! + A.)
A + (!!A) " ...........................................................................................................
A + A.
" ...........................................................................................................
*
" ...........................................................................................................

11.
(1) A!(B , C) " (A!B) + (A!C)
A + (B , C).
A!(B , C) " .....................................................................................................................
A + (B. + C.)
" .....................................................................................................................
(A + B.) + (A + C.)
" .....................................................................................................................
(A#B) + (A#C)
" .....................................................................................................................
(2) A!(B + C) " (A!B) , (A!C)
A + (B + C).
A!(B + C) " .....................................................................................................................
A + (B. , C.)
" .....................................................................................................................
(A + B.) , (A + C.)
" .....................................................................................................................
(A#B) , (A#C)
" .....................................................................................................................
52 |

1.3 . 38

A B
n(A) A
n(B) B
n(A , B) A,B
n(A + B) A+B

n(A , B) " n(A)#n(B)!n(A + B)

A+B"(

n(A , B) " n(A)#n(B)

n(!) " n(A)#n(A))

A, B C

n(A , B , C) " n(A)#n(B)#n(C)!n(A + B)!n(A + C)!n(B + C)#n(A + B + C)

 | 53

A B ! !

n(A)) " n(!)!n(A)

n(A!B) " n(A)!n(A + B)
n(B!A) " n(B)!n(A + B)

1.3 . 44

1. A B n(A) " 12, n(B) " 15 n(A + B) " 9 n(A , B)

n(A , B) " n(A)#n(B)!n(A + B)
12%15#9
" ..........................................................................................................................
18
" ...........................................................................................................................

2. !, A B

!
A B
i g
a e
d b
j c f h

(1) 6
n(A , B) " ..........................................................................................................................
(2) 3
n(A + B) " ..........................................................................................................................
(3) 1
n(A!B) " ..........................................................................................................................
(4) 6
n(A)) " ..........................................................................................................................
(5) 7
n(A + B)) " ..........................................................................................................................
 |

3. n(!) " 80, n(A) " 37, n(B) " 43 n(A + B) " 10

!
A B

27 10 33

10

(1) 70
n(A , B) " ..........................................................................................................................
(2) 70
n(A + B)) " ..........................................................................................................................
(3) 33
n(A) + B) " ..........................................................................................................................
(4) 10
n(A , B)) " ..........................................................................................................................

4. A, B C B ( A, C ) A, n(B + C) " 0
n(A + C) * 0

!
A
C
B
 | 55

5. 30
13 A
x#6 B
14 C
A, B C

!
A C

5 4
7
1
3 2

x B
0

(1) x
5%4%7%3%1%2%x & 30
.........................................................................................................................................................
x%22 & 30
.........................................................................................................................................................
x & 8
.........................................................................................................................................................
(2) B C

!
A C

5 4
7 ...................................................................................
1 B C 2
...................................................................................
3 2
...................................................................................
8
B
0

(3) A

!
A C
4 ...................................................................................
5 7
1 A 5
...................................................................................
3 2
...................................................................................
8
B
0
56 |

(4) 3

!
A C
...................................................................................
5 4
7 3 1
...................................................................................
1
3 2 ...................................................................................
8
B
0

(5) B

!
A C
...................................................................................
5 4
7 B 3%1%2%8 & 14
...................................................................................
1
3 2
...................................................................................
8
B
0

(6) 2

!
A C
...................................................................................
5 4
7
2
...................................................................................
1
3 2 4%3%1%2 & 10
...................................................................................
8
B
0

(7)

!
A C
...................................................................................
5 4
7
5%7%8
...................................................................................
1
3 2 & 20
...................................................................................
8
B
0
 | 57

6. 37 7
4 5
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

2 5 4

26

2
(1) .........................................................................................................................................................
5%4 & 9
(2) .........................................................................................................................................................
2%26 & 28
(3) .........................................................................................................................................................
2%5%4 & 11
(4) .........................................................................................................................................................

7. A B n(A) " 15, n(B) " 9 n(!) " 20

n(A + B)
n(A , B) & n(A)%n(B)#n(A + B)
................................................................................................................................................................
n(A + B) n(A , B)
................................................................................................................................................................
n(A , B) = 20 20 & 15%9#n(A + B)
................................................................................................................................................................
n(A + B) & 4
................................................................................................................................................................
n(A + B) 4
................................................................................................................................................................

8. 35 18 21
8
(1)

18#x x 21#x

8
58 |

(2)
(18#x)%x%(21#x)%8 & 35
..........................................................................................................................................................
47#x & 35
..........................................................................................................................................................
x & 12
..........................................................................................................................................................
12
..........................................................................................................................................................
(3)
..........................................................................................................................................................
18#12 & 6
..........................................................................................................................................................
(4)
..........................................................................................................................................................
(18#12)%(21#12) & 15
..........................................................................................................................................................

9. 3 A, B C 50 3
7 3 9 A B 8 C A 5
B C x A x#1 B
x#2 C
(1)

B !
A

x 9 x%1
7
8 5

x%2
C 0

(2) x
x%9%(x%1)%8%7%5%(x%2) & 50
..........................................................................................................................................................
3x%32 & 50
..........................................................................................................................................................
x & 6
..........................................................................................................................................................
(3) A
A 6%9%8%7 & 30
..........................................................................................................................................................
(4) B
B 9%(6%1)%7%5 & 28
..........................................................................................................................................................
(5) C
C 8%7%5%(6%2) & 28
..........................................................................................................................................................
 | 59

10. A, B C 3

C A !

2 8!x 5
x
5!x 7!x

6
B

A,B,C"! n(!) " 31

(1) x
2%(8#x)%5%( 5#x)%x%(7#x)%6 & 31
.........................................................................................................................................................
#2x%33 & 31
.........................................................................................................................................................
x & 1
.........................................................................................................................................................
(2) n(A)
n(A) & (8#1)%5%1%(7#1)
.........................................................................................................................................................
& 19
.........................................................................................................................................................
(3) n(B!C)
n(B#C) & (7#1)%6
.........................................................................................................................................................
& 12
.........................................................................................................................................................
(4) n(A + B + C))
A + B + C. & A + (B + C.) & A + (B#C)
.........................................................................................................................................................
n(A + B + C.) & n(A + (B#C)) & 7%1 & 8
.........................................................................................................................................................
(5) n(A + (B , C))
n(A + (B , C)) & (8#1)%1%(7#1)
.........................................................................................................................................................
& 14
.........................................................................................................................................................
 |

11.
5 2
8 x

35 25
(1)

x 5 10
8
22#x 2

(2) x
.........................................................................................................................................................
x & (22#x)%8
.........................................................................................................................................................
2x & 30
.........................................................................................................................................................
x & 15
.........................................................................................................................................................
(3)
10
.........................................................................................................................................................
(4) 2
2
.........................................................................................................................................................
5%(22#15)%8%2 & 22
.........................................................................................................................................................
(5) 85
y
.........................................................................................................................................................
15%5 %10%8%(22#15)%2%y & 85
.........................................................................................................................................................
y%47 & 85
.........................................................................................................................................................
y & 38
.........................................................................................................................................................
38
.........................................................................................................................................................
 |

2 A B !

A + B " {x|x ! A x ! B}

A , B " {x|x ! A x ! B}
A B A
B B A A) " {x|x ! ! x " A}

A!B " {x ! !| x ! A x " B} " A + B)

A B A+B"(
n(A , B) " n(A)#n(B)
A B A+B*(
n(A , B) " n(A)#n(B)!n(A + B)
A, B C
n(A , B , C) " n(A)#n(B)#n(C)!n(A + B)!n(A + C)!n(B + C)#n(A + B + C)
62 |

. 46

1. 0 7. A " {!1, 1}, B " {1}, C " {!1},

D " {1, 1} E " {1, 1, !1}

1. {1, 2, 3, ...}

2. {!1, !2, !3, ...} 1. A " B 2. A " C

3. {0, 1, 2, 3, ...} 3. A " D 4. A " E

4. {..., !3, !2, !1, 0} 8. {a, {b}}

2
2. x !x!6 " 0 1. {b} 2. {a}

3. {{a}, {b}} 4. {{a}}, {{{b}}}

1. {!2, 3} 2. {!3, 2} 9. {(, 1, {1, 2}}
3. {!1, 6} 4. {!6, !1} 1. {{1, 2}} 2. {(, {1, 2}}
3. C " {!4, !3, !2, !1} 3. {{1}, {1, 2}} 4. {(, 1, {1, 2}}
C 10. 32
1. {x|x !4} 1. {(, {(}, 0, {(}, 1}
2. {x|x !4 } 2. {(, {(, 0}, {0, 1}}
3. {x|x !5} 3. {(, {(}, {0, 1}, {1, (}}
4. {x|x !1} 4. {(, {1}, {1, 2}, {(, 1, 2}}
4. 11. ! " {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
1. A " {1, 2, 3}

2. {0} B " {3, 4}

3. {(, {(}, ...}

4. { { { } } } 1.
!
5. {x|x#5 " 5}

1. { } 2. {0}

3. {(} 4. {10}
A B
2
6. A " {x|x " 25}, B " {x|x!5 " 0},
C " {x|x#5 " 0} D " {!5, 5} 2.
!

1. A " B 2. A " C

3. A " D 4. B " C
A B
 | 63

13. ! " {0, 1, 2, ..., 9}

3.
A " {2, 3, 5, 7, 8}
!
B B " {3, 5, 6, 9}

C " {2, 7}
A

4.
1.
! !
B A
A

C
B

2.
12. A( C
!
A)B A
1. C
! B

A B 3.
!
C
A C

2.
B
!

4.
A B
C !
A C
3.
! B

C B
A

4.
!

C B
 |

14. 18. ! " {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

A " {1, 2, 3}
!
A
B " {2, 3, 4}

(A , B).
B
C 1. {2} 2. {3}

3. {5} 4. {1, 2, 3, 4}
1. A + B. + C 2. (A + C)!B 19. ! " {a, e, i, o, u}
3. C + (A!B) 4. (A , C)!C A " {a, e, i}
15. A " {1, 2, 3, 5, 7} B " {e, i, o}
B " {0, 2, 4, 6, 8} (A + B).
C " {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 1. {a, e} 2. {e, i}

3. {i, o, u} 4. {a, o, u}
1. A , (B + C) " {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
20. A B
2. (A , B) + C " {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
1. (A , B). " A. , B.
3. (A + B) , C " {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
2. (A + B). " A. + B.
4. A + B + C " {2, 3}
3. (A. , B). " A + B.
16. ! " {x ! N|x $ 7}
4. (A , B.). " A. + B.
A " {x ! N|x $ 5}
21.
B " {x ! N|3 & x & 5}
1. (A.). " A 2. ( + !. " !
C " {x ! N|x & 6 x
} 3. A + A. " ( 4. A , A. " !
22.

1. A + B " {3, 4}
!
A
2. A + C " {2, 4}
B
3. B + C " {4, 6}
C
4. A + ! " {1, 2, 3, 4}
#
17. ! " {x|x ! I }
A " {x ! N|x & 5} 1. (A + C) + B. 2. (A + B) + C.

A. 3. A. + (B + C) 4. A. + (B + C).

1. {5, 6, 7, ...} 2. {..., 3, 4, 5}

3. {6, 7, 8, ...} 4. {..., 2, 3, 4}

 | 65

23. 27. 40
10 7
!
A 4

B C 1. 25 2. 26

3. 27 4. 29

1. A. + (B. + C). 2. A. + (B . , C .) 28 30-

3. A. + (B , C) 4. A + (B + C). 30 19

24. ! " A,B,C 17 11

A " {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} 12 7

B " {0, 4, !6, !1} 5

C = {!3, 1, 4, 5} 2

C!(A!B) 28.

1. {4, !3} 2. {1, !3}

3. {5, !3} 4. {!3} 1. 7 2. 8

25. A!(A!A) 3. 9 4. 10

1. A 2. 0 29.

3. ( 4. ! 1. 16 2. 18

26. 128 97 3. 19 4. 20

74 26 30.

1. 7 2. 8

1. 28 2. 48 3. 10 4. 11

3. 62 4. 69
 2

p q p q
p q p q pvq p p q
q p q
T T T
T T T T T T T T
F T T F
F F T F T T T F
T F F F
F F F T T F F T
F T T T
F F F F F F F
F T
 | 67

2.1 . 55

(statement)

“ ” “

(truth value)

2.1 . 56

1.

22
(1) ........................ ........................ .....................................
7
.....................................

(2) 3!5 " 5#3 ........................ ........................ .....................................

.....................................

(3) 2x$1 % 3 ........................ ........................ .....................................

.....................................

(4) ........................ ........................ .....................................

.....................................
68 |

0
(5) ........................ ........................ .....................................
0
.....................................

(6) ........................ ........................ .....................................

.....................................

(7) ........................ ........................ .....................................

.....................................

(8) ........................ ........................ .....................................

.....................................

(9) {0} ........................ ........................ .....................................

x!x % 0 .....................................

(10) 0 ........................ ........................ .....................................

.....................................

(11) ........................ ........................ .....................................

.....................................

(12) {a, b, c} % {1, 2, 3} ........................ ........................ .....................................

.....................................

(13) ........................ ........................ .....................................

.....................................

(14) $3 ........................ ........................ .....................................

.....................................

(15) ........................ ........................ .....................................

.....................................

(16) ........................ ........................ .....................................

.....................................

(17) 2x & 5 ........................ ........................ .....................................

.....................................
 | 69

(18) ........................ ........................ .....................................

.....................................

(19) {1} ! {2} % {3} ........................ ........................ .....................................

.....................................

(20) ........................ ........................ .....................................

.....................................

(21) ........................ ........................ .....................................

.....................................

(22) (1, 2) ........................ ........................ .....................................

x!y % 3 .....................................

(23) ........................ ........................ .....................................

.....................................

(24) ........................ ........................ .....................................

.....................................

(25) ........................ ........................ .....................................

.....................................

(26) ........................ ........................ .....................................

.....................................

(27) ........................ ........................ .....................................

.....................................

(28) ........................ ........................ .....................................

.....................................
4
(29) ........................ ........................ .....................................
2
.....................................

(30) ........................ ........................ .....................................

.....................................
70 |

2. 5

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

3. 5

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

2.2 . 57

“ ”“ ”“ ”“ ... ...” “ ” (connective)

(simple statement)
(compound statement)
p, q, r, s, t
p p 2 (true) (false)
T
F
 |

(truth table) p p
p q 4

p q p q

T T T
T
F T F

T F T
F
F F F

n
n 2

1. (negation)
p p !p
p !p
2. (and)
p q “p q” “p " q”

p"q p ,q

3. (or)
p q “p q” “p # q”

p#q p ,q

4. ... ... (if ... then ...)

p q “ p q”
“p q” p q

p q p ,q

5. (if and only if)

p q “p q” “p q”

p q p q
 |

p q !p p"q p#q p q p q

T T F T T T T

T F F F T F F

F T T F T T F

F F T F F T T

2.2 . 71

1.

(1) 2!2 % 4 2#2 % 4 T

.............................
(2) 2!2 % 4 2#2 " 4 F
.............................
(3) 2!2 " 4 2#2 % 4 F
.............................
(4) 2!2 " 4 2#2 " 4 F
.............................
(5) 3 " {1, 2, 3} 1 " {1, 2, 3} T
.............................
(6) 2 " {1, 2} 1 " {2, 3} T
.............................
(7) 1 " {2, 3} 1 " {1, 2} T
.............................
(8) 3 " {1, 2} 1 " {2, 3} F
.............................
(9) 0 0 T
.............................
(10) 2 2 F
.............................
(11) 2 2 T
.............................
 | 73

(12) 2 2 T
..............................
(13) 2 4 T
..............................
(14) 2 4 F
..............................
(15) 2 4 F
..............................
(16) 2 4 T
..............................
(17) 3#8 14 T
..............................
(18) 9 3 F
..............................
22 T
(19) % ..............................
7
(20) 1!5 % 6 6 % 2#3 F
..............................
(21) 5 % 2.2 3 % 1.7 T
..............................
2 2
(22) 2 %4 3 %6 T
..............................
2 2
(23) 2 %4 3 %6 F
..............................
2 2
(24) 2 %4 3 %6 T
..............................
2 2
(25) 2 %4 3 %6 F
..............................

2.

(1) 5#8 " 13

5#8 $ 13
.......................................................................................................................................................

(2) 5!8 & 15

5%8 & 15 ( 5%8 ) 15)

.......................................................................................................................................................

(3) 0 " '

0&'
.......................................................................................................................................................

(4)

.......................................................................................................................................................

(5) A$B % A
A(B ) A
.......................................................................................................................................................
4
(6) ($2) ( 0
4 4
((2) * 0 ( ((2) + 0)
.......................................................................................................................................................

(7)

.......................................................................................................................................................
 |

(8)

.......................................................................................................................................................

(9) L Y

L Y
.......................................................................................................................................................

(10)

.......................................................................................................................................................

3. p “ ”
q “ ”

!p ...........................................................................................................................

!q ...........................................................................................................................

p"q ...........................................................................................................................

p#q ...........................................................................................................................

p q ...........................................................................................................................

p q ...........................................................................................................................

4. p “ ”
q “ ”

p q
.............................

q p
.............................

!q !p
.............................

!p !q
.............................
 | 75

5. p “ ”
q “ ”

!p " q
.............................

!(p " q)
.............................

p # !q
.............................

q p
.............................

p !q
.............................

6.

2!1 % 4 p F
.............................

3!4 " 5 q T
.............................

2!1 % 4 3!4 " 5 p"q

............................. F
.............................

2!1 % 4 3!4 " 5 p#q

............................. T
.............................

2!1 % 4 3!4 " 5 p q

............................. T
.............................

3!4 " 5 2!1 % 4 q p

............................. F
.............................

2!1 % 4 3!4 " 5 p q

............................. F
.............................
76 |

7.

p q p"q p#q p q p q

T T T T T T
T F F T F F
F T F T T F
F F F F T T

P, Q A, B, C

(1) P " !P (2) P # !P

T T T T
F F
F T

(3) (P " Q) A (4) A (B # P)

T T F F F T
T T
F T

(5) (A P) " B (6) (P A) B

F T F T F F
T F
F T

(7) (A " B) P (8) (P Q) # A

F F T T T F
F T
F T
 | 77

(9) (A " B) # C (10) (A B) C

F F F F F F
F T
F F

8.

(1) 3#5 % 8 7#8 % 15

p 3#5 $ 8
.......................................................................................................................................................

q 7#8 $ 15
.......................................................................................................................................................

p q
.......................................................................................................................................................

F F
.......................................................................................................................................................

T
.......................................................................................................................................................

(2) 1 8 1 32
p 1 8
.......................................................................................................................................................
q 1 32
.......................................................................................................................................................
p q
.......................................................................................................................................................
F F
.......................................................................................................................................................

T
.......................................................................................................................................................
22
(3)
7
p
.......................................................................................................................................................
22
q
.......................................................................................................................................................
7
p " q
.......................................................................................................................................................

T T
.......................................................................................................................................................

T
.......................................................................................................................................................
78 |

(4) 2 3 2 3

p 2
.......................................................................................................................................................

q 3
.......................................................................................................................................................
( !p " !q) (p " q)
.......................................................................................................................................................
T F T F
.......................................................................................................................................................
F T T
.......................................................................................................................................................
F
.......................................................................................................................................................

F
.......................................................................................................................................................

(5) 3 5 7
p 3
.......................................................................................................................................................

q 5
.......................................................................................................................................................

r 7
.......................................................................................................................................................
(p " q) " ! r
.......................................................................................................................................................
T T F
.......................................................................................................................................................
T T
.......................................................................................................................................................

T
.......................................................................................................................................................

(6) 2!2 % 4 2#3 % 5 4#5 % 9

p 2%2 $ 4
.......................................................................................................................................................

q 2#3 $ 5
.......................................................................................................................................................

r 4#5 $ 9
.......................................................................................................................................................

(p " q) r
.......................................................................................................................................................

T F F
.......................................................................................................................................................

F
.......................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................
T
 | 79

(7) 1 2 3

p 1
.......................................................................................................................................................

q 2
.......................................................................................................................................................

r 3
.......................................................................................................................................................

(p " q) r
.......................................................................................................................................................

F T T
.......................................................................................................................................................

F
.......................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................
T

(8) 30 30 31

p 30
.......................................................................................................................................................

q 30
.......................................................................................................................................................

r 31
.......................................................................................................................................................
p " (q # r)
.......................................................................................................................................................
F F F
.......................................................................................................................................................
F
.......................................................................................................................................................

F
..........................................................................................................................................................

(9) 1!1 % 1 2!2 % 2 3!3 % 3

p 1%1 $ 1
.......................................................................................................................................................

q 2%2 $ 2
.......................................................................................................................................................

r 3%3 $ 3
.......................................................................................................................................................

(p " q) r
.......................................................................................................................................................

F F F
.......................................................................................................................................................

F
.......................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................
T
80 |

2 2
(10) 3 % 9 9 %3 9 %3
2
p 3 $9
.......................................................................................................................................................

q 9 $3
.......................................................................................................................................................
2
r 9 $3
.......................................................................................................................................................

p (q " r)
.......................................................................................................................................................

T T F
.......................................................................................................................................................

F
.......................................................................................................................................................

F
.......................................................................................................................................................

9. p, q, r, s p#q r s
[(p q) " !(r q)] (!r " s)

p#q
.................................................................................................................................................................

p q
..................................................................................................................................................................

r s
.................................................................................................................................................................

r s
.................................................................................................................................................................

[(p q) " ! (r q)] (!r " s)

.................................................................................................................................................................

F F T F T F
.................................................................................................................................................................

T F F
..................................................................................................................................................................

T F
.................................................................................................................................................................

T
.................................................................................................................................................................

F
.................................................................................................................................................................
 |

(T) (F)

“ (!)” “ (")” “ (#)” “ ... ... ( )” “ ( )”

... ...

p q !p p"q p#q p q p q

T T F T T T T

T F F F T F F

F T T F T T F

F F T F F T T
 |

. 73

1. 7.

1. x!3 ( 4 x(3 1. 3

2. x!3 + 4 x 2.
3.
3. x!3 + 3 x
4.
4. x!0 " 0!x x
8.
2.
1.
1. 2
2. x |x| + x
22
2. 3.
7
3. 4.
4. 9.

3. 1. 5 & 3 $5 ( $3

1. 2. 5 ( 3 $5 ( $3
3. 5&3 $3 & $5
2.
2 2
4. 5 ( 3 ($5) & ($3)
3.
10.
4.
1. 1!3 % 2 2!2 % 4
4.
2. 3(9 $9 & $3
1. a " {a, e, i, o, u} 3. 0!0 % 20 2!2 % 0
2. 2 3 9 4. 1!1 % 2 2!2 % 4
2
3. x $2x!1 + 0 11.

4. 1. p q q

5. 2. p"q p q

1. x$a & b 2. 3 & n

3. p q p q
3. ' " {'} 4. 2!y % 7

6.
4. p q p
1.
q
2. 12.
3. 1. p !p 2. p !p
4. 3. !(p " !p) 4. p # !p
 | 83

13. 17. p#q

1. !(p # !p) 2. !(p " !p) 1. p ,q

3. !p # !p 4. !(!p " !p) 2. !p , !q

14. p 2!2 % 4 3. p ,q
q 4. p ,q
r 18. p"q

1. !p ,q
1. (p " !q) " r 2. !p ,q
2. (p " !q) r 3. p ,q
3. (p " !q) r 4. p ,q
4. p (q " !r) 19.
3 2
“2 !3 & 10”
15. p q 3
1. 2 !3 ) 10
2

1. p , !q 3 2
2. 2 !3 ( 10
2. p ,q 3 2
3. 2 !3 , 10
3. p , !q
4. 1
4. p , !q
20. “
16. p q
”
1. p , !q
1.
2. p ,q
2.
3. !p ,q
3.
4. p , !q
4.
3

n r 1!r!n
n!
Pn, r "
(n#r)!
n
n
r 0 ! r ! n Cn, r "
r
n!
"
(n#r)!r!
 | 85

3.1 . 79

1.
2.

(addition principle)
2
1 n1
2 n2

n1$n2

1 A B 2
1
2
A B

! 3

! 3
86 |

1 3
2 3
A B 3$3 " 6

10
89
1 20

10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78
2 20

21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89
20$20 " 40

2
$
$

( )
k
1 n1
2 n2
"
k nk

n1$n2$...$nk
 | 87

3 5%5

1%1 25

2%2 16

3%3 9

4%4 4

5%5 1

25$16$9$4$1 " 55

A " {a, b} n(A) " 2

B " {x, y, z} n(B) " 3

A%B " {(a, x), (a, y), (a, z), (b, x), (b, y), (b, z)}

n(A%B) " 6

n(A%B) " n(A)%n(B)

A 1 2

A B 1 3

A B 2%3 " 6
88 |

A B
x (a, x)
a y (a, y)
z (a, z)
x (b, x)
b y (b, y)
z (b, z)

(multiplication principle)
2

1 n1
1 2 n2
n1%n2

4 4 3

1 1 4 4
2 1 3 3
4%3 " 12

1 2

1 ( 1, 1)

1 2 ( 1, 3)

3 ( 1, 3)

1 ( 2, 1)

2 2 ( 2, 2)

3 ( 2, 3)

1 ( 3, 1)

3 2 ( 3, 2)

3 ( 3, 3)

1 ( 4, 1)

4 2 ( 4, 2)

3 ( 4, 3)
 | 89

( )
k

1 n1
1 2 n2
1 2 3 n3
"
1 k#1 k nk
n1%n2%...%nk

5 A B 3 B C
2 C D 2
A B C D

1 A B 3

2 B C 2

3 C D 2

A B C D 3%2%2 " 12

A B C D
90 |

3.1 . 94

1. A " {1, 2, 3}, n(A) " 3

B " {a, b, c, d}, n(B) " 4
A%B, n(A%B) A%B
(1, b), (1, c), (1, d)
A%B " {(1, a), ....................................................................................................
(2, b), (2, c), (2, d)
(2, a), ....................................................................................................
(3, b), (3, c), (3, d)}
(3, a), ....................................................................................................
3!4 " 12
n(A%B) " ................................................................................................................

a (1, a)
b (1, b)
1
c (1, c)
d (1, d)
a (2, a)
b (2, b)
2
c (2, c)
d (2, d)
a (3, a)
b (3, b)
3
c (3, c)
d (3, d)

2. 4
3
4
..............................................................................................
3
...........................................................................................
4!3 " 12
.........................................................................................
 | 91

a, b, c, d
a, b, c

a a, a)
a b (a, b)
c (a, c)
a (b, a)
b b (b, b)
c (b, c)
a (c, a)
c b (c, b)
c (c, c)
a (d, a)
d b (d, b)
c (d, c)

3. 5 4

5
.....................................................................................
4
..........................................................
5!4 " 20
......................................................................
5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
4 , , ,

(1, ), (1, ), (1, ), (1, ),

(2, ), (2, ), (2, ), (2, ),
...................................................................................................................................................
(3, ), (3, ), (3, ), (3, ),
...................................................................................................................................................
(4, ), (4, ), (4, ), (4, ),
...................................................................................................................................................
(5, ), (5, ), (5, ), (5, )
...................................................................................................................................................
 |

4. 10 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

1 9 ( 0) 9
................................
1 10 10
............................................
9!10 " 90
................................................................................

10
99

5. 4 10
10
10
...............................................................................................
4
4
...............................................................................
10!4 " 40
........................................................

6. 6

6
6
.....................
5
5
.....................

6!5 " 30
.................................
 |

7. 2 5 2 5

1 5
.....................

2 5
.....................

2 5 5!5 " 25
.....................

8. 5 1, 3, 5, 6, 8

(1)
5
.......................................

............................................
5
5!5 " 25
...........................................

(2)
2
.......................................
5
............................................
2!5 " 10
...........................................

(3)
5
............................................
4
.......................................
5!4 " 20
............................................

(4)
2
.......................................
4
............................................
2!4 " 8
...........................................

(5) 50
3
............................................
5
.......................................
3!5 " 15
............................................

(6) 50 1 3
3
............................................
2
.......................................
3!2 " 6
...........................................
 |

9. 1
(1)
6
..............................................
6
...........................................
6!6 " 36
................................................................................
(2)
(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)
.........................................................................................................................
6
.................................................................
(3)
36
.......................................................................................................
6
............................................................................
36#6 " 30
......................................................................
(4) 10
(4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4)
..........................................................................................................................
10 3
.........................................
(5) 9
(4, 6), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)
.........................................................................................................................
9 6
.........................................
(6) 4
(1, 5), (2, 6), (5, 1), (6, 2)
.........................................................................................................................
4 4
............................................

10. 3 A E R 3

(1)

(2) E

1 2 3

(1) 1 3 1 3
..................................................

1 2 2 2
......................................

1 1 3 1
......................................

3 3!2!1 " 6
...............................................................
 | 95

R AER R EAR E RAE

E A A
A E R

R R E
E ARE A ERA A REA

(2) E EAR,
................
ERA
..............................

E
2
...................

11. 4 1 2 3 4
(1) (2)
(3) (4)
(5)
4 1 2 3 4
(1) 1, 2, 3, 4
..............................................................................................
4
..................
(2)

2 1 1 1
1 3 2 3 3 2 4 2
4 4 4 3

12, 13, 14, 21, 23, 24, 31, 32, 34, 41, 42, 43
................................................................................................................................
12
..................
(3)

3 3 2 2
2 1 1 1
4 4 4 3
1 2 1 3 1 4 1
3 2 3 2 2
4 4 4 3
2 1 1 1
4 4 4 3
3 3 2 2
96 |

123, 124, 132, 134, 142, 143, 213, 214, 231, 234, 241, 243, 312, 314, 321, 324,
...............................................................................................................................
341, 342, 412, 413, 421, 423, 431, 432
...............................................................................................................................
24
..................
(4)

3 4
2
4 3
2 4
1 3
4 2
2 3
4
3 2

1 6
............ 1234, 1243, 1324, 1342,
........................................

1423 1432
...........................................................................................................................................

2 3 4

6
............

6$6$6$6 " 24
.....................................................................................................

(5) 4$12$24$24 " 64

..............................................................................................

12. 5 3 2

5 5
............................

3 3
......................

2 2
........................

5!3!2 " 30
..................................................................................................................................................

1
1
1
2 1
2
1
1
1 2
2 2 2
2
1
1
3
2 3
2
 | 97

1
1
1
2 1
2
1
1
3 2
2 4 2
2
1
1
3
2 3
2

1
1
2

1
5 2
2

1
3
2

13. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

(1)

9
..............................................................................

9
................................................................................

8
...........................................................................

9!9!8 " 648

.............................................................................

(2)

9
..............................................................................

10
................................................................................

10
...........................................................................

9!10!10 " 900

.............................................................................
98 |

(3)
9
..............................................................................
5
...........................................................................
10
................................................................................
9!5!10 " 450
.............................................................................

(4) 900
1
..............................................................................
5
...........................................................................
8
...............................................................................
1!5!8 " 40
.............................................................................

(5) 300

1
3
.......................................................................
5
....................................................................
8
.........................................................................
3!5!8 " 120
.................................................................

2
4
.......................................................................
4
....................................................................
8
.........................................................................
4!4!8 " 128
.................................................................

120#128 " 248

..............................................................................
 | 99

14. A B 3 B C 2
A B C C B
A

A B C

A B 3
............................................................

B C 2
............................................................

C B 1
............................................................
B A 2
............................................................
3!2!1!2 " 12
...............................................................................

15. 10

1 2
..............................................................................

2 2
..............................................................................

3 2
..............................................................................

10 2
.............................................................................
10
2!2!2!...!2 " 2 " 1,024
........................................................................................
"

10
16. 3 0 9

0 1 2 3 1
6 2
7 8 9
3
4 5 6 7
100 |

1 10
....................................................................................................

2 10
....................................................................................................

3 10
....................................................................................................

3 10!10!10 " 1,000

........................................................................................

1
..............................................................................................

1,000$1 " 999

......................................................................

17. 5 3

1 3
..............................................................

2 3
..............................................................

3 3
..............................................................

4 3
..............................................................

5 3
..............................................................

5 3 3!3!3!3!3 " 243

....................................................................

18. 3 5

1 5
..........................................................................

2 4
..........................................................................

3 3
..........................................................................

3 5 5!4!3 " 60
.........................................................................
 | 101

19. 5 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 5 1 5
.................................................

1 4 2 4
......................................

1 3 3 3
......................................

1 2 4 2
......................................

1 1 5 1
......................................

5 5

5 5 5!4!3!2!1 " 120

..........................................

20. 3 1
1

1 4 1 4
.................................................

1 3 2 3
............................................................................................................

1 2 3 2
............................................................................................................................

4!3!2 " 24
..................................................................................................................................................

21. 3
6 1

6 6
.............................................................

6 6
.......................................................

6 6
..........................................

6!6!6 " 216

...............................................................................................
 |

22. 4 5

1 5
............................................................

2 5
............................................................

3 5
............................................................

4 5
............................................................

5!5!5!5 " 625

............................................................................

23. 4

1 4
.........................................................................

1 4 1 4
.............................

1 3 2 3
.................

2 4!3 " 12
......................................................

1 4 1 4
............................

1 3 2 3
..........................................................................................................................................

1 2 3 2
..........................................................................................................................................

3 4!3!2 " 24
......................................................

1 4 1 4
............................

1 3 2 3
..........................................................................................................................................

1 2 3 2
..........................................................................................................................................

1 1 4 1
..........................................................................................................................................

4 4!3!2!1 " 24
.............................................................

4#12#24#24 " 64
...............................................
 |

24. S O N G W I T

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 7 1 7
..........................................

1 6 2 6
...............................

1 5 3 5
..................................................................................................................................................

1 4 4 4
..................................................................................................................................................

1 3 5 3
..................................................................................................................................................

1 2 6 2
..................................................................................................................................................

1 1 7 1
..................................................................................................................................................

7!6!5!4!3!2!1 " 5,040

..................................................................

25. (1) 8,000

2
................... 8 9
..........................................................................

8,000 2!10!10!10 " 2,000

.....................................................................................

8,000

8,000 2,000$1 " 1,999

..............................................................

(2) 8,000

2
...................................................................................

5
...............................................................................

10
..................................................................................

10
....................................................................................

8,000 2!5!10!10 " 1,000

............................................................
 |

(3) 4,000

3
.......................... 1, 2, 3
..........................................................................

5
.......................... 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
.....................................................................

10
.............................................................................

4,000 3!5!10!10 " 1,500

..................................................................

26. 5

4 4

1 2

1 4!3!2!1 " 24
...................................................................

2 4!3!2!1 " 24
...................................................................

24#24 " 48
........................................................................................

27. 4 4

4 4 4!3!2!1 " 24
..................................

4 4 4!3!2!1 " 24
................................
24!24 " 576
....................................................................................................

4 4 4!3!2!1 " 24
................................

4 4 4!3!2!1 " 24
...................................

24!24 " 576

....................................................................................................

576#576 " 1,152

.......................................................................................
 | 105

28. 7

(1) 3

1 2 3

1 7 1 7
........................................

1 6 2 6
............................

1 5 3 5
............................

7!6!5 " 210

............................................................................................

(2) 7

1 2

1 5!4!3!2!1 " 120

.......................................................................................

2 5!4!3!2!1 " 120

.....................................................................................
120#120 " 240
..........................................................................................................

29. 0 2 3 4 5 6 6

0, 2, 4, 6
....................................................................................

1 0

0 6

5!4!3!1 " 60
...............................................................................................................................

2 2, 4, 6

2, 4, 6 6

4!4!3!3 " 144

...............................................................................................................................

60#144 " 204

....................................................................................................
106 |

30. 4

4 A, B, C, D

A B, C D

B C D

C D

BC, BD, CD
AB, AC, AD, .................................................................................

6
................................................................................................................

AB A B B A
BC B C C B

31. 2

, , , ,

, , ,
..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

10
.........................
 | 107

3.2 . 96

1.
2.

n
n (factorial n) 1 n

n n!
n! ! 1"2"3"..."(n#2)"(n#1)"n
n! ! n"(n#1)"(n#2)"..."3"2"1
1! ! 1
2! ! 2"1 ! 2
3! ! 3"2"1 ! 6
0! ! 1
4! ! 4"3"2"1 ! 24
5! ! 5"4"3"2"1 ! 120
6! ! 6"5"4"3"2"1 ! 720
6! ! 6"5"4"3!
! 6"5"4!
! 6"5!
108 |

1 6! 8!
3! 10!
6! ! 6$5$4$3! 8! ! 8!
3! 3! 10! 10$9$8!
! 6$5$4 ! 1
10%9
! 120 ! 1
90

1.

2! ! 2$1 ! 2
3! ! 3$2$1 ! 6

4%3%2%1 " 24
(1) 4! ! ...............................................................................................................................................
5%4%3%2%1 " 120
(2) 5! ! ...............................................................................................................................................
6%5%4%3%2%1 " 720
(3) 6! ! ...............................................................................................................................................
7%6%5%4%3%2%1 " 5,040
(4) 7! ! ...............................................................................................................................................
8%7%6%5%4%3%2%1 " 40,320
(5) 8! ! ...............................................................................................................................................

2. 2 3

9! ! 9$8! ! 9$8$7!

(1) 12%11! " 12%11%10!

12! ! .........................................................................................................................................
(2) 20%19! " 20%19%18!
20! ! .........................................................................................................................................
(3) 25%24! " 25%24%23!
25! ! .........................................................................................................................................
(4) 50%49! " 50%49%48!
50! ! .........................................................................................................................................
100%99! " 100%99%98!
(5) 100! ! ........................................................................................................................................

3.

7! 7%6%5%4! 10! 10%9%8%7%6!

(1) ! ..................................................... (2) ! .....................................................
4! 4! 6! 6!
7%6%5
! ..................................................... 10%9%8%7
! .....................................................

210
! ..................................................... 5,040
! .....................................................
 | 109

8%7%6!
8! ! ..................................................... 4%3!5!
(3) (4) 4!5! ! ....................................................
2!6! 2%1%6! 2!3!6! 2%1%3!6%5!
8%7 4
! ..................................................... ! ....................................................
2 2%6
28 1
! ..................................................... ! ....................................................
3

4.

73%72%71%70!
73%72%71 !
70!
73!
!
70!

(1) 100%99%98%97%96 (2) (n%3)(n%2)(n%1)

100%99%98%97%96%95! (n#3)(n#2)(n#1)n!
! ................................................................. ! ......................................................................
95! n!
100! (n#3)!
! ................................................................. ! ......................................................................
95! n!
2 2 3 2
(3) (n #4)(n #1)n (4) n #3n %2n
2
(n#2)(n$2)(n#1)(n$1)n
! ................................................................. n(n $3n#2)
! ......................................................................

(n#2)(n#1)n(n$1)(n$2)
! ................................................................. n(n$1)(n$2)
! ......................................................................
(n#2)(n#1)n(n$1)(n$2)(n$3)! n(n$1)(n$2)(n$3)!
! ................................................................. ! ......................................................................
(n$3)! (n$3)!
(n#2)! n!
! ................................................................. ! ......................................................................
(n$3)! (n$3)!

5.

(n#1)!
! 12
(n#3)!
(n#1)(n#2)(n#3)!
! 12
(n#3)!

(n#1)(n#2) ! 4%3

n 2

n#1 ! 4 n#2 ! 3

n ! 5 n ! 5
110 |

n!
(1) ! 24
(n#3)!
n(n$1)(n$2)(n$3)!
" 24
..........................................................................................................................................................
(n$3)!

n(n$1)(n$2) " 4%3%2

..........................................................................................................................................................

n 2
..........................................................................................................................................................

n " 4
..........................................................................................................................................................
(n%1)!
(2) ! 720
(n#2)!

(n#1)n(n$1)(n$2)!
" 720
..........................................................................................................................................................
(n$2)!
(n#1)n(n$1) " 10%9%8
..........................................................................................................................................................

n 1
..........................................................................................................................................................

n " 9
..........................................................................................................................................................
n!
(3) ! 930
(n#2)!

n(n$1)(n$2)!
" 930
..........................................................................................................................................................
(n$2)!
n(n$1) " 31%30
..........................................................................................................................................................

n 1
..........................................................................................................................................................

n " 31
..........................................................................................................................................................
n! n!
(4) !
(n#5)!5! (n#3)!3!

n!(n$3)!3! " n!(n$5)!5!

..........................................................................................................................................................

(n$3)(n$4)(n$5)!3! " (n$5)!5%4%3!

..........................................................................................................................................................

(n$3)(n$4) " 5%4

..........................................................................................................................................................

n 4
..........................................................................................................................................................

n$3 " 5 n$4 " 4

..........................................................................................................................................................

n " 8 n " 8
..........................................................................................................................................................
 | 111

4 MATH 4

1 2 3 4
T#H MATH
A
H#T MAHT
A#H MTAH
M T
H#A MTHA
A#T MHAT
H
T#A MHTA

1 1 4 (M, A, T, H)
2 2 1 2 3
3 3 2 3 2
4 4 3 4 1
4 4"3"2"1
! 24
Pn, r n r

Pn, r ! n"(n#1)"(n#2)"..."(n#r%1)
(n#r)!
! n"(n#1)"(n#2)"..."(n#r%1)"
(n#r)!
n!
!
(n#r)!

n r
n!
Pn, r !
(n#r)!
 |

n! n(n#1)!
Pn, 1 ! ! !n
(n#1)! (n#1)!
n! n(n#1)(n#2)!
Pn, 2 ! ! ! n(n#1)
(n#2)! (n#2)!

P5, 1 ! 5
P5, 2 ! 5"4
P5, 3 ! 5"4"3
P5, 4 ! 5"4"3"2
P5, 5 ! 5"4"3"2"1

n! n!
Pn, n ! ! ! n!
(n#n)! 0!

P6, 6 ! 6!
P10, 10 ! 10!

2 4

(1) 2
(2) 3
(3) 4
n!
Pn, r !
(n#r)!

(1) 2 4
4!
P4, 2 !
(4#2)!
4!
!
2!
4"3"2!
!
2!

! 12
 |

(2) 3 4
4!
P4, 3 !
(4#3)!
4!
!
1!
! 4"3"2
! 24

(3) 4 4
P4, 4 ! 4!
! 4"3"2"1
! 24

3.2 . 102

1.
(1) P10, 2 (2) P8, 3
(3) P6, 0 (4) P6, 1
10! 8!
(1) P10, 2 ! ................................. (2) P8, 3 ! .................................
(10$2)! (8$3)!
10! 8!
! ................................. ! .................................
8! 5!
10!9!8! 8!7!6!5!
! ................................. ! .................................
8! 5!

90
! ................................. 336
! .................................

6! 6!
(3) P6, 0 ! ................................. (4) P6, 1 ! .................................
(6$0)! (6$1)!
6! 6!
! ................................. ! .................................
6! 5!

1 6!5!
! ................................. ! .................................
5!

6
! .................................
 |

P5, 5"P8, 8
2.
P6, 6
5! " 120
P5, 5 ! ..........................................................................................................................

8! " 40,320
P8, 8 ! ..........................................................................................................................

6! " 720
P6, 6 ! ..........................................................................................................................
P5, 5"P8, 8 120!40320
! ..........................................................................................................................
P6, 6 720
6,720
! ..........................................................................................................................

3. (1) Pn, 2 ! 72 n

(2) P9, r ! 504 r

(1) Pn, 2 ! 72
n!
" 72
...........................................................................................................................................
(n$2)!
n(n$1)(n$2)!
" 72
...........................................................................................................................................
(n$2)!
n(n$1) " 9!8
...........................................................................................................................................

n " 9
...........................................................................................................................................

(2) P9, r ! 504

9!
" 504
...........................................................................................................................................
(9$r)!
9!
(9$r)! "
...........................................................................................................................................
504
9%8%7%6!
(9$r)! "
...........................................................................................................................................
9%8%7
(9$r)! " 6!
...........................................................................................................................................

9$r " 6
...........................................................................................................................................

r " 3
...........................................................................................................................................

4. 5

1 P5, 1
..................
5!
P5, 1 "
..................................................................................................................................................
(5$1)!
5!
"
..................................................................................................................................................
4!
" 5
..................................................................................................................................................
 | 115

2 P5, 2
..................
5!
P5, 2 "
..................................................................................................................................................
(5$2)!
5!
"
..................................................................................................................................................
3!
" 5!4 " 20
..................................................................................................................................................

3 P5, 3
..................
5!
P5, 3 "
..................................................................................................................................................
(5$3)!
5!
"
..................................................................................................................................................
2!
" 5!4!3 " 60
..................................................................................................................................................

4 P5, 4
..................
5!
P5, 4 "
..................................................................................................................................................
(5$4)!
5!
"
..................................................................................................................................................
1!
" 5!4!3!2 " 120
..................................................................................................................................................

5 P5, 5
..................

P5, 5 " 5!
..................................................................................................................................................

" 5!4!3!2!1
..................................................................................................................................................

" 120
..................................................................................................................................................

5#20#60#120#120 " 325

.....................................................

5. 3 1 7

n!
Pn, r "
...................................................................................................................................................
(n$r)!

7 3 P7, 3
..................
7!
P7, 3 "
..................................................................................................................................................................................
(7$3)!
7!
"
..................................................................................................................................................................................
4!
" 7!6!5 " 210
..................................................................................................................................................................................

210
..................
116 |

6. 6

Pn, n " n!
..................................................................................................................................................

P6, 6 " 6!
................................................................................................................................................................

" 6!5!4!3!2!1
................................................................................................................................................................
" 720
................................................................................................................................................................
720
................................................................................................................................................................

7. 6 A B C D E F 3
n!
Pn, r "
..................................................................................................................................................
(n$r)!
6!
3 P6, 3 "
................................................................................................................................................................
(6$3)!
6!
"
................................................................................................................................................................
3!

" 6!5!4 " 120

................................................................................................................................................................

3 120
................................................................................................................................................................

8. “SONGWIT”

Pn, n " n!
..................................................................................................................................................

“SONGWIT” 7
................................................................................................................................................................

P7, 7 " 7!
................................................................................................................................................................

" 7!6!5!4!3!2!1
................................................................................................................................................................

" 5,040
................................................................................................................................................................

“SONGWIT 5,040
................................................................................................................................................................

9. 3 3

(1) 6

(2) 6

6 P6, 6
(1) ..........................................................................................................................................

P6, 6 " 6! " 720

..........................................................................................................................................

6 720
..........................................................................................................................................
 | 117

1 ( )
(2) ..........................................................................................................................................

P3, 3 " 3! " 6

..........................................................................................................................................

P3, 3 " 3! " 6

..........................................................................................................................................

6!6 " 36
..........................................................................................................................................

2 ( )
..........................................................................................................................................

P3, 3 " 3! " 6

..........................................................................................................................................

P3, 3 " 3! " 6

..........................................................................................................................................

6!6 " 36
..........................................................................................................................................

36#36 " 72
..........................................................................................................................................

3.3 . 103

1.
2.

3 A, B C
3! 3!
A, B C P3, 2 ! ! !6 AB, AC,
(3#2)! 1!
BA, BC, CA, CB
AB BA A B
AC CA A C
BC CB B C
AB BA, AC CA, BC CB
2 2! ! 2
P3, 2
2 !3
2!
(combination)
118 |

r n

Pn, r n!
!
r! (n#r)!r!

#r$
n
Cn, r n Cn, r

n!
r Cn, r !
(n#r)!r!

5! 5!
C5, 1 ! !5 C5, 4 ! !5
4!1! 1!4!
5! 5!
C5, 2 ! ! 10 C5, 3 ! ! 10
3!2! 2!3!
C5, 1 ! C5, 4 ! C5, 5#1

C5, 2 ! C5, 3 ! C5, 5#2

Cn, r ! Cn, n#r

1 C10, 2 C10, 8

10! 10!
C10, 2 ! C10, 8 !
8!2! 2!8!
! 10$9$8! ! 10$9$8!
8!$2$1 2$1$8!
! 45 ! 45
 | 119

2 3 8
(1)
(2) 3

(1) 3 8 C8, 3
8!
C8, 3 !
5!3!
8$7$6$5!
!
5!$3$2$1
! 56

(2) 3 1 2 7 C7, 2
7!
C7, 2 !
5!2!
7$6$5!
!
5!$2$1
! 21

3.3 . 106

1.
7! 12!
(1) C7, 3 ! .................................................. (2) C12, 8 ! .....................................................
4!8!
4!3!
7!6!5!4! 12!11!10!9!8!
! .................................................. ! .....................................................
4%3 %2 %1%8!
4!%3 %2 %1
35
! .................................................. 495
! .....................................................
40! 22!
(3) C40, 2 ! .................................................. C22, 3 ! .....................................................
19!3!
38!2!
40!39!38! 22!21!20!19!
! .................................................. ! .....................................................
19!%3 %2 %1
38!%2 %1
780
! .................................................. 1,540
! .....................................................
 |

2. Cn, 2 ! 66 n

Cn, 2 " 66
.....................................................................................................................................................
n!
" 66
.................................................................................................................................................................
(n$2)!2!
n(n$1)(n$2)!
" 66
.................................................................................................................................................................
(n$2)!!2
n(n$1) " 66!2 " 132
.................................................................................................................................................................

" 12!11
.................................................................................................................................................................

n " 12
.................................................................................................................................................................

3. C28, r%4 ! C28, r#2 r

Cn, r " Cn, n$r

.....................................................................................................................................................

r#4 " 28$(r$2)

.................................................................................................................................................................

r#4 " 28$r#2

.................................................................................................................................................................

2r " 26
.................................................................................................................................................................

r " 13
.................................................................................................................................................................

4. Pn, 4 ! 4"Cn, 5 n

Pn, 4 " 4!Cn, 5

.....................................................................................................................................................
n! n!
" 4!
.................................................................................................................................................................
(n$4)! (n$5)!5!
(n$5)!!5! " 4!(n$4)!
.................................................................................................................................................................

(n$5)!!120 " 4(n$4)(n$5)!

.................................................................................................................................................................

30 " n$4
.................................................................................................................................................................

n " 34
.................................................................................................................................................................
 |

5. 7 5
n!
Cn, r "
...................................................................................................................................
(n$r)!r!

5 7 C7, 5
...........................................................................................
7!
C7, 5 "
.................................................................................................................................................................
2!5!
7%6%5!
"
.................................................................................................................................................................
2%1%5!
" 21
.................................................................................................................................................................

21
.................................................................................................................................................................

6. 9 11 5 3
2

3
............... 9
............... C9, 3
...............

9!
C9, 3 "
.................................................................................................................................................................
6!3!
9!8!7!6!
"
.................................................................................................................................................................
6!%3%2%1

" 84
.................................................................................................................................................................

2
............... 11
............... C11, 2
...............
11!
C11, 2 "
.................................................................................................................................................................
9!2!
11!10!9!
"
.................................................................................................................................................................
9!%2%1
" 55
.................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................

84!55 " 4,620

.................................................................................................................................................................
 |

7. 1 8

1 8 C8, 1
.................
7
.................
1 7
................. C7, 1
.................

C8, 1!C7, 1 " 8!7

.................................................................................................................................................................

" 56
.................................................................................................................................................................

Pn, r P8, 2 ! 8"7 ! 56

8. 10 2 3 5
3

1 2
................ C2 , 1
................

1 3 C3, 1
.................................................................................................................................................................

1 5 C5, 1
.................................................................................................................................................................

C2, 1!C3, 1!C5, 1 " 2!3!5 " 30

.................................................................................................................................................................
9. 52 2 4
13 13 A, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, J, Q
K 2
(1)
(2)
(3) Q
(4)

(1) 2 52
............... C52, 2
...............
52!
C52, 2 "
...............................................................................................................................
50!2!
52!51!50!
"
...........................................................................................................................................
50!%2%1
" 1,326
...........................................................................................................................................
 |

(2) 52
............... C52, 1
...............

51
............... C51, 1
...............
52! 51!
C52, 1!C51, 1 " !
...............................................................................................................................
51!1! 50!1!
" 52!51
...........................................................................................................................................

" 2,652
...........................................................................................................................................

(3) (Q) 1 13
............... C13, 1
.....................

(Q) 4
............... C4, 2
...............
13! 4!
C13, 1!C4, 2 " !
...............................................................................................................................
12!1! 2!2!
" 13!6
...........................................................................................................................................

" 78
...........................................................................................................................................

(4) ( )3 4
............... C4, 1
...............

13
............... C13, 2
...............
4! 13!
C4, 1!C13, 2 " !
...............................................................................................................................
3!1! 11!2!
" 4!78
...........................................................................................................................................

" 312
...........................................................................................................................................

10. 6
(1)
(2)
(3)

F B

E C

D
 |

(1) 2 6
............... C6, 2
...............
6!
C6, 2 "
............................................................................
4!2!
" 15
............................................................................

(2) 3 6
............... C6, 3
...............
6!
C6, 3 "
............................................................................
3!3!
" 20
............................................................................

4 6 C6, 4
(3) ............................................................................................................................................
6!
C6, 4 "
............................................................................................................................................
2!4!
" 15
............................................................................................................................................

11. 5 4

2 5 C5, 2
................................................................................................................................................................

2 4 C4, 2
................................................................................................................................................................
5! 4!
C5, 2!C4, 2 " !
................................................................................................................................................................
3!2! 2!2!
" 10!6
................................................................................................................................................................

" 60
................................................................................................................................................................

12. 10 5

10 10 C10, 10
................

9 10 C10, 9
...................

8 10 C10, 8
..................................................................................................................................................

7 10 C10, 7
..................................................................................................................................................

6 10 C10, 6
..................................................................................................................................................

5 10 C10, 5
..................................................................................................................................................
 |

5 10
C10, 10#C10, 9#C10, 8#C10, 7#C10, 6#C10, 5
..................................................................................................................................................
10! 10! 10! 10! 10! 10!
" # # # # #
..................................................................................................................................................
0!10! 1!9! 2!8! 3!7! 4!6! 5!5!
" 1#10#45#120#210#252
..................................................................................................................................................

" 638
..................................................................................................................................................

13. 4 2 3
3 1

1 3

C3, 3 " 1
.........................

2 2 1 1
C3, 2C4, 1#C3, 2C2, 1
.........................................................................................................

" % 3!
1!2! %% 4!
3!1! %% 3!
1!2! %% 2!
%
.........................................................................................................
1!1!
" (3!4)#(3!2)
.........................................................................................................

" 12#6 " 18

.........................................................................................................

3 1 2 2 1
1

C3, 1C4, 2#C3, 1C2, 2#C3, 1C4, 1C2, 1

.........................................................................................................

" % %% % % %% % % %% %% %
3! 4!
#
3! 2!
#
3! 4! 2!
.........................................................................................................
2!1! 2!2! 2!1! 0!2! 2!1! 3!1! 1!1!
" (3!6)#(3!1)#(3!4!2)
.........................................................................................................

" 18#3#24 " 45

.........................................................................................................

1 1#18#45 " 64
.................................
 |

14.
36

2
..................................................................................................................................................

n
.................................................................................................................................................................

2 n Cn, 2
.................................................................................................................................................................

Cn, 2 " 36
.................................................................................................................................................................

n!
" 36
.................................................................................................................................................................
(n$2)!2!
n(n$1)(n$2)!
" 36!2
.................................................................................................................................................................
(n$2)!
n(n$1) " 72
.................................................................................................................................................................

n(n$1) " 9!8

.................................................................................................................................................................

n " 9
.................................................................................................................................................................

9
.................................................................................................................................................................

15. 3 6 2 4
5

3
............... 6
............... C6, 3
...............

2
............... 4
............... C4, 2
...............

5 5!
...................................

" C6, 3!C4, 2!5!

.............................................................................
6! 4!
" ! !5!
.................................................................................................................................................................
3!3! 2!2!
" 20!6!120
.................................................................................................................................................................

" 14,400
.................................................................................................................................................................
 |

k
1 n1
2 n2
!
k nk

n1%n2%...%nk

1 n1
1 2 n2
1 2 3 n3
!
1 k#1 k nk
n1"n2"n3"..."nk

n
r 1&r&n Pn, r
n!
Pn, r !
(n#r)!

n
r
0&r&n

Cn, r # nr $
n!
Cn, r ! # nr $ ! (n#r)!r!
128 |

. 107

1. 30 6. 4
“NUMBER”
1

1. 30 2. 59

3. 870 4. 900 1. 360 2. 720

2. 6 3. 1,296 4. 1,442
4 7. 3
1. 256 2. 512 7

3. 628 4. 4,096

3. 1. 21 2. 35
2,000 5,000 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 3. 70 4. 210
5, 6, 7, 8, 9 8. 3 5

1. 1,120 2. 1,240 1. 15 2. 20
3. 1,360 4. 1,512 3. 60 4. 120
4. 3 9. 2
3
7 6

1. 12 2. 15
3. 30 4. 36
1. 7 2. 21 10. 5
3. 243 4. 343 4 3
5. “factor”
f r

1. 12 2. 24
1. 12 2. 24 3. 36 4. 60
3. 72 4. 120
 |

11. 18.

10 10

1. 10 2. 20 1. 10 2. 20
2 10
3. 512 4. 1,024 3. 10 4. 2
12.
19. 4 0 1 4 9
4 0, 2, 5, 9

1. 24 2. 48

3. 96 4. 108
1. 8 2. 10
13. 4
3. 12 4. 20
4 0, 1, 2,
20. 1, 3, 5
..., 9
10 4 8
1. 4 #1 2. 10 #1
10 4 1. 24 2. 60
3. (4#1) 4. (10#1)
3 2 3. 192 4. 256
14. n #3n %2n
21. Pn, r ! 504 r! ! 6 Cn, r
(n#1)! (n%1)!
1. 2.
n! n!
n! n!
3. 4. 1. 36 2. 72
(n#1)! (n#3)!
P4, 1"P3, 2%P5, 2"P6, 1 3. 84 4. 126
15.
P10, 0 22. 10
1. 48 2. 84

3. 144 4. 240
2
16. 7"Pn, 3 ! 6"Pn%1, 3 n

1. 42 2. 55
1. 20 2. 14
3. 60 4. 72
3. 10 4. 6

17. 4 5 23.

1. 120 2. 864 1. 8 2. 16

3. 2,880 4. 5,760 3. 20 4. 24
 |

24. 4 “STRONG” 25. A 3

B 5

1. 15 2. 30
1. 15 2. 60 3. 45 4. 60
3. 120 4. 360
 4

E
E
S
132 |

4.1 . 112

1.
2.

(random experiment)

1 1 (H)
(T)

(sample space)

1. 2 1
2. 1
3. 3
4. 1 1
5. 1 2
 |

1.
2.
3. 1

1. 1 1
S ! {H, T}
n(S) ! 2
2. 1 2 2 1
S ! {HH, HT, TH, TT}
n(S) ! 4
3. 1 3 3 1
S ! {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
n(S) ! 8
4. 1 1
S ! {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
n(S) ! 6
5. 2 1
S ! {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6),
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6),
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6),
(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6),
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6),
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
n(S) ! 36
6. 1 4
S ! {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
n(S)
n(S) ! 5
 |

4.1 . 119

1.

(1) 1 2 ............... ...............

(2) 1 ............... ...............
(3) ............... ...............
(4) ............... ...............
(5) 1 ............... ...............
(6) 1 ............... ...............
(7) ............... ...............
(8) 1 10 ............... ...............
(9) 2 1 ............... ...............
(10) ............... ...............
(11) 1 10 0 9 ............... ...............
(12) ............... ...............
(13) 3 ............... ...............
(14) 30 12 18 ............... ...............

2. 5

!
................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................
 |

3. 1 1

H (H, H)

H
T (H, T)

H (T, H)

T
T (T, T)

{(H, H), (H, T), (T, H), (T, T)}

S ! ....................................................................................................................................................
4
n(S) ! ....................................................................................................................................................

S ! {HH, HT, TH, TT}

4. 1 1

1 (H, 1)
2 (H, 2)
H 3 (H, 3)
4 (H, 4)
5 (H, 5)
6 (H, 6)

1 (T, 1)
2 (T, 2)
T 3 (T, 3)
4 (T, 4)
5 (T, 5)
6 (T, 6)

{(H, 1), (H, 2), (H, 3), (H, 4), (H, 5), (H, 6), (T, 1), (T, 2), (T, 3), (T, 4), (T, 5), (T, 6)}
S ! ....................................................................................................................................................
12
n(S) ! ....................................................................................................................................................
 |

5. 1 1 1
1

H (H, H, H)

H T (H, H, T)
H H (H, T, H)

T (H, T, T)
T

H (T, H, H)

H T (T, H, T)
T H (T, T, H)

T T (T, T, T)

S ! {(H, H, H), (H, H, T), (H, T, H), (H, T, T), (T, H, H), (T, H, T), (T, T, H), (T, T, T)}
....................................................................................................................................................
8
n(S) ! ....................................................................................................................................................

6. 2 1

1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
1 2 3
4 4 4
5 5 5
6 6 6

1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
4 5 6
4 4 4
5 5 5
6 6 6
 |

S ! {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6),
(2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6),
(2, 1), ..........................................................................................................................................
(3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6),
(3, 1), ..........................................................................................................................................
(4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6),
(4, 1), ..........................................................................................................................................
(5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6),
(5, 1), ..........................................................................................................................................
(6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
(6, 1), ..........................................................................................................................................
36
n(S) ! ....................................................................................................................................................

7. 4 1

1 2 3 4

H (H, H, H, H)
H
T (H, H, H, T)
H
H (H, H, T, H)
T
T (H, H, T, T)
H
H (H, T, H, H)
H
T (H, T, H, T)
T
H (H, T, T, H)
T
T (H, T, T, T)

1 2 3 4

H (T, H, H, H)
H
T (T, H, H, T)
H
H (T, H, T, H)
T
T (T, H, T, T)
H
H (T, T, H, H)
H
T (T, T, H, T)
T
H (T, T, T, H)
T
T (T, T, T, T)
 |

{(H, H, H, H), (H, H, H, T), (H, H, T, H), (H, H, T, T),

S ! .......................................................................................................................................................
(H, T, H, H), (H, T, H, T), (H, T, T, H), (H, T, T, T),
.......................................................................................................................................................
(T, H, H, H), (T, H, H, T), (T, H, T, H), (T, H, T, T),
.......................................................................................................................................................
(T, T, H, H), (T, T, H, T), (T, T, T, H), (T, T, T, T)}
.......................................................................................................................................................
16
n(S) ! .................................................................................................................................................

8. 1 4
1 4 4
1
0, 1, 2, 3, 4

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
S ! .............................................................................................................................................

9. A B A

{ , , }
S ! .............................................................................................................................................

10. 12
12

0, 1, 2, 3, ..., k k 12
..................................................................................................................................................................

{0, 1, 2, 3, ..., k} k 12
S ! .............................................................................................................................................

11.

{ , }
S ! .............................................................................................................................................
 |

12. 2 4 (R), (W),

(B), (G) 1

2 4 2
1

RB
RW RG
R

WB
G W
WG

B
BG

{RW, RB, RG, WB, WG, BG}

S ! ............................................................................................................................................

6
n(S) ! .............................................................................................................................................

13. 2
5 R, W, B, G, Y
B G
W Y
R
B G
Y W Y

G B G
Y
Y

{RW, RB, RG, RY, WB, WG, WY, BG, BY, GY}
S ! .............................................................................................................................................

10
n(S) ! .............................................................................................................................................
 |

14. 2 6 1
(W), (G), (R), (B), (Y), (P)

B Y P R
B Y
R P
G W G
B
Y
P R P

Y B Y
P P

{WG, WR, WB, WY, WP, GR, GB, GY, GP, RB, RY, RP, BY, BP, YP}
S ! .............................................................................................................................................

15
n(S) ! .............................................................................................................................................

15. 2 1 4 1, 2, 3
4

2 1 1 1

1 3 2 3 3 2 4 2

4 4 4 3

S ! .............................................................................................................................................

n(S) ! .............................................................................................................................................
{(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 4), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3)}

16. 12 2 5
2 3 ( W1, W2, R1, R2, R3 5 )
R1 R2
W2 R3
W1
R1
R2
R3 W2 R3

R2 R1 R2
R3 R3

{W1W2, W1R1, W1R2, W1R3, W2R1, W2R2, W2R3, R1R2, R1R3, R2R3}
S ! .............................................................................................................................................

10
n(S) ! .............................................................................................................................................
 |

17. 0, 5, 9

0 000 0 500 0 900

0 5 005 0 5 505 0 5 905
9 009 9 509 9 909
0 050 0 550 0 950
0 5 5 055 5 5 5 555 9 5 5 955
9 059 9 559 9 959
0 090 0 590 0 990
9 5 095 9 5 595 9 5 995
9 099 9 599 9 999

{000, 005, 009, 050, 055, 059, 090, 095, 099,

S ! .............................................................................................................................................

500, 505, 509, 550, 555, 559, 590, 595, 599,

.............................................................................................................................................

900, 905, 909, 950, 955, 959, 990, 995, 999}

.............................................................................................................................................

27
n(S) ! .............................................................................................................................................

(events)

1 2 1

S ! {(H, H), (H, T), (T, H), (T, T)}

1. 1 1 (E1)
E1 ! {(H, T), (T, H)}
2. (E2)
E2 ! {(H, H), (T, T)}
3. 1 (E3)
E3 ! {(H, H), (H, T), (T, H)}
4. 3 (E4)
E4 ! "
 |

E1 E2 E1 E2
E1 E2
E1 E2 E1 ! E2

E1 E2 E1 E2
E1 E2
E1 E2 E1 " E2

E1 E2 E1 " E2 ! " E1
E2

S E S
E S E
E E#
 |

2 1 10 1 10

S ! {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

E1 2

E1 ! {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

E2 3

E2 ! {3, 6, 9}

E3

E3 ! {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
E4

E4 ! {2, 3, 5, 7}

E1 ! E2 ! {2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10} n(E)

E1 " E2 ! {6}

E1 " E3 ! "

E1 E3

4.1 . 119

1. S ! {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
E1 ! {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
E2 ! {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}
E3 ! {2, 3, 5, 7}

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} # S
E1 ! E2 ! ..........................................................................................................................
$
E1 " E2 ! ..........................................................................................................................

E1 E2 ...........................................................................
{1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9}
E1 ! E3 ! ..........................................................................................................................
{3, 5, 7}
E1 " E3 ! ..........................................................................................................................
 |

E1 E3 ..........................................................................

E#1 ! ..........................................................................................................................
{0, 2, 4, 6, 8} # E2

E#2 ! ..........................................................................................................................
{1, 3, 5, 7, 9} # E1

E#3 ! ..........................................................................................................................
{0, 1, 4, 6, 8, 9}

S% # $
(E1 ! E2)# ! ..........................................................................................................................
$% # S
(E1 " E2)# ! ..........................................................................................................................
{1, 9}
E1 " E#3 ! ..........................................................................................................................

$
E1 " E2 " E3 ! ..........................................................................................................................

S " E3 # E3 # {2, 3, 5, 7}
(E1 ! E2) " E3 ! ..........................................................................................................................

$ ! E3 # E3 # {2, 3, 5, 7}
(E1 " E2) ! E3 ! ..........................................................................................................................

2. 3

“ ”

“ ”

(1)

S ! { , , , , , , }
, .....................................................................................................................

(2) E1 2

{ , , , }
E1 ! ............................................................................................................................................

(3) E2

{ }
E2 ! ............................................................................................................................................

(4) E3

{ }
E3 ! ............................................................................................................................................
 |

3. 1 10 0 9 1

E1

E2

E3

E4 3

(1)

{0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} # S
E1 ! E2 ! ...................................................................................................................................

(2)

{0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
E1 ! E3 ! ...................................................................................................................................

(3)

E1 " E3 # {2}
.........................................................................................................................................................

(4) 3

E1 " E4 # {6}
.........................................................................................................................................................

(5) 3

E2 ! E4 # {1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9}
.........................................................................................................................................................

(6) 3
E1 ! (E3 " E4) # {0, 2, 4, 6, 8} ! {3}
.........................................................................................................................................................
# {0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8}
.........................................................................................................................................................

(7) 3
(E2 " E3) " E4 # {3, 5, 7} " {3, 6, 9}
.........................................................................................................................................................
# {3}
.........................................................................................................................................................

(8) 3
E2 ! (E3 " E%4 ) # {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} ! {2, 5, 7}
.........................................................................................................................................................
# {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9}
.........................................................................................................................................................
 |

4. 3 1

(1) S

{(H, H, H), (H, H, T), (H, T, H), (H, T, T),

S ! ......................................................................................................................................

(T, H, H), (T, H, T), (T, T, H), (T, T, T)}

.........................................................................................................................................................

(2) 2 (E1)

{(H, H, T), (H, T, H), (T, H, H)}

E1 ! ......................................................................................................................................

(3) 1 (E2)

{(H, H, H), (H, H, T), (H, T, H), (H, T, T), (T, H, H), (T, H, T), (T, T, H)}
E2 ! ......................................................................................................................................

(4) 3 (E3)

{(T, T, T)}
E3 ! ......................................................................................................................................

(5) (E4)

{(H, H, H)}
E4 ! ......................................................................................................................................

(6) E#1 ! ......................................................................................................................................

{(H, H, H), (H, T, T), (T, H, T), (T, T, H), (T, T, T)}

(7) E#2 ! ......................................................................................................................................

{(T, T, T)} # E3

(8) E#3 ! ......................................................................................................................................

{(H, H, H), (H, H, T), (H, T, H), (H, T, T), (T, H, H), (T, H, T), (T, T, H)}

# E2
.........................................................................................................................................................

5. 2 1

(1) S
{(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6),
S ! ........................................................................................................................................
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6),
.........................................................................................................................................................
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6),
.........................................................................................................................................................
(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6),
.........................................................................................................................................................
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6),
.........................................................................................................................................................
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
.........................................................................................................................................................

(2) 8
{(2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2)}
E1 ! ........................................................................................................................................
 |

(3) 11

{(5, 6), (6, 5)}

E2 ! ........................................................................................................................................

(4) 3

{(4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
E3 ! ........................................................................................................................................

(5) 5

{(5, 5)}
E4 ! ........................................................................................................................................

(6) 4
{(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (5, 4), (6, 4)}
E5 ! ........................................................................................................................................

(7) 13
{ }
E6 ! ........................................................................................................................................

(8) 8

E#1 ! ........................................................................................................................................
{(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5),

(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 6), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 1),
.........................................................................................................................................................
(5, 2), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
.........................................................................................................................................................

6. 1 52 2 4
13 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, J, Q, K A

(1) E1 1
26
n(E1) ! ......................................................................................................................................
(2) E2 1 6 8
8
n(E2) ! ......................................................................................................................................
(3) E3 1
39
n(E3) ! ......................................................................................................................................
 |

4.2 . 120

1.
2.

n(S) S
n(E) E S
n(E)
E
n(S)
(probability) E P(E)
n(E)
P(E) !
n(S)

1. P(E) ! 1 100% E E!S

2. P(E) ! 0 0% E

1
3. P(E) ! 50% E
2

1. E 0 1 0 $ P(E) $ 1

2. S 1 P(S) ! 1

3. 0 P(") ! 0
 |

1 2 1

(1)

(2) 1

(3) 1

2 1

S ! {(H, H), (H, T), (T, H), (T, T)}, n(S) ! 4

(1) E1

E1 ! {(H, H)}, n(E1) ! 1

1
P(E1) !
4

(2) E2 1

E1 ! {(H, T), (T, H)}, n(E2) ! 2

2 1
P(E2) ! !
4 2

(3) E3 1

E1 ! {(H, H), (H, T), (T, H)}, n(E3) ! 3

3
P(E3) !
4

2 3 O N T

3 ONT, OTN, NOT, NTO, TON, TNO, n(S) ! 6

NOT TON

n(E) ! 2
2 1
P(E) ! !
6 3
1
3
3
 |

4.2 . 132

1. 1 1 S

6
S ! {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} n(S) ! ......................................................................................................

(1) E1 5

{5}
E1 ! ......................................................... 1
n(E1) ! ............................................................
1
P(E1) ! ....................................................................................................................................
6

(2) E2

{2, 4, 6}
E2 ! ......................................................... 3
n(E2) ! ............................................................
3 1
P(E2) ! ....................................................................................................................................
#
6 2
(3) E3 4

{5, 6}
E3 ! ......................................................... 2
n(E3) ! ............................................................
2 1
P(E3) ! ....................................................................................................................................
#
6 3
(4) E4 1

$
E4 ! ......................................................... 0
n(E4) ! ............................................................
0
# 0
P(E4) ! ....................................................................................................................................
6

(5) E5

{2}
E5 ! ......................................................... 1
n(E5) ! ............................................................
1
P(E5) ! ....................................................................................................................................
6
 |

2. 2 1

(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6),
S ! {(1, 1) ........................................................................................................................

(2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6),
(2, 1) ........................................................................................................................

(3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6),
(3, 1) ........................................................................................................................

(4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6),
(4, 1) ........................................................................................................................

(5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6),
(5, 1) ........................................................................................................................

(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
....................................................................................................................................

36
n(S) ! ....................................................................................................................................

(1) E1 4

{(1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 1)}

E1 ! ................................................................................................. 3
n(E1) ! .................
3 1
#
P(E1) ! .................................................................................................................................
36 12
(2) E2 7

{(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1)}
E2 ! ................................................................................................. 6
n(E2) ! ..................
6 1
#
P(E2) ! .................................................................................................................................
36 6
(3) E3

{(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)}
E3 ! ..................................................................................................... 6
n(E3) ! ...................
6 1
#
P(E3) ! .................................................................................................................................
36 6
(4) E4 2

{(1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 5), (4, 2), (4, 6), (5, 3), (6, 4)} n(E4) ! ...................
E4 ! ................................................................................................... 8
8 2
#
P(E4) ! .................................................................................................................................
36 9
(5) E5 5

{(1, 6), (6, 1)}

E5 ! ..................................................................................................... 2
n(E5) ! ...................
2 1
#
P(E5) ! .................................................................................................................................
36 18
(6) E6 5

{(1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1), (4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4)}
E6 ! ................................................................................................... 7
n(E6) ! ...................
7
P(E6) ! .................................................................................................................................
36
 |

(7) E7 13

$
E7 ! ................................................................................................. 0
n(E7) ! ...................
0
# 0
P(E7) ! .................................................................................................................................
36
(8) E8 0

E%3
E8 ! ................................................................................................. n(E8) !36&6 # 30
...................
30 5
#
P(E8) ! .................................................................................................................................
36 6
(9) E9

S
E9 ! .................................................................................................. 36
n(E9) ! ...................
36
# 1
P(E9) ! .................................................................................................................................
36
(10) E10 5

E%5
E10 ! .................................................................................................. n(E10) ! 36&2 # 34
...................
34 17
#
P(E10) ! .................................................................................................................................
36 18

3. 3 1
S (H, H, T), (H, T, H), (H, T, T), (T, H, H), (T, H, T), (T, T, H), (T, T, T)}
! {(H, H, H), .........................................................................................................................

8
n(S) ! ...........................................................................................................................................

(1) A 3

{(H, H, H)}
A ! .................................................................................................................................

1
n(A) ! .................................................................................................................................
1
P(A) ! .................................................................................................................................
8

(2) B

{(H, H, H), (H, H, T), (H, T, H), (T, H, H)}

B ! ..................................................................................................................................

4
n(B) ! ..................................................................................................................................
4 1
#
P(B) ! .................................................................................................................................
8 2
 |

(3) C 1

{(H, H, T), (H, T, H), (H, T, T), (T, H, H), (T, H, T), (T, T, H), (T, T, T)}
C ! .................................................................................................................................

7
n(C) ! ..................................................................................................................................
7
P(C) ! .................................................................................................................................
8
(4) D 1

$
D ! .................................................................................................................................

0
n(D) ! ..................................................................................................................................
0
# 0
P(D) ! .................................................................................................................................
8

(5) E

A%
E ! ..................................................................................................................................

8&1 # 7
n(E) ! ..................................................................................................................................
7
P(E) ! .................................................................................................................................
8

4. 1 4

(1) 3

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
S ! ................................................................ 5
n(S) ! ............................................................
1
3 .......................................................................
5
(2) 2
2
2 (3 4 ) ............................
5
(3) 4
4
4 (0, 1, 2, 3 ) ..............................
5

5. 4 (R) (W) (B) (G) 1

2

(1) 1 1 (E1)

{RW, RB, RG, WB, WG, BG}

S ! ............................................................................... 6
n(S) ! .......................................
{RW} , n(E1) # 1
E1 ! ...................................................................................................................................
1
P(E1) ! ....................................................................................................................................
6
 |

(2) (E2)
{RW, RB, RG, WB, WG}, n(E2) # 5
E2 ! ....................................................................................................................................
5
P(E2) ! ....................................................................................................................................
6
(3) (E3)
{BG}, n(E3) # 1
E3 ! ....................................................................................................................................
1
P(E3) ! ....................................................................................................................................
6

6. 5 (P) (W)
(G) (B) (Y)
{PW, PG, PB, PY, WG, WB, WY, GB, GY, BY}
S ! .............................................................................................................................................

10
n(S) ! .............................................................................................................................................

E
{PW, PG, PB, PY, WB, GB, BY}
E ! .............................................................................................................................................

7
n(E) ! .............................................................................................................................................
7
P(E) ! .............................................................................................................................................
10

7. 4 0 2 5 7 3

(1) S
{025, 027, 052, 057, 072, 075, 205, 207, 250, 257, 270, 275, 502, 507, 520,
A ! .........................................................................................................................................
527, 570, 572, 702, 705, 720, 725, 750, 752}
.........................................................................................................................................
24
n(S) ! .........................................................................................................................................

(2) (A)

{250, 270, 502, 520, 570, 572, 702, 720, 750, 752}
A ! .........................................................................................................................................
10
n(A) ! .........................................................................................................................................
10 5
#
P(A) ! ........................................................................................................................................
24 12
(3) (B)

{257}
B ! ........................................................................................................................................

1
n(B) ! ........................................................................................................................................

1
P(B) ! ........................................................................................................................................
24
 |

(4) 500 (C)

{502, 507, 520, 527, 570, 572, 702, 705, 720, 725, 750, 752}
C ! .........................................................................................................................................

12
n(C) ! .........................................................................................................................................
12 1
#
P(C) ! .........................................................................................................................................
24 2

8. 100 1 100 1

(1) (A)

{1, 2, 4, 6, ..., 100} , n(A) # 50

A ! .............................................................................................................................................
50 1
#
.............................................................................
100 2

(2) 10 (B)
{10, 20, 30, ..., 100} , n(B) # 10
B ! .............................................................................................................................................
10 1
10 #
...............................................
100 10
(3) (C)
{1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100} , n(C) # 10
C ! .............................................................................................................................................
10 1
#
................................
100 10
(4) (D)

{1, 8, 27, 64} , n(D) # 4

D ! .............................................................................................................................................
4 1
#
.........................
100 25
(5) (E)

{1, 27} , n(E) # 2

E ! .............................................................................................................................................

2 1
#
.........................................................................................................................................................
100 50
(6) (F)

{1, 2, 3, ..., 100} , n(F) # 100

F ! .............................................................................................................................................
100
# 1
.......................................................
100
 |

(7) (G)

$ , n(G) # 0
G ! .............................................................................................................................................
0
# 0
.......................................................
100
(8) 10 20 (H)
{20, 40, 60, 80, 100} , n(H) # 5
H ! .............................................................................................................................................
5 1
10 20 #
................................
100 20

9. 1 52

(1)

13
13 1
#
................................................................................
52 4
(2) Q

4
Q ...................
4 1
Q #
..................................................................................
52 13

(3) K

K 2
...................
2 1
K #
........................................................................
52 26

(4)

26
...................
26 1
#
................................................................................
52 2
 |

(5) A

A 1
...................
1
A ........................................................................
52
(6) 2

4
2 ...................
4 1
2 #
.......................................................................
52 13
(7) J Q

4
J ................... 4
Q ...................
8 2
J Q #
......................................................................
52 13

(8) A K

1 A K
0
A K # 0
................................................................
52

10. 3 2 5

3'2'5 # 10
..............................

(1)

3
..............................
3
..................................................................
10
(2)

2
..............................
2 1
#
..................................................................
10 5

(3)

5
..............................
5 1
#
..............................................................
10 2
(4)

3'2 # 5
..............................
5 1
#
................................................
10 2
 |

(5)

3'5 # 8
..............................
8 4
#
.............................................
10 5

(6)

2'5 # 7
..............................
7
...........................................
10
11. 1 “children”

(1)

“children” 8 2 i e
..............................................................
2 1
#
.....................................................................................
8 4

(2)

8&2 # 6
................................ c, h, l, d, r, n
.......................................................................
6 3
#
...........................................................
8 4

(3) d

1
d .............
1
d ........................................................................
8
(4) s

s
0
s # 0
.......................................................................
8

12. 2

( , ), ( , ), ( , )}
S ! {( , ), ................................................................................................................................
4
n(S) ! .............................................................................................................................................

(1)

{( , ), ( , )}
A ! ...................................................... 2
n(A) ! ................................................................
2 1
#
P(A) ! ....................................................................................................................................
4 2
 |

(2)

{( , )}
B ! ...................................................... 1
n(B) ! ................................................................
1
P(B) ! ....................................................................................................................................
4
(3) 1

C 1

{( , ), ( , ), ( , )}
C ! ...................................................... 3
n(C) ! ................................................................
3
P(C) ! ....................................................................................................................................
4
(4) 1

D 1

{( , ), ( , )}
D ! ...................................................... 2
n(A) ! ................................................................
2 1
#
P(D) ! ....................................................................................................................................
4 2

13. 3

S ! { , , , , , , } n(S) ! ...............................
, ............................................................................ 8

(1) 3

A 3

{ }
A ! ...................................................................................................................................
1
P(A) ! ...................................................................................................................................
8
(2) 1

B 1

{ , , , , , , }
B ! ...................................................................................................................................
7
P(B) ! ...................................................................................................................................
8
 |

14. 50

.4 .5 .6

8 10 12 30

2 8 3 13

2 4 1 7

12 22 16 50

(1)

8'10'12 # 30
............................................
30 3
#
....................................................
50 5

(2)

2'8'3 # 13
............................................
13
................................................
50
(3) .6 1
............................................
1
.6 .........................................
50
(4) .5 8
............................................
8 4
.5 #
....................................
50 25
 |

15.
2 1

% 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

5 6 7 8 9 10 11

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

D 4

E 7

(1) n(A) ! 2%4%6%4%2 ! 18 ( 3, 5, 7, 9 11)

18 1
#
P(A) ! .........................................................................................................................................
36 2
1'3'5'5'3'1 # 18
(2) n(B) ! ........................................................ ( 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 12
....................................................)
18 1
#
P(B) ! .........................................................................................................................................
36 2
1'2'4'6'2 # 15
(3) n(C) ! ........................................................ ( 2, 3, 5, 7 11
....................................................)
15 5
#
P(C) ! .........................................................................................................................................
36 12
3'5'1 # 9
(4) n(D) ! ........................................................ ( 4, 8 12
....................................................)
9 1
#
P(D) ! .........................................................................................................................................
36 4
1'2'3'4'5 # 15
(5) n(E) ! ........................................................ ( 2, 3, 4, 5 6
....................................................)
15 5
#
P(E) ! .........................................................................................................................................
36 12
 |

16. A 4 1 2 3 4

B 3 1 2 3

A 1 B 1

A B
B C

1 (1, 1) 2 1
1 2 (1, 2) 3 2
3 (1, 3) 4 3
1 (2, 1)
............... 3
................. 2
.................
2 2 (2, 2)
............... 4
................. 4
.................
3 (2, 3)
............... 5
................. 6
.................
0 1 (3, 1)
............... 4
................. 3
.................
3 2 (3, 2)
............... 5
................. 6
.................
3 (3, 3)
............... 6
................. 9
.................
1 (4, 1)
............... 5
................. 4
.................
4 2 (4, 2)
............... 6
................. 8
.................
3 (4, 3)
............... 7
................. 12
.................

12
n(S) ! ........................................................................................................

(1) A 2

1
n(A) ! ...................................................................................................................................
1
P(A) ! ...................................................................................................................................
12
(2) B 4

3
n(B) ! ...................................................................................................................................
3 1
#
P(B) ! ...................................................................................................................................
12 4
(3) C 6

2
n(C) ! ...................................................................................................................................
2 1
#
P(C) ! ...................................................................................................................................
12 6
 |

(4) D 4

4
n(D) ! ...................................................................................................................................
4 1
P(D) ! ...................................................................................................................................
#
12 3
(5) E 5

5
n(E) ! ...................................................................................................................................
5
P(E) ! ...................................................................................................................................
12
(6) F 5

0
n(F) ! ...................................................................................................................................
0
# 0
P(F) ! ...................................................................................................................................
12

17. (W) (B) (R) 1

1 1

W WWW
W
B WWB
W
W WBW
............
B
B WBB
............
W BWW
............
W
B B BWB
............
W BBW
............
B
B BBB
............
W RWW
............
W
R B RWB
............
W RBW
............
B
B RBB
............
 |

12
n(S) ! ........................................................................................................

(1) A 3

A ! {WWW, BBB}

2
n(A) ! ....................................................................................................................................
2 1
P(A) ! ....................................................................................................................................
#
12 6
(2) B 2

{WWB, WBW, WBB, BWW, BWB, BBW, RWW, RBB}

B ! ....................................................................................................................................

8
n(B) ! ....................................................................................................................................
8 2
#
P(B) ! ....................................................................................................................................
12 3
(3) C 3

{WWW}
C ! ....................................................................................................................................

1
n(C) ! ....................................................................................................................................
1
P(C) ! ....................................................................................................................................
12
(4) D 2 1

{WWB, WBW, BWW}

D ! ....................................................................................................................................

3
n(D) ! ....................................................................................................................................
3 1
#
P(D) ! ....................................................................................................................................
12 4
(5) E 2

{WWB, WBW, BWW, RWW}

E ! ....................................................................................................................................

4
n(E) ! ....................................................................................................................................
4 1
#
P(E) ! ....................................................................................................................................
12 3
(6) F 2

{WWW, WWB, WBW, BWW, RWW}

F ! ....................................................................................................................................

5
n(F) ! ....................................................................................................................................
5
P(F) ! ....................................................................................................................................
12
 |

18. 2 52

(1)

1 1 52 C52, 1
.................

1 51 C51, 1
.................

C52, 1(C51, 1
n(S) ! .....................................................................................................................

52(51
! .....................................................................................................................

E1

1 1 26 C26, 1
.................

2 1 26 C26, 1
.................

C26, 1(C26, 1
n(E1) ! .....................................................................................................................

26(26
! .....................................................................................................................
n(E1)
P(E1) ! .....................................................................................................................
n(S)
26(26
! .....................................................................................................................
52(51
13
! .....................................................................................................................
51

...........................................................................................................................................
13
...........................................................................................................................................
51

(2) Q

E2 Q

1 1 Q4 C4, 1
..................

1 Q 3 C3, 1
..................
 |

C4, 1(C3, 1
n(E2) ! ............................................................................................................

4(3
! ............................................................................................................
n(E2)
P(E2) ! ............................................................................................................
n(S)
4(3
! ............................................................................................................
52(51
1
! ............................................................................................................
221
1
Q
...........................................................................................................................................
221

(3) Q

E3 Q
......................................................................................................................................

Q 1
Q

0
n(E3) ! ............................................................................................................
n(E3)
P(E3) ! ............................................................................................................
n(S)
0
! ............................................................................................................
52(51

0
! ............................................................................................................

Q 0
...........................................................................................................................................

19. 4 3 3

3
4 3 7
................................................................................................................................................................

3 C7, 3 # 35
................................................................................................................................................................

n(S) # 35
................................................................................................................................................................

3 3 C3, 3 # 1
................................................................................................................................................................

E 3
................................................................................................................................................................

n(E) # 1
................................................................................................................................................................
n(E)
P(E) #
................................................................................................................................................................
n(S)
1
#
................................................................................................................................................................
35
1
3
................................................................................................................................................................
35
 |

20. 6 4

6 12
................................................................................................................................................................

4 12 C12, 4
................................................................................................................................................................

n(S) # C12, 4
................................................................................................................................................................
12!
#
................................................................................................................................................................
8!4!
# 495
................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

1 4 6 C6, 4 # 15
................................................................................................................................................................

2 1 C2, 1(C2, 1(C2, 1(C2, 1 # 16

................................................................................................................................................................

E
................................................................................................................................................................

n(E) # 15(16
................................................................................................................................................................
n(E)
P(E) #
................................................................................................................................................................
n(S)
15(16
#
................................................................................................................................................................
495
16
#
................................................................................................................................................................
33
16
................................................................................................................................................................
33
 |

E n(E)

S
n(S)

E P(E)
n(E)
P(E) !
n(S)

1. E 0 1 0 $ P(E) $ 1
2. S 1
P(S) ! 1
3. 0
P(") ! 0
 |

. 137

1. D
1. 3
4 1 16 {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9}
2. 1. B ! (A " C) 2. C ! (B " D)
3 1 18 3. B " (A ! C) 4. C " (B ! D)
3. 4. S ! {0, 1, 2, ..., 9} A ! {0, 2, 4, 6,
1 1 12 8}, B ! {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, C ! {2, 3, 4, 5}
4. D ! {1, 6, 7}
4
1. A " B 2. A " C
6
3. A " D 4. B " C
2.
5. S ! {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9},
A ! {0, 2, 4, 6, 8} B ! {1, 3, 5, 7, 9},
E1
C ! {2, 3, 4, 5} D ! {1, 6, 7}
6 12
{0, 1, 6, 7, 8, 9}
E2
1. B# 2. C#
9
3. D# 4. (B ! C ! D)#
E3
6. 2 5
12
% 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1
{x|x ) R , x & 9 x ' 12}
2

6
1. E1 ! E2 2. E2 ! E3
3. (E3 ! E1) " E2 4. (E1 ! E2) " E3 1. 2 2. 4

3. 1 10 3. 20 4. 25

0 9 1 7. 5

A 2 3
2

B 1 1

C 1. 6 2. 8

3. 9 4. 12
 |

8. 1 12. 1

52

1. 4 2. 13 2 7
1. 2.
3. 26 4. 52 9 18
5 5
9. 2 3. 4.
12 11

13. 52A
3
6

3 2
1. 2.
8 5 10 5
3 1
3. 4.
1 4 20 5

14. 3 1

1. 3 2. 4

3. 8 4. 10 13
10. 4 1 7
1. 2.
3 12 72
5 11
3. 4.
12 72

15. 4

1. 4 2. 6
1
3. 8 4. 12
11. E
S
1 1
1. E!" P(E) ! 0 1. 2.
3 4
2. E!S P(E) ! 1
1 1
3. 4.
3. P(E)%P(E#) ! 1 8 24
n(E)
4. P(E#) !
n(S)
 |

16. 1 52 20. 4
J, Q K A A

1 3 1 1
1. 2. 1. 2.
13 13 24 12
1 3 1 1
3. 4. 3. 4.
4 4 6 4
17. 21.
5 1, 2,
3 3, 4, 5
3 2
x (10x %27x(18 ! 0

5 1

1 1 4 2
1. 2.
10 11 3
1 1
3. 4.
12 13
2
18. 2

1
1 4
1. 2.
1. 0.25 2. 0.40 25 25

3. 0.75 4. 0.80 1 2
3. 4.
5 5
19.
22. 1, 2, 3, ..., 20
2 3 4
1
1
1
3 20
2 4
1. 2.
9 9
5 7 7 8
3. 4. 1. 2.
9 9 20 20
9 11
3. 4.
20 20
 |

23. 26.
0.025 10
3

1. 0.025 2. 0.125 10

3. 0.875 4. 0.975 3 6
1. 2.
10 10
24. 12 1 8
3. 4.
1 15 15
8
4 27. 16 8
1
4 6 2

2
1
1.
.
7
3
30
5
. 2. 1

2
1
11 5
20 3.

11
1. 30

2. 4.
1
3.
30
4.
28. 15
25. 4 1, 2, 4 8
2 5

6 2

1 2
1. 2.
3 5
2 4 .
3. 4.
3 5 3
7
.
10
21
 |

30. 3 2

1. 2

2.
3. 1 2
1. 2.
5 5
4.
3 7
29. 3 3. 4.
10 12
2
5
3

1.
1
1
12
2.
31
90
3.
11
120
4.

5
36
 . (2558).
1 4-6. :
. (2562).
4 2560) 3. :
.
Allendoerfer, Carl B. and Oakley, Cletus O. (1967). Fundamental of College Algebra.
New York : McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Byrne, J. Richard. (1966). Modern Elementary Mathematics. New York : McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Chan P.L. (1976). SHORT CUT TO MODERN MATHEMATICS. Hong Kong : SCIENCE PUBLISH-
ING SOCIETY.
. (1976). 800 MODERN MATHEMATICS. Hong Kong : SCIENCE PUBLISHING SOCIETY,
Cheung Yun Fat and others. (1992). Elementary Mathematics for Hong Kong Book 4. Hong Kong :
Chiu Ming Publishing Co., Ltd.,.
. (1992). Elementary Mathematics for Hong Kong Book 5. Hong Kong : Chiu Ming
Publishing Co., Ltd.,.
Mary P. Dolciani and Others. (1974). Algebra.
Mok K.K. and Ho Y.L. (1979). a complete course of GENERAL MATHEMATICS. Hong Kong :
COSMOS PRINTING PRESS LTD.,.
N.G. and K.M. Pang. (1992). Algebra. Vision Publishing, Co., Ltd.,.
nd
Wheeler Ruric E. (1970). Modern Mathematics : 2 . Belmont, Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc.,.
Stanley C.M. Leung. (1984). Sets. Hong Kong : GREENWOOD PRESS.