3 Credit Hours (Theory)

Sun, Mon and Tuesday

Dr. Nafis Ahmad

Book:
Physics for Scientists and Engineering with modern Physics,
Ninth Edition by Serway and Jewett
 Important Things in Class
Pen No mobiles
Paper

Book

Calculator
 What is Physics?
• Physics is the branch of science concerned with the nature and
properties of matter and energy. Different branches of physics
includes mechanics, heat, light and radiation, sound, electricity,
magnetism, and the structure of atoms etc.
 Chapter - 1
Measurement, Unit, and Vectors
• Physical Quantity: A quantity that can be measured by instrument
and which describes the laws of physics. e.g. distance, mass, time.
• Measurement: Comparison of unknown physical quantity with a
known fixed physical quantity.
• Unit: The known fixed quantity is called unit.
 Physical Quantities
S.I. Units
Physical Quantities
Length Meter (m)

Basic
Mass Kilogram (kg)
Quantities

Time Second (s)

1. Area
Derived Quantities 2. Volume (‫)الحجم‬
3. Density (‫)كثافة‬
4. Velocity
5. …
 The International System of Units
In 1960, an international committee established a set of standards for the
fundamental quantities of science. It is called the SI (International system
of units).

✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
 S.I. Units of Derived Physical Quantity ✓
✓ Area = 𝒍 × 𝒃 = 𝒎 × 𝒎 = 𝒎𝟐
h
✓ Volume = 𝒍 × 𝒃 × 𝒉 = 𝒎 × 𝒎 × 𝒎 = 𝒎𝟑
b
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑘𝑔
✓ Density = = 3 = 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−3
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑚
l

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚
✓ 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 = = = 𝑚 𝑠 −1
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑠

✓ 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑚 𝑠 −1
Acceleration = = = 𝑚 𝑠 −2
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑠
Density

9
 Changing Units
• We often need to change the units in which a physical quantity is
expressed. We do so by a method called chain-link conversion. In this
method, we multiply the original measurement by a conversion factor.
For example: 1 min = 60 s

The ratios (1 min)/(60 s) and (60 s)/(1 min) can be used as conversion factors.

Similarly:

✓ 1 inch = 2.54 cm
 Page#13

✓ 1 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 1.609 𝑘𝑚 = 1609 𝑚

−2 𝑚𝑖 3600 𝑠
2.36 × 10 = 85.0 mi/h
𝑠 1ℎ
Problem
Page# 19

100 150 1393.41 m2

 Distance and Displacement
from A to B

13
How to write a Vector ? ( Representation of a vector):
A vector is represented by a straight line with an arrow-head. The
length of the line represents the magnitude and arrow-head gives the
direction of vector.
®

A= A or A

Magnitude

14
 Some Properties of Vectors
• Equality of Two Vectors
Two vectors A and B may be defined to be equal if they have the same
magnitude and point in the same direction.
Some Properties of Vectors
• Adding Vectors Geometrically (Head to tail Method)
• To add vector 𝐵 to vector 𝐴Ԧ ,
• First draw vector 𝐴Ԧ on graph paper,
• then draw vector 𝐵 with its tail starting from the tip (head) of 𝐴Ԧ ,
• The resultant vector 𝑅 = 𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵 is the vector drawn from the tail
of 𝐴Ԧ to the tip of 𝐵.

𝐴Ԧ
 Unit Vectors
• A unit vector is a dimensionless vector having a magnitude of exactly 1.
• Unit vectors are used to specify a given direction and have no other
physical significance.
• are used to represent unit vectors pointing in the positive
x, y, and z directions,
 y

𝐴Ԧ = 5 𝑖Ƹ
𝑨=𝟓
-x x

𝐵 = 2 𝑗Ƹ -y

B=𝟐
x 20
 Components of a Vector
• Consider a vector A lying in the x-y plane and
making an arbitrary angle θ with the positive x
axis, as shown in Figure. (Aim: To find A and θ)
• Ax and Ay are the components of A along x-axis
and y-axis respectively.
• From the Figure:
↔ ✓
Note that the signs of the
↔ ✓ components Ax and Ay
depend on the angle θ.
✓ Formula for magnitude of A (also known as
Pythagorean theorem)
Formula for direction of A ✓
 Components of a Vector
Cartesian coordinate System

θ=90
y
Quadrant-II Quadrant-I

-x, +y +x, +y

-x θ=180 θ=0 x
θ=360
Quadrant-III Quadrant-IV
-x, -y +x, -y

-y
θ=270
Problem: Find the components of the vectors 𝐴Ԧ in given Fig. if A = 2.
y

Ax = ? 𝐴Ԧ

Ay = ? 𝑨=𝟐

Solution:

A x
= ACosq 30 o
x

𝑨𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐 × 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐

A y
= ASinq
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐 × 𝟎. 𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟎
23
Adding Vectors by Components

Magnitude of R is given as:

Direction of R is given as:

 Adding Vectors by Components
In 3 dimensional case
• Similarly if
 Page # 68

The direction of R is

Solution
𝜃 = − 26.560 = − 270

The answer is correct if it meant to be

The Magnitude of R is 270 clockwise from the x-axis. But our
standard is to measure the angle in
anticlockwise direction from the positive
x-axis. So the angle is

𝜃 = 3600 − 270 = 3330

 Page # 68

Magnitude
Solution

Here
Problem
page # 73

Solution
Problem
page # 73

Solution
Problem
page#73

Solution

𝑬 = −𝟔 𝒊Ƹ + 𝟏𝟐 𝒋Ƹ
 Multiplying Vectors
• Multiplying a Vector by a Scalar:
 Multiplying Vectors
• Scalar product (Dot product) : The dot product of two
Vectors 𝐴Ԧ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝐴.Ԧ 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟
quantity.
𝐴Ԧ . 𝐵 = 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃
where 𝜃 is the angle between 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵.
 ✓

✓
✓

✓
 𝜃 = 00 ✓

0 ✓
𝜃 = 180

0 ✓
𝜃 = 90
(page # 188)
Problem # 10 (page # 210)
 Multiplying Vectors
• Vector Product (Cross Product)
• The cross product of two Vectors 𝐴Ԧ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
Ԧ
quantity 𝐶.

𝐶Ԧ = 𝐴Ԧ ⨉ 𝐵 = 𝐴 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
where 𝜃 is the angle between 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵.

The direction of 𝐶Ԧ 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝐴Ԧ and

𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒.
 Page#339

• Solution