Dr.
Mohamed Samir Yousef
Lecturer of Endodontics
Maxillary Central Incisor
Single root with a single root canal system.
Canal form is Type One canal (100%)
Average length: 23.5 mm (ingle) (10.5mm crown + 13mm root )
Lateral canals:23%
Apical ramifications:13%
23.5 mm
Time of eruption :7-8 y
Time of calcification:10 y
Maxillary Central Incisor
Labial view:
• In young patient, it shows three pulp horns
correspond to enamel mamelons on the
incisal edge pointing incisally.
-Wide pulp chamber.
-Uniform tapering toward the
root apex.
Maxillary Central Incisor
Proximal view
Pulp chamber pointed incisally then wider
cervically and Uniformly tapering toward the
root apex
Maxillary
Central
Incisor -shows presence of a
lingual “shoulder”
proximal at the point where the
chamber and canal join
view and must be removed to
allow better access to the
canal.
Maxillary Central Incisor
proximal view
In anterior teeth the lingual shoulder is the
internal anatomic structure that must be
removed as an impediment to straight-line
access.
Vertucci FJ, Haddix JE. Tooth morphology and
access cavity preparation. InCohen's Pathways
of the Pulp 2011 Jan 1 (pp. 136-222). Mosby.
Maxillary Central Incisor
proximal view
Lingual shoulder
is a prominence of dentin in anterior teeth which
extends from the cingulum to approximately 2
mm apical to the orifice.
The lingual shoulder prevents straight line access
to the apical part of the canal and bends files
labially, mostly causing ledge formation or
perforation,
• The shoulder conceals the orifice to a second
canal that, if present, is found immediately
beneath it.
So, lingual shoulder must be removed to gain
access to the lingual wall of RC.
Maxillary central incisor
Cross section:
Cervical level: ovoid, the pulp is wider in the
mesiodistal dimension
Midroot level: ovoid
Apical third level: round
Maxillary Similar to maxillary central incisor but smaller
Lateral in size
Incisor
The root tends to curve distopalatally
Has a single root with a single canal system.
Canal form is Type One canal (100%) which is
smaller when compared to central incisor.
Average length: 22 mm (ingle) (9 crown +13
root)
100% single rooted means all the included studies in the textbook, however, case reports may report any deviation
from common
Maxillary similar to central incisor except that
Lateral
Incisor incisal outline is more rounded
Two pulp horns are present
Time of eruption :8-9 y
Time of calcification:11 y
100% single rooted means all the included studies in the textbook, however, case reports may report any deviation
from common
• Maxillary Lateral Incisor
Cross-section of canal:
• In cervical/coronal part: ovoid
• Middle third: ovoid to round
• Apical third: round
• Apical region of the canal
tends to curve distopalatally
Maxillary lateral
Incisors
proximal view
• Presence of lingual shoulder.
• The incidence of
radicular developmental
Maxillary groove is 3%
• May lead to an
lateral endodontic-periodontic
failure
Incisors • Direct communication
between the groove and
the pulp was evident
and that accessory
canals were the primary
mechanism of
communication between
the periodontium and
the pulp.
Maxillary lateral Incisors
• The presence of a palatal curvature
explains why the lesions of
endodontic origin of the lateral
incisor quite often present in the
palatal area
Maxillary Canine
• It has a single root , almost 100%
have a single canal usually Type 1.
• Average length: 27 mm (longest
tooth) (10+17)
• The root of the maxillary canine is
oval in shape and tapers toward the
lingual
• The root is wider labiolingually
Maxillary Canine
• Prominent developmental depressions
that appear as a double lamina dura
on periapical radiographs can be
present on both its mesial and distal
surfaces, especially in the middle
third of the root.
• The root tip may be blunt, or it may
end in a fine, often curved tip
Maxillary Canine
• The majority of accessory canals occur in
the apical third of the tooth, but midroot
lateral canals can also occur
Maxillary Canine
• Pulp Chamber
• Labiopalatally, pulp chamber is almost
triangular in shape with apex pointed
incisally
• Mesiodistally it is narrow, resembling a
flame
Single pointed pulp horn corresponding to
one cusp
Pulp chamber broad B-L than M-D
• Maxillary Canine
• Root Canal
• A single root canal which is wider
labiopalatally than mesiodistally
• Cross-section of canal
• • In cervical/coronal part: ovoid
• • Middle third: ovoid
• • Apical third: round
Maxillary Canines
-Time of eruption :10-12y
-Time of calcification:13-15 y
Maxillary Canines
lingual view
-Single pointed pulp horn
-Pulp uniformly tapering toward the apex
apical-distal curvature 32%
Maxillary Canines
Distal view
-pulp, larger labiolingually
-pulp chamber is pointed
incisally and wider cervically
lingual “shoulder” just below the
Cervical.
21-degree lingual-axial angulation.
Maxillary Canines
Cross section:
Cervical: oval
Middle: oval
Apical: round
Mandibular Incisors
Mand. Central Mand. Lateral
incisor incisor
Av. Length 21.5 mm 22.5 mm
the smallest in the
arch
Time of eruption 6-8 y 6-8 y
Mandibular Central Incisor
• Unlike the maxillary incisors, the pulp outline of
the mandibular incisors is wider labiolingually.
• 1. (1.1.1)Mostly, have a single root, with a broad
canal labiolingually.
• 2. (2.2.1)Often a dentinal bridge is present in the
pulp chamber that divides the root into two
canals. The two canals usually join and exit
through a single apical foramen, but they may
persist as two separate canals.
• 3. (1.2.1)On occasion one canal branches into
two canals, which subsequently rejoin into a
single canal before reaching the apex
Mandibular Central Incisor
Root Canal
It has a single root , most common type 1 root canal, (most prevalent 81.1%)
Two canals (18.8%)
Type 2 and less common 3, majority of 2 canals ending by one foramen.
Two separate canals (One labial &one lingual) (type 3 less than type 2)
The incidence of three or more canals was quite rare (0.2%).
•
• Mandibular Central Incisor
• Pulp Chamber
It is wider labiolingually than
mesiodistally
• The shape of the canal system is either
rounded or ribbon shaped.
• Mandibular Central Incisor
• In general, the mandibular central incisor is
just slightly smaller than the mandibular
lateral incisor in all dimensions.
Mandibular Lateral Incisor
• Single-rooted
• The shape of the canal system is
comparable to the mandibular central
incisor and is either rounded or ribbon
shaped.
• Mostly, have a single canal (75.4%)(ingle),
which is less than the percentage in
mandibular central incisor
• Two canals were found in 24.6%, mostly
with a single apical foramen (95.8%).
• The incidence of more than two canals was
quite rare (0.04%).
• Mandibular Lateral Incisor
• Pulp Chamber
• It is similar to central incisor except that it has
larger dimensions.
• Root Canal
•
Similar to central incisor
• Root is straight or distally curved
Mandibular Incisors
Lingual view
-3 pulp horns
-Pulp uniformly
tapering toward the apex.
Mandibular Incisors
Proximal view
-Pulp chamber pointed incisally.
-presence of a lingual “shoulder”
at the point where the chamber
and canal join.
20-degree lingual-axial angulation.
Mandibular Incisors
Cross-sections:
Unlike the maxillary incisors,
at the CEJ the pulp outline is oval and
wider labiolingually than mesiodistally.
Cervical level: triangular
Midroot level: ovoid, the canal is more
constricted and narrower labiolingually
Apical third level: round
Type I TypeIII
Mandibular canine:
• Similar to maxillary canine, but smaller in
size
• Average Length 25.2 mm
• One canal 94%
• Two canals – commonly joining before the
apex
Two foramina less common.
Mandibular canine:
• The cusp tip of the mandibular canine is
usually lingual to the long axis of the tooth
length, while the cusp tip of a maxillary
canine is labial to its long axis.
• Both canine roots are usually straight but may
occasionally have fine and curved tips.
• Time of eruption :9-10 y
• Time of calc. :13 y
Mandibular
canine:
• Even in a single canal system,
the root trunk is broad in a
labiolingual direction and
therefore ovoid or figure-eight
shaped in cross-section
Mandibular anterior teeth:
• The external form of the root is broad
labiolingually and narrow mesiodistally.
Longitudinal developmental depressions are
present on both the mesial and distal midroot
surfaces. A cross-section of the root is ovoid or
hourglass in shape due to the developmental
depressions on each side.
tooth Root curvature Lingual view Proximal view
Maxillary central incisor Straight Mesial Curve 4% mesial-axial apical-distal lingual-axial angulation
Labial Curve 9% inclination curvature
Lingual Curve 4%
75% 2-degree 8% 29-degree
Maxillary Lateral incisor 30% The root tends to 16-degree 53% 29-degree
curve distopalatally
Maxillary Canine 39% Labial Curve 13% 6-degree distal-axial 32% 21-degree
lingual curve 7% inclination
Mandibular central incisor 60% 23% 20-degree
central incisor 2
Mandibular Lateral incisor degrees,
lateral incisor 17
degrees
Mandibular canine 68% 13-degree 20% 15-degree
apical-labial curvature 7%
Cross section coronal Middle apical
Max central Triangular to ovoid, the ovoid round
pulp is wider in the
mesiodistal dimension
lateral ovoid ovoid to round round
canine oval oval round
Mand central triangular ovoid round
lateral
canine Similar to maxillary but
with less dimensions
tooth Single 2 canals
canal
Maxillary central
Root canals in incisor 100%
maxillary and
mandibular
anterior teeth Maxillary Lateral
incisor
100%
Maxillary Canine 100%
Mandibular central 81% 18.8% mostly type II, less common
incisor
type III
Mandibular Lateral 75.4% 24.6%, (mostly 96% with single
incisor (ingle)
foramen)
Mandibular canine 94% Mostly type II
