OOP Concepts

Object-Oriented Programming
Outline

What is object-oriented programming?

Procedural vs. object-oriented programming

OOP concepts

Readings:

HFJ: Ch.2.

GT: Ch.1.

OOP Concepts 2
What is OOP?
Engine
HouseBot
* SerialNumber
* ID - make
- name 1 uses *
+ forward()
+ washUp() + turnLeft()
+ cook() + turnRight()
+ cleanUp() + setPower()

OOP
 Map your problem in the real world

 Define “things” (objects) which can either do something or

have something done to them
 Create a “type” (class) for these objects so that you don’t
have to redo all the work in defining an objects properties
and behavior

An OO program: “a bunch of objects telling each other what to
do by sending messages”. (Smalltalk)

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Procedural vs. Object-oriented

Procedural program
Object-oriented program

 passive data  active data

Function 1 Function 2

Global data

Function 4 Function 3

OOP Concepts 4
Procedural vs. Object-oriented
Example

Given a specification:

Procedural solution?

Object-oriented solution?

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Procedural vs. Object-oriented
Example

Procedural
Object-oriented

rotate(shapeNum) {
//make the shape
//...rotate 360o
}
playSound(shapeNum) {
//use shapeNum to look up
//...which AIF to play
//and play it
}

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Procedural vs. Object-oriented
Example
Then comes a change to the specification:

Procedural solution?

Object-oriented solution?

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 Procedural vs. Object-oriented
Example

Procedural
Object-oriented
playSound() has to change class Amoeba is added
playSound(shapeNum) {
// if the shape is not amoeba
//use shapeNum to look up
//...which AIF to play
//and play it
// else
//play amoeba .hif sound
}

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Procedural vs. Object-oriented
Example
Then comes another change to the specification:

Procedural solution?

Object-oriented solution?

OOP Concepts 9
 Procedural vs. Object-oriented
Example

Procedural
Object-oriented
 rotate() is modified  class Amoeba is changed
 so is ALL the related code  the rest is NOT affected

rotate(shapeNum, xPt, yPt ) {

// if the shape is not amoeba
//calculate center point
//based on a rectangle
//then rotate
// else
//use xPt,yPt as
//the rotation point offset
//and then rotate
}

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OOP solution

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The goals of object-oriented design

Robustness: software is capable of handling

unexpected inputs that are not explicitly defined for its
application.
 Nuclear plant control software

 Airplane control software

Adaptability: software that can evolve over time in

response to changing conditions in its environment.
 Web browsers and Internet search engines typically

involve large programs that are used for many years.

Reusability: the same code should be usable as a
component of different systems in various applications.
 Save time and money

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Important OO concepts
encapsulation

Abstraction
"P.I.E“

Objects & Class triangle
 Object state and behavior abstraction

 Object identity

 Messages inheritance polymorphism

Encapsulation
 Information/implementation hiding

Inheritance

Polymorphism

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Abstraction

Abstraction: to distill a complicated system down to

its most fundamental parts and describe these parts
in a simple, precise language.
 naming the parts

 explaining their functionality

Examples:
 Design of data  abstract data types (ADT)

OOP Concepts 14
Abstraction
Sue’s car:
Fuel: 20 liter
Speed: 0 km/h
License plate: “143 WJT” Automobile:

• fuel
Martin’s car:
• speed
Fuel: 49.2 liter Abstraction
Speed: 76 km/h • license plate
License plate: “947 JST”
• speed up
• slow down
Tom’s car: • stop
Fuel: 12 liter
Speed: 40 km/h
License plate: “241 NGO”

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Objects

An object has
 State

Changes over time

 Behavior

What the object does in response to messages
 Identity

What makes the object unique

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State

Given by object’s attributes

Dave Brett
Age: 32 Age: 35
Height: 6’ 2” Height: 5’ 10”

Gary
Age: 61
Height: 5’ 8”

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Behavior

What the object can do responding to a message.

Get the mail.

Cook dinner.

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Identity

Something to distinguish between objects.

Okay, which one of

you wise guys is the I am the great
real Poppini? Poppini. De great Poppini at-
a your service.
I am the great
Poppini!
No, I’m the great
I’m the great Poppini.
Poppini!

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Classes

Define the properties and behavior of objects

Can have behavior and properties that are defined
in the class but are independent of the individual
objects

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Classes

instantiate

Classes
 are the templates to create objects (instantiate).

 Each object has the same structure and behaviour as the

class from which it was created

“Data type – Variable” relation
 Classes are what we design and code. Class definitions

make up programs.
 Objects are what are created (from a class) at run-time

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Objects

instantiate

State  Attributes / Instant variables

 Variables holding state information of the object

Behavior  Methods
 Operations/services performed on the object.

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 Get the mail.
Messages Cook dinner.

myCar.accelerate(80);

A means for object A to request object B to perform one method

of B’s.

A message consists of:
 Handle of the destination object – host (myCar)

 Name of the method to perform (accelerate)

 Other necessary information – arguments (80)

In effect, a message is a function call with the host object as the

implicit argument (method invocation)

However, the concept of messages has great significance to
OOP:
Data become active!

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Encapsulation
Wait. How’d he
do that?
…Two… Three. Where’s the
And Abracadabra, bunny gone?
the rabbit is gone!

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 class Car {
public void setSpeed(…) {
Encapsulation / // check validity
// set new values
Information hiding ...
}
...

Encapsulation: private double speed;
to group related things together }

 Functions/procedures encapsulate instructions

 Objects encapsulate data and related procedures

Information hiding: encapsulate to hide

internal implementation details from outsiders
 Outsiders see only interfaces

 Programmers have the freedom in implementing

the details of a system.

 Hence, the ability to make changes to

an object’s implementation without affecting

other parts of the program

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Inheritance
Mom’s eyes
Dad’s smile

Mom’s love
Dad’s sports
of ROCK
obsession

OOP Concepts 26
 Shape what all 4 subclasses

Inheritance inheritance
superclass
rotate()
playSound()
have in common

subclasses

Square Circle Triangle Amoeba

rotate() {

“is-a” relations }
// code to rotate
// amoeba only

playSound() {

The general classes can be overriding
// code to play music
// amoeba-specific

specialized to }

more specific classes

Reuse of interfaces & implementation

Mechanism to allow derived classes to possess attributes
and operations of base class, as if they were defined at
the derived class

We can design generic services before specialising them

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Polymophism Jump!

Polymorphism:
 "more than one form"

Object polymorphism:

Different types of objects can respond to the same message.
And they can respond differently.

Example: the square and the amoeba both can receive
message rotate(), they respond by doing different things.

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OOP languages

Some OOP features can be implemented in C or other

procedural programming languages, but not enforced by
these languages

OOP languages: OOP concepts are embeded in and enforced
by the languages.

OOP languages vary in degrees of object-oriented
 Pure: Smalltalk, Eiffel, Ruby, JADE..

 Original OO plus some procedural features: Python, Java

(very high), C++ (mixed), C#..

 OO features as extension: VB.NET, Fortran 2003, PHP,

Perl..

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Example

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