Your Credit, Your Home, and Your Future

A Guide to Better Credit, Money Management,

and Responsible Homeownership
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Your Credit, Your Home,

and Your Future

Contents
Your Credit, Your Home, and Your Future ........................................................1

1) Your Credit and Why It Is Important ..............................................................3

2) Managing Your Money ........................................................................................6

3) Goal Setting ..........................................................................................................16

4) Banking Services: An Important Step ..........................................................18

5) Establishing and Maintaining Good Credit ................................................27

6) Understanding Credit Scoring ........................................................................36

7) Thinking Like a Lender ....................................................................................39

8) Avoiding Credit Traps ......................................................................................43

9) Restoring Your Credit ......................................................................................50

10) Planning for Your Future ..............................................................................53

11) Becoming a Homeowner ..............................................................................54

12) Preserving Homeownership: Protecting Your Home Investment ....65

13) Glossary of Terms ............................................................................................73

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Your Credit, Your Home,

and Your Future
An Abridged Version of CreditSmart®, a Guide to Better Credit,
Money Management, and Responsible Homeownership

Stay on Course
If you’re like many individuals, you don’t fully appreciate how
essential good credit and money management are until you Good Credit Helps You
need them. Achieve Your Short- and
Perhaps you’ve been renting an apartment for several years, Long-Term Goals
but now you’d like to buy a house. Maybe it’s just not worth
fixing your 10-year-old car, but you need a way to get to work Short-Term Goals
so you need a car loan—fast! Or suppose your house has a
❚ Renting a place to live.
damaged roof and the cost of repairs exceeds your savings.
To resolve emergency situations like these while continuing ❚ Opening a checking account
to manage your existing financial obligations, you’ll need good at a financial institution.
credit and good money management skills. ❚ Getting a new job (which
may require a credit check).
Good credit is the result of careful planning of your finances.
Your credit record affects everything from renting an apartment ❚ Establishing utility services
to buying a home. Without good credit, it’s difficult to save in your name (e.g.: electricity,
money, become a homeowner, and build financial security. heating, water, telephone, etc.).
❚ Making a major purchase,
That’s why this guide is so essential; and that’s why
such as a car or furniture.
Freddie Mac, a company dedicated to opening doors to
❚ Keeping your other rates
homeownership for millions of families across the United
States, is bringing you this guide. Freddie Mac recognizes low (such as auto and
how important it is for consumers to have the information homeowner’s insurance).
and the tools that will help them achieve their financial goals
and dreams, including the dream of homeownership. Long-Term Goals
It is our sincere hope that the valuable information contained ❚ Renting a better dwelling
within will empower you to take immediate control of your than the current one.
financial future. Remember, the decisions you make today
❚ Going back to school
will impact your financial future tomorrow and for years to
or college.
come. Use this guide to take that next step to achieve your
goals and build financial security. ❚ Saving more money.
❚ Buying a car.
❚ Buying a home of your own.
❚ Starting a business.
❚ Investing for your future.

Your Credit, Your Home, and Your Future 1

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Your Credit and

Why It Is Important

1
Credit is the ability to borrow tomorrow’s money to pay
for something you get today, such as a home, furniture,
or car, under an agreement to pay it back. From the time
that you receive your goods to the time that you pay for
them, you owe a debt.

Credit is extended through several means, including credit

cards, personal loans, car loans, and home mortgages. You get credit based on how you have
managed your money and credit in the past.
▲

Your Credit History

Your credit history shows how you’ve managed your finances Stay on Course
and repaid your debts over time. Your personal credit report—
a listing of the information in your credit history—begins the first
time you apply for credit. From that point on, each time you What Hurts Your
apply for a credit card or loan, information is added to your Credit History
credit report.
The primary reason that people
The most important component of your credit report is do not maintain good credit is
whether you make your payments on time. Any time that because they are late with their
your credit report shows a late payment—30 days, 60 days, or payments or they do not repay
90 days—a “red flag” is raised and you may be denied credit their debts. The most common
or pay more to get it. causes of late payments and
inability to pay are:
▲

Why a Good Credit History Is Important ❚ Limited income

A good credit history increases the confidence of those in a ❚ Emergencies and/or
position to loan you money, like lenders and creditors. When medical bills
they see that you have paid back your loan when and how you
❚ Financial overextension
agreed, lenders are more likely to extend credit again. You will
be seen as fulfilling your agreement. With good credit, you can ❚ Divorce or separation
borrow for major expenses, such as a car, home, or education,
❚ Loss of job
and you can borrow money at a lower cost.

Your Credit and Why It Is Important 3

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Generally speaking, the better your credit, the lower the cost of obtaining that
credit, usually in the form of interest rates and fees. That means, you’ll have more
available for savings and spending. Lenders will have more confidence in your
ability and commitment to repay the loan on time and in full.
Conversely, if your credit history is not strong, you’ll probably pay higher interest
rates and fees and have less money available for savings and spending. You could

1
end up being short on money and playing “catch-up,” juggling between payments
on several bills. Over time, higher rates and fees translate into the loss of literally
thousands of dollars of potential savings.
The rate you’ll pay on a loan is usually determined by your credit report and credit
score. (For more information on your credit score, see Lesson 6, Understanding
Credit Scoring.) Lenders typically make “A” loans for people with good to excellent
credit, or who have made payments as agreed for the last 24 months. These
loans generally have the lowest interest rate. Lenders make “B” or “C”—or
“subprime” loans—for people with past or current credit problems, such as late
payments. These loans usually carry higher interest rates.

For Example
If you have good credit: A $125,000 home mortgage at 7% for 30 years costs $831.63 per
month for principal and interest. After making all 360 of the payments (12 months times 30
years), the total paid is $299,386.12.

If your credit is impaired: A $125,000 home mortgage at 12% for 30 years costs $1,285.77
per month for principal and interest. After making all 360 of the payments (12 months times
30 years), the total paid is $462,875.66.

The difference: That’s a difference of $163,488.86 in additional interest you will pay over
the life of the 30-year mortgage if your credit is impaired and you’re charged a higher interest
rate on your mortgage.

4 Your Credit and Why It Is Important

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▲
How to Establish a Good Credit History
The key to establishing a good credit history is honoring your promise
to repay loans or credit cards as agreed—on time and in the amounts
scheduled.

Failure to do so will make it difficult and costly for you to

borrow money for the things that you need for yourself and
your family, including a home, an education, or medical care. Stay on Course
Even though your intentions may be good, events may occur—
such as medical emergencies or losing a job—that impact your Tips for Maintaining
ability to repay your loans. That’s why it’s critical to set up and Good Credit
contribute regularly to a savings plan. By doing this, you will
have funds available to honor your credit agreements in spite Before taking on additional
of unforeseen challenges. debt, ask yourself the following
questions:
Remember that even if an emergency is the reason for your late
payment or delinquent account, it can be reported to the credit ❚ Do I really need this item
reporting agency. right now or can I wait?
If you do not have credit, rarely borrow money, or use a credit ❚ What is the true (total) cost
card, consider applying for one or two cards to establish some of using credit?
credit. Shop around and review the interest rates and fees.
❚ How much is the monthly
Use the credit cards carefully, paying off the debt each month.
payment and when is it due?
You should also keep your overall debt at a reasonable level
relative to your income. Generally speaking, your expenses ❚ How many months will I
should not exceed more than 20% of your take-home net pay, have to make this payment?
excluding a house payment.
❚ Can I afford the monthly
payments?
❚ What will happen if I don’t
make the payments on time?
Remember—credit is a privilege!
The ability to borrow money at
reasonable terms and rates cannot
be taken for granted or assumed.

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Managing Your Money

2
If you want to be successful at managing your money, you’ll
need to understand the importance of budgeting, spending
money wisely, and saving.
▲

Needs Versus Wants

You can begin by thinking about your personal needs and wants. “Needs” are
items that you must have for basic survival, such as food, clothing, and shelter.
“Wants” are things you desire but can live without, such as fashion items,
restaurant meals, or entertainment.
Make a list of each and estimate the costs; then compare. Are you spending as
much for your wants as for your needs? Are you currently making payments on
items that you bought to satisfy your wants?
Remember, wants are neither good nor bad. However, you’ll want to personally
balance your needs and wants so you can successfully establish a savings plan
and good spending plan principles. The savings and spending plans will help
you establish and maintain good credit, and work toward establishing long-term
financial security.

Stay on Course

Teach Your Kids!

If you have children, don’t forget to teach them about needs and wants, too! This is
particularly important as children grow up, go to college, move out on their own or get
married. A good understanding of how to manage needs and wants will help them to
achieve their own financial stability.

Young people are increasingly faced with numerous credit card offers and telephone
solicitations. With social pressures to do what their friends are doing, and with little
or no knowledge of how credit “works,” they may be an easy victim for financial ruin.

6 Managing Your Money

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▲
Needs Versus Wants
Take a few minutes and think about your personal needs and wants. Use
the Needs Versus Wants Worksheet below to make a list of your needs, (items
necessary for survival) and a list of the items that you have purchased out of
“want.”
Estimate the monthly cost of each of these items. In other words, what is the
total monthly cost of your “needs” such as housing, food and clothing? What
is the total monthly cost of your “wants” or items you may be making payments
on that were purchased to satisfy your “wants?”
Are you spending as much for your “wants” as for your “needs?” Try to
identify ways to be frugal in the future to save more money.

Needs Versus Wants Worksheet

Needs Monthly Wants Monthly

(items necessary for survival) Cost (items purchased out of desire) Cost

Total Cost of Needs: Total Cost of Wants:

Managing Your Money 7

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▲
How to Make a Spending Plan
To establish and maintain a good credit record and to demonstrate your ability
to manage and repay your debts, make a spending plan and live within it.
To develop a spending plan, take the following steps:

1. Determine your monthly income.

Stay on Course 2. List your fixed monthly expenses. Fixed expenses stay
the same every month, such as a car payment.
3. Know your variable expenses. Variable expenses change
Tips for Sticking
from month to month, such as groceries.
to a Spending Plan
4. Track and plan for large, periodic expenses, such as car
❚ Be determined and exercise
insurance.
willpower.
5. Compare your income with your expenses.
❚ Communicate with your
immediate family members 6. Set priorities, goals, and limits.
about issues related to your
spending plan. 7. Set a savings plan and make it a priority.

❚ Be prepared to compromise: 8. Always keep an emergency fund.

purchase a less expensive item 9. Plan ahead for major purchases and avoid impulse
or hold back on the purchase decisions.
altogether.
Once you get comfortable with a spending plan, you can be
❚ Develop a user-friendly more flexible and make adjustments so you are making financial
system of documenting decisions that are in your family’s best interest. Use your
expenses. spending plan to help you stay within your means and make
❚ Be creative and use incentives. wise choices.

❚ Revisit your spending

plan periodically, it is
recommended at least
every three months.

Stay on Course

If You Send Money to Relatives Living in Another Country

Remember to include the amount of money you send to your relatives living in another
country in your spending plan. If you send the same amount of money each month (such
as $200 per month), add it to your fixed expenses. If you send a different amount of money
each month, for example, $100 in January; $175 in February; and $150 in March, calculate
the average amount based on three months ($100 + $175 + $150 = $425 ÷ 3 = $141.66)
and add it to your variable expenses.

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2
Sample Spending Plan Worksheet
The following spending plan is broken down into the following types of expenditures:
Fixed Expenses, Periodic Fixed Expenses, Variable Expenses, and Indebtedness.

Depending on your situation, some expenses (for example, long distance

calls or a cell phone) may be considered variable rather than fixed expenses.
Be sure to adjust the spending plan categories to best reflect your
needs and lifestyle. (Report all expenses as monthly amounts.)

Fixed Expenses
Housing

Rent, Mortgage, or Lot Rent $

2nd Mortgage/Equity Loan/Association Fees, etc. $

Heating $

Electricity $

Telephones (basic service) $

Other $

Transportation

Gas/Public Transportation/Taxi/Parking $

Car/Truck Payment $

Other $

Insurance

Health (medical and dental, if not payroll deducted) $

Life/Disability $

Other $

Child Care

Child Care/Babysitters $

Child Support/Alimony $

Other $

Family

Money you send to relatives living in another country (if you send the same amount each month) $

Personal Savings

Remember to pay yourself first $

FIXED EXPENSES SUBTOTAL $

Managing Your Money 9

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Periodic Fixed Expenses (list 1/12th of the annual payment amount)

Housing

Property/Real Estate Taxes (if not included in mortgage) $

Home Insurance (if not included in mortgage payment) $

Renter’s Insurance $

Water/Sewage $

Trash Service $

Other $

Transportation

Car Insurance $

Car Licenses $

Car Repairs and Maintenance $

License Plates/Registration Fees $

Other $

PERIODIC FIXED EXPENSES SUBTOTAL $

Variable Expenses
Food

Food/Groceries $

Work Related (lunches and snacks) $

School Lunches $

Other $

Child Care
Diaper Expense $

Other $

Medical
Doctor $

Dentist $

Prescriptions $

Glasses $

Other $

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Clothing

Clothing $

Laundry/Dry Cleaning $

Other $

Education

Tuition $

Books/Papers/Magazines/Supplies $

Lessons (sports, dance, music) $

Other $

Donations

Religious/Charity $

Other (if not payroll deducted) $

Gifts

Birthdays $

Major Holidays $

Other $

Personal

Barber/Beauty Shop $

Toiletries $

Children’s Allowance $

Tobacco Products $

Beer, Wine, Liquor $

Other $

Entertainment

Movies, Sporting Events, Concerts, Videos, Theater, etc. $

Internet Service $

Cable/Satellite T.V. $

Restaurants $

Gambling/Lottery Tickets $

Fitness or Social Clubs $

Vacations/Trips $

Other $

Managing Your Money 11

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Miscellaneous
Home Maintenance $

Checking Account or Money Order Fees, etc. $

Pet Care/Supplies $

Hobbies and Crafts $

Postage $

Money you send to relatives living in another country (if you send a different amount each month) $

VARIABLE EXPENSES SUBTOTAL $

Indebtedness
Debts

Student Loan $

Credit Card (monthly minimum*) $

Credit Card (monthly minimum*) $

Credit Card (monthly minimum*) $

Medical Bills $

Personal Loans $

Other $

INDEBTEDNESS SUBTOTAL $

FIXED EXPENSES SUBTOTAL: $

FIXED PERIODIC EXPENSES SUBTOTAL: +$

VARIABLE EXPENSES SUBTOTAL: +$

INDEBTEDNESS SUBTOTAL: +$

TOTAL MONTHLY EXPENSES =$

TOTAL MONTHLY NET INCOME: $

MINUS TOTAL MONTHLY EXPENSES: -$

EQUALS AMOUNT LEFT OVER FOR SAVINGS AND INVESTMENTS =$

* Although it is strongly recommended that you pay more than the monthly minimum payment due, lenders will use
this amount when calculating monthly debt obligations.

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2
The Importance of Good Spending Habits
To help you develop your spending and savings plans, it’s important to examine
your spending habits.
Ask yourself the following questions. If you can answer “yes,” you may be
at risk of damaging your credit and setting yourself up for financial difficulties.
❚ Are you currently unable to save any money?
❚ Have you reached the limit on your credit cards? Stay on Course
❚ Are you able to make only the minimum required payments
on your credit cards?
Tips for Saving Money
❚ Are you buying things simply to make yourself feel good? ❚ Pay yourself first.
❚ Are you frequently buying merchandise only to return it upon ❚ Ask your employer to make
discovering you have no need for it? automatic payroll deductions
❚ Are you consistently “borrowing” from your savings or and deposit these amounts
emergency fund to pay for current obligations? in your savings account.

❚ Do your monthly debts (excluding your rent or mortgage) ❚ Save windfall income,
exceed 20% of your monthly take-home pay? like a holiday bonus.

❚ Have your creditors asked you to return any credit cards ❚ Collect loose change and
or have you been denied credit? deposit it in the bank.
❚ Try frugality.
❚ Break spending habits.
▲

How to Establish a Savings Plan

❚ Save lunch money; bring
Saving money and maintaining a spending plan is hard work!
But they’re worth it. Saving and keeping to your spending plan
lunch from home.
can help you become financially secure and meet your goals ❚ Save sale money.
and priorities.
❚ Have a “buy nothing week.”
First, focus on saving. A savings plan is another way to change
Also remember to comparison
your spending habits. Plan to save every month, even if it is
shop. Read newspapers and
only $30 per month, which is about $1 a day. At this rate, you
circulars for sales in grocery
will have saved $360 the first year; $1,080 after three years.
stores. Exchange information
If you add the interest, you'd save even more.
about sales, discounts, and other
Next, determine which categories you’ll cut from money-saving tips with family
your spending plan to make up your projected and friends. Use coupons and
savings. For example, you can save $30 per discounts. Take advantage of
month by cutting entertainment by $20 and outlet stores, shop off-season,
clothing by $10. Challenge yourself to meet your and buy clothes that will endure.
goals by always looking for ways to reduce your And finally, don’t buy more than
expenses. you need.

Managing Your Money 13

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▲
Use Credit Cards Wisely
Credit cards can be either your friend or your worst enemy. If you pay
your credit cards on time and in full each month, they can offer you up to 30 days
of “interest-free money” and give you an excellent credit history.
If you allow your credit cards to reach high, unpaid balances, or if you only pay
the minimum amount due, they can cost you hundreds and thousands of dollars
in interest and can easily lead to destroying your credit. As a result, you will
damage your credit score and your ability to get credit will be affected.

For Example
Paying More Than the Minimum
A person who charges $2,000 on a credit card with 19.8% interest and an annual fee
of $40 will end up paying approximately $8,202 over 31 years if the person makes
only the minimum monthly payment. By doubling the minimum monthly payment
and with no additional charges, this person could be out of this $2,000 debt in three
years.

Stay on Course

Tips for Using Credit Cards Wisely

❚ Don’t use a credit card for a purchase unless the amount is within your monthly
spending limit.
❚ Limit yourself to two or three cards.
❚ Pay off the balance in full each month.
❚ Always pay more than the minimum payment required.
❚ For large purchases, plan to pay off the amount in three monthly installments.
❚ Do not consider the credit card an emergency fund.
❚ Save money for trips and use the card only for convenience and safety.

Remember—low monthly payments are not without a high price. So, if you
use credit cards and cannot pay off the card in full each month, make it a
priority to always pay more than the minimum due.

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Stay on Course

Be on the Alert!
❚ Debit cards or ATM cards —cards that withdraw money directly from your checking
account—are very convenient. However, you need to be extra careful to avoid card theft
and/or fraud and report it immediately to the debit card issuer. Remember to protect
your card, account number, and copies of your purchase receipts. In case of theft or
fraud, report the incident immediately to the credit card company or bank who issued
the card. Always protect your card, your PIN number, your account number, and your
purchase receipts.
❚ Read the fine print of credit offers, such as “Buy Today and Pay Nothing for Six
Months.” While on the surface, these offers sound like great deals, the fine print may
cost you quite a bit of money if you don’t pay off the purchase in full by the promotional
due date.
❚ If you’re having difficulty with your debts and/or spending habits, contact a nonprofit,
community-based credit counseling agency. Many credit counseling agencies offer
free or low-cost assistance to get you back on track. However, make sure you avoid
“quick fix” or “credit repair” companies. Most of these businesses charge excessive fees
and may cause even more damage to your credit history.

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Goal Setting

3
If you want to achieve financial security in your lifetime, you’ll
need to establish clear goals. If you set these goals and
remain focused on attaining them, managing your finances
will be less difficult.

To begin, make a list of the goals that are important to you.

Next, decide which goals are most important and assign
each goal a priority, based upon your values. Finally, look carefully to see if your goals and assigned
priorities reflect what is important to you and your household.

Stay on Course

Tips on Setting Goals

❚ Express goals as positive statements.
❚ Be specific—set time frames or a target date.
❚ Write down your goals.
❚ Distinguish between short- and long-term goals.
❚ Establish priorities.
❚ Set goals that are realistic and attainable.

Once you establish your goals, you’ll have a direction or “road map”
to help guide you in working toward long-term financial security.

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▲
Goal Setting Worksheet
Express your goals as positive statements, and be specific and realistic.
Place your most important goals at the top of your list.

Short-Term Goals Time Frame for Completion

(1 Year or Less)
1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

Medium-Term Goals Time Frame for Completion

(1–5 Years)
1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

Long-Term Goals Time Frame for Completion

(5 Years or More)
1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

Goal Setting 17
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Banking Services:
An Important Step

4
Building credit and saving money to achieve your long-term
goals takes time, discipline, and patience. To begin doing
so, it’s important to understand the basics of banking and
how to establish a relationship with a financial institution.
▲

Tour of a Financial Institution

There are three major types of financial institutions:

Bank: A financial institution that is run under federal and state laws and
regulations. Banks make loans, cash checks, accept deposits, and provide
other financial services.
Credit Union: A federally regulated cooperative financial institution that is owned
and controlled by the people who use its services. Credit unions serve groups that
share something in common, like where they work, live, or go to church. You have
to become a member of a credit union to bank there.
Thrift: A federally regulated savings bank or savings and loan association that
is similar to a bank. While banks offer a wide array of services, a thrift’s main
business is to make home loans.

People Who Work at a Financial Institution

Because many banking services are automated, you might not be able to get to
know the people who work in a financial institution. You may not be accustomed
to a system that some consider “impersonal.” Try not to be intimidated! The
people who work there want to do business with you and are dedicated to helping
you with your banking needs.
Understanding the jobs of the people who work in a financial institution will
help you know whom you should talk to.
Security Guard
❚ Is stationed in the lobby or front door to protect the vault, money, and
other valuables from theft.
❚ Protects employees who work there and its customers from someone
intending to commit a crime.

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Teller
❚ Stands behind the counter and takes money, cashes checks, and answers
questions.
❚ Refers you to the person who can help you with specialized services.

Customer Service Representative

❚ Is seated at a desk in the lobby and helps you open an account, explains
services and answers questions.
❚ Refers you to a person who can help you with other services.

Loan Officer
❚ Takes applications for loans and helps you fill them out.
❚ Provides written information explaining loan products and answers
questions.

Branch Manager
❚ Supervises the bank operations.
❚ Helps fix problems that other employees can’t solve
and is the person you ask for if you have a concern.

Stay on Course

Tips When You’re Visiting a Financial Institution

❚ If you don’t know who to talk to, ask for help. Someone will take you to the right
person. If you speak another language, ask for an employee who speaks your language.
❚ Always ask questions until you are clear on all the information and don’t sign anything
you don’t understand.
❚ Ask for written information to take home to review. If you speak another language,
request materials written in your language.

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4 ▲
Choosing a Financial Institution
Use this checklist to help you choose a financial institution and the account that’s
right for you. Remember to look for financial institutions that employ bilingual staff,
especially if you feel more comfortable speaking another language. Also ask your
friends and relatives about financial institutions they enjoy doing business with.

Name of financial institution

Financial
Institution A
Financial
Institution B
Financial
Institution C

Does it offer the services I need?

Is it close to home?

Does it have reasonable hours?

Does it have ATMs*? If so, are they located

near where I live, work, or shop?

If I am choosing a credit union, am I eligible?

Do any employees speak my language?

What, if any, fees will be charged?

How are complaints handled?

Is this financial institution insured?

*(Automated Teller Machines)

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Stay on Course

Reasons Why You Should Keep Your Money in a Financial Institution

❚ Safety: Money is safe from theft, loss, and fires.
❚ Convenience: You can get money quickly and easily.
❚ Cost: Using a financial institution is usually less expensive than using other
businesses, such as check cashing businesses, to cash your check. Also, a checking
account allows you to write checks rather than pay for money orders.
❚ Security: Most financial institutions are insured. This means that if for some
reason the financial institution closes and cannot give its customers their money,
the insuring organization, like the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC),
will return the money to the customer. The FDIC will only insure deposits up to
$100,000 per account.
❚ Financial Future: Building a relationship with a financial institution will allow you
to write checks so that you can demonstrate a record of paying bills, save money, and
get a loan or mortgage. (However, it’s possible to obtain a mortgage without having
established a banking relationship. But you must keep receipts and accurate records
of paying your rent and other bills.) In addition, having a bank account will help
you establish and manage good credit. For example, if you opt to receive overdraft
protection on your account—a feature that automatically advances funds into your
account to cover items that would cause a check to bounce—you’ll receive a positive
tradeline for your credit report. As part of credit report terminology, a tradeline is
any credit account you might have, such as a loan, credit card, or mortgage.
▲

Advantages of Using a Financial Institution

❚ You can begin saving money, even if it is only a small amount. Some
check cashing businesses charge extremely high fees to use their services. Try
saving enough money to equal the check cashing fee. Use the funds to open a
savings account at a financial institution. Every time you cash a check, deposit
the money you would have paid to the check cashing company into your new
savings account.
❚ You can establish, build, and improve your credit. To get a mortgage
or other type of loan, such as a car or student loan, it is generally a good idea
to have established an account with a financial institution (though you may
be able to obtain a mortgage without one). When you have a bank account,
lenders know that you have established a financial record and can demonstrate
the responsible use of your accounts. When you use a check cashing
company, there is no evidence to a lender that you have established a financial
record and you may not be able to get a loan.

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❚ You can avoid becoming the victim of cash advance scams by

unscrupulous companies. For example, some check cashing businesses
now offer their own types of loans—small, short-term loans that carry extremely
high interest rates. Payday loans are so expensive that some states have
prohibited these types of loans.
❚ You can take advantage of special programs offered by financial
institutions that have begun offering low-fee checking account
options. Be sure to ask about these special programs.
❚ You and your money are better protected. When you leave the doors of
a check cashing company, you risk being the victim of a crime because of the

4
large amount of cash you may be carrying out of the store. When you exit from
a financial institution, you take only the amount of cash you need to carry with
you and leave the remaining amount safeguarded in your bank account.
❚ Financial institutions provide other services, such as wire transfers
and cashing paychecks. Typically financial institutions offer these and
other services at lower costs than check cashing businesses.

Example #1
Angela uses a check cashing company
to cash her checks. She cashes four
checks a month and is charged $5 each
time. That means she pays $20 a Example #2
month (4 x $5) or $240 a year ($20 x
12 months) just to cash her checks. She William cashes his checks by using an
does not have the ability to write account at a financial institution that
checks to pay her rent and utilities since charges a monthly fee of $5, which
she does not have a checking account at includes 8 free checks per month and
a local financial institution. use of the automated teller machine
(ATM). Additionally, ordering a box
of 100 checks costs him about $18,
since he purchases his checks through
the financial institution.

In this case, using a checking account

for one year costs Juan $78 ($5 x 12
months = $60 + $18 = $78). This
equals a savings of $162 a year
($240 - $78).

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▲
Opening an Account
When you go to open an account, the financial institution will review your history
of using bank accounts. Some may even review your credit report.
If you have a history of misusing accounts, like frequently bouncing checks, you
may not be able to open an account.
If you’ve never had a bank account or credit, don’t worry. If you have the proper
ID, a financial institution will welcome doing business with you. Usually this means
you’ll need a photo ID, such as a driver’s license, as well as a Social Security
number or taxpayer identification number (TIN).
If you don’t have any of these, you can use a state-issued identity card, passport,
or permanent resident card.

Stay on Course

Types of Accounts
Checking Account: If you open this type of account, you can write checks to pay bills
or buy goods and services. The financial institution takes the money from your account
and pays it to the person or organization named on the check. You get a bank statement
each month from the financial institution showing you all the deposits and withdrawals
you made on your account.

Savings Account: This type of an account allows you to earn interest. You can open a
savings account with a few dollars and then deposit more money over time to earn more
interest and build your savings.

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▲
Choosing an Account
It’s a good idea to compare the rules of different accounts. Use this checklist when
you begin to look for an account to help you choose which account is right for you.

Financial Financial Financial

Institution A Institution B Institution C

Type of account

How much money do I need to open the account?

How much do I have to keep in my account

to avoid fees?

What are the fees for bounced checks?

How many checks can I write before

extra fees are charged?

How many withdrawals can I make each month?

Does this account pay interest?

Does an ATM* or debit card come with this account?

Will I be charged to use the ATM or debit card

at this financial institution?
Will I be charged to use the ATM or debit card
at another financial institution?

What is my liability if I lose my ATM or debit card?

Are there any other fees?

Does the financial institution offer a service for

overdraft protection?

*(Automated Teller Machines)

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Additional Banking Services
ATM
An ATM, or automated teller machine, is a machine you can use 24 hours
a day to make deposits, withdrawals, and transfer money. Unlike a check
cashing company, the financial institution doesn’t have to be open for you
to use an ATM. There are literally dozens of ATMs in any given neighborhood
or community.
When you use an ATM, you use a card issued by the financial institution
and a personal identification number, or PIN. The PIN is used for security
purposes so no one else can access your account.

4
Debit Card
A debit card is a plastic card, sometimes called a “check card.” It usually has
the name of your financial institution printed on it along with a MasterCard®
or Visa® logo. The card allows you to pay for goods and services at stores that
accept these credit cards but it is NOT a credit card.
When you use a debit card, the money comes directly out of your bank account
and reduces your account balance. You don’t receive a bill and then have a few
days to pay the bill like you do with a credit card.
The debit card also functions as an ATM card.

Direct Deposit
With direct deposit, your paycheck or benefit check is electronically transferred
and directly deposited into your bank account. The amount of money deposited
is available immediately.

Loans
A loan is money you borrow from the financial institution with a written promise
or “note” to pay it back later. With a loan, financial institutions charge you fees
and interest to borrow the money.

Money Order
Similar to a check, a money order is used to pay bills or make purchases when
cash is not accepted. But usually you pay a fee to get a money order so shop
around for the best price. Remember to keep copies of money order receipts
used to pay bills for at least 12 months. This is important if you have not
established a credit history and you go to apply for a mortgage. The receipts
can serve as documentation of how you pay your rent and other bills.

Online Banking
Online banking is a bank service that allows you to make payments, check
account balances, transfer money between accounts, obtain account history,
stop payments on a check, and obtain general bank information at any time
from any computer with Internet access.

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Telephone Banking
Telephone banking allows you to use the telephone to check your account
balances, transfer money between accounts, check on your recent deposits
or withdrawals, and stop payment on a check.

Wire Transfer
Wire transfer is a method of electronically transferring money from one financial
institution to another. It’s a particularly important way of transferring funds to
relatives who live in another country. The fees charged by financial institutions
to wire money to countries outside the U.S. are usually less expensive than
check cashing businesses.

Stay on Course

Need a secure spot to store your passport or other important papers?

Financial institutions can also keep your valuables safe. A safe deposit box, available for
a small, yearly rental fee, is a fireproof, locked box housed within the bank’s vault that you
can use to store your valuables, such as passports, important papers, and jewelry. The keys
remain solely under your control; boxes come in many shapes and sizes to meet your needs.
For more information regarding these safe deposit boxes, please contact the financial
institution of your choice.

Remember that financial institutions are less expensive to use and offer more services than
check cashing companies. Also, a financial institution offers more and better services and
provides more security for you and your money.

Also, building a relationship with a financial institution can help you:

❚ Establish a record of paying your bills.

❚ Save you money.
❚ Help you obtain credit and get a loan or mortgage.

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Establishing and
Maintaining Good Credit

▲
5
How to Establish Credit
The key to establishing good credit is to
carefully review your borrowing options
and proceed cautiously.

First, open a checking and savings account at

a bank or credit union. Shop around for free
or low-cost checking account options.
Once you set up your accounts, use your checking account wisely. Try to never
bounce checks and keep a minimum balance of a couple of hundred dollars in
the account. Make regular deposits and contact or respond
to the financial institution promptly if you experience any
account problems.
Stay on Course
Many banks and credit unions also offer credit cards. Ask
the credit card companies for the terms and procedures to How Much Debt Should
extend credit to non-U.S. citizens with permanent residence. You Take On?
Review interest rates and fees carefully. Do not be lured
by low introductory rates, only to find that the rate goes up Generally speaking, your expenses
dramatically in a few months. Be sure to ask the credit card should not exceed more than
issuer if they report how you pay to a credit reporting agency.
20% of your take-home net pay
(excluding a mortgage). In other
If they do not, this card will not be convenient for you, since
words, if you make $2,000 per
you cannot establish credit using the card, even if you pay it
month, your total monthly debt
off every month.
payments, such as car loan, credit
In most cases, one or two credit cards, used wisely, should card, and student loan payments
suffice. Too many credit cards may lead a creditor to believe should not exceed $400 per
that you are overextended and that you might fall behind month, excluding your mortgage
on future payments. Don’t charge to the limit of one card. or rent payment.
It’s better to charge less on both cards with room to spare.
The less debt you have, the
Don’t charge more than you can afford based on your monthly
stronger your credit application
income. Get into the habit of paying off the card in full, or as and the better your chances
much as you can, each month. Make absolutely certain that of securing credit at favorable
your payments are made on time! Don’t accept every credit terms, in other words, at lower
card solicitation. Be wary of taking out credit cards that you interest rates.
do not plan to use just to get a small one-time discount or
promotional item like a T-shirt, watch, or toy.

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▲
Credit Reports and Credit Reporting Agencies
Your credit report is a listing of the information in your credit record. Your credit
report includes:
❚ Your name, date of birth, and Social Security number or tax identification
number.
❚ Your current and previous address.
❚ Your current and previous employers.
❚ Your debts.
❚ Your payment history with companies that have loaned you money under an
agreement to pay it back, such as banks, credit card companies, department
stores, including whether you pay your bills on time, and you pay the proper
amounts due.
❚ Public record information, such as tax liens, bankruptcies, or foreclosures, even
if these happened several years ago.
❚ Inquiries made by potential creditors each time you apply for credit, whether
you were granted or denied credit.
❚ A list of your accounts, if any, that have been referred to a collection agency
for default.
Credit reporting agencies are companies that gather information
on potential borrowers and sell that information in the form of a
credit report to credit grantors. Credit reporting agencies keep
records of consumer debt and how regularly these debts are paid.
Data includes information on whether the payments are up-to-date
or overdue and whether any action has been taken to collect
overdue bills.
Three major credit reporting agencies maintain a record of your credit
history. They are Equifax, Experian, and Trans Union.
It’s important to note that inquiries or applications will show up on
your credit report, even if you are denied credit or decide to decline
the credit. Too many inquiries by creditors showing on your credit
report are a sign that you are overextending yourself. Inquiries stay on your credit
report for 24 months. Therefore, it’s important to keep the number of inquiries to
a minimum.
When shopping for a car or a home mortgage, however, you do have the flexibility
of checking out your financing options within a short period of time. Doing so will
show that you were comparison-shopping versus desperately seeking credit.
Requesting a copy of your own credit report for your personal review is strongly
encouraged and does not negatively impact your credit history.

28 Establishing and Maintaining Good Credit

 ▲
Sample Credit Report
Here’s what a typical credit report looks like. This credit report is from one of the
three credit reporting agencies, Equifax.

Your Credit Score:

A numerical value
determined by a
statistical model based
Consumer upon past credit
behaviors which
Identification:
predicts the likelihood
Your name, of future loan default.
address,
Social Security
number, and
other identifying
information.

Inquiries:
Companies that
have reviewed your
credit file over the
last two years.

Collections:
Your accounts
that have been
transferred to a
professional debt
collecting firm.

Trades:
An ongoing
historical and
current record of
your buying and
payment activities.

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▲
Managing Your Credit
All lenders and creditors want to be sure that you are a good
credit risk and you’ll pay your bills on time. Here’s how to
manage your credit to demonstrate your creditworthiness.

1. Demonstrate Your Stability

You can demonstrate stability by:
❚ Your employment history
❚ Your income history
❚ The length of time you’ve lived at your current address
❚ Owning a home
❚ Establishing and maintaining a savings account

2. Know What’s in Your Credit Report

You should know what’s in your credit report to be sure that all of your identifying
information and accounts are correct. Review your credit reports from each of the
three credit reporting agencies—Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion—at least once
a year to make sure they are accurate. Your credit report may vary from one
company to the other.
Here’s how you can contact each company:
❚ Equifax: 800-685-1111, www.equifax.com
❚ Experian: 888-397-3742, www.experian.com
❚ TransUnion: 800-888-4213, www.transunion.com

If you’ve been denied credit, you can get your report for free by following
instructions in the written notice you received denying you credit. Moreover,
due to changes in the federal Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA), consumers
throughout the U.S. are able to ask for a free copy of their credit report
once every 12 months from each of the credit reporting agencies. For more

5
information, log onto www.annualcreditreport.com or call 877-322-8228.

3. Pay Your Bills on Time

How you’ve paid your bills in the past is usually the best indicator of how you’ll
pay in the future. Be sure to pay at least the minimum amount required by the
date it is due on your account statement or invoice. You can always pay more,
but you should never pay less than the minimum.
Remember, being late on a payment is a negative mark on your credit report even
if you make up the payments later or provide extenuating circumstances, such as
job loss. Also, if you are late making payments, you may be charged a penalty fee.

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▲
Apply for Credit in Your Own Name
It is common practice for both partners in a marriage or relationship to establish
their own credit to protect their family from unforeseen circumstances like death,
divorce, or other life changes and to achieve financial goals.
Follow these guidelines to become better prepared for life’s changes:
❚ Establish credit in your own name so that you have your own credit
history. Even with no income of your own, having separate savings, checking,
and credit accounts will enable you to establish your own credit history. In this
way, you will be responsible for managing your own accounts since no one can
supervise your accounts better than you.
❚ With credit cards, you need to oversee the card’s use. Make sure that
your spouse does not run up an excessive amount of charges that together
you cannot repay. You can do this by regularly discussing household and
personal expenditures with your spouse and calling the credit card company
regularly to check the status of the account.
❚ If you co-sign for loans, it is
important that you have some
control over the source of income
used for repayment. For example,
couples owning a small business,
such as a professional practice,
are sometimes required by lending
institutions to co-sign or guarantee the
business loans. Generally these loans
are controlled by the spouse who
operates the business and the other
spouse may have little input into the
decisions affecting the company. If the
business fails and you have co-signed Stay on Course
the loans, you must assume shared responsibility
for repayment of the loans.
❚ If you have had credit before under a different name
Review Your Credit Report!
or a different location, make sure your local credit
It’s important to review your
reporting agencies have complete and accurate
credit report from each of the
information about you in a file under your current
three credit reporting agencies
name.
at least once a year to be sure
❚ If you were married or divorced recently and that the information is accurate.
changed your name, ask your creditors to change Be aware that sometimes
your name on your accounts. information about people with
similar names can show up
❚ If you have shared accounts with your spouse,
on your report! Therefore,
creditors should be reporting information about these
always make sure that the Social
accounts to credit reporting agencies under both
Security number or taxpayer ID
names, but check with the credit reporting agencies and account data on the report
to make sure. are correct.

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5
▲
Think Carefully Before You Co-Sign for a Loan
❚ You are being asked to guarantee the debt. Think carefully before you do.
If the primary borrower does not pay the debt, you will have to pay. Be sure
you can afford to pay if you have to, and that you want to accept this
responsibility.
❚ You may have to pay up to the full amount of the debt if the primary borrower
does not pay. You may also have to pay late fees, legal, or collection costs,
which increase this amount.
❚ The creditor can collect this debt from you without first trying to collect from the
borrower. The creditor can use the same collection methods against you that
can be used against the primary borrower, such as suing you, garnishing your
wages, etc. If this debt is ever in default, that fact may become a part of your
credit record.
❚ Even if you’re not asked to repay the debt, your liability for the loan may keep
you from getting other credit because creditors will consider the co-signed loan
as one of your obligations.
❚ Before you pledge property to secure the loan, such as your car or furniture,
make sure you understand the consequences. If the borrower defaults, you
could lose these items.
❚ Ask the lender to agree, in writing, to notify you if the borrower misses a
payment. That will give you time to deal with the problem or make back
payments without having to immediately repay the entire amount.
❚ Make sure you get copies
of all important papers, such
as the loan contract, the
Truth-in-Lending Disclosure
Statement, and warranties—
if you’re co-signing for a
purchase.
❚ Stay in contact with the
borrower to ensure that the
loan is being repaid in full,
on time, every time.

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Stay on Course

Credit Myths
❚ If you catch up on your late payments, it won’t show up on your credit report.
False! Each time you make a payment late, you run the risk of the creditor reporting
the late payment to the credit reporting agency. If you catch up, your credit report must
show that you are caught up—but it will also show that you were late.
❚ If you pay a small amount by the due date, it will be counted as a full payment.
False! You must pay the minimum amount required by the due date. Otherwise, your
creditor may report the payment as late.
❚ If you have a good reason for not paying, it will be overlooked. False! Contact
the creditor if you experience a crisis, like losing your job or becoming seriously ill. You
may receive a grace period or payment plan from the creditor, but never assume such an
agreement is automatic.
❚ When paid, the bad debt will go away. False! Because credit reports provide a
history of your credit, bad debts, charge-offs, and late payments can stay on your credit
report for seven years. You can, however, provide your own explanation of the situation
for inclusion in the report received by future creditors.
❚ You are not responsible for debts on joint accounts or co-signed accounts
if they are not your purchases. False! Any time you are a joint account owner
or co-signer, regardless of whether you’ve paid your share, both parties can be held
completely responsible for the payment. The same is true for divorces.
❚ You are not allowed to see your credit report. False! You have a right to see what’s
in your credit report. A copy of your credit report may be free or may cost you a small
amount of money.
❚ Once you have credit problems, your credit score will not improve for seven
years. False! You can improve your credit score over a shorter period of time because
recent entries to your credit report carry more weight. So keep working toward better
credit!

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▲
If Your Credit Report Contains Mistakes
If you believe that any one of your credit reports contains mistakes and you wish
to correct the mistake, contact the company that developed the report at the
telephone number or website previously listed.
Under the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA), the company must complete an
investigation of your disputed items (generally within 30–45 days) and provide you
written notice of the results of the investigation within five days of its completion.
The notice should include a copy of your credit report if it has changed based on
the dispute.
If you’re in the process of applying for a loan, tell the lender immediately about
the incorrect information.
Negative information stays on a credit report for seven years; public record
information such as bankruptcy and foreclosure can stay on a credit report for up
to 10 years. With time and a history of on-time payments, you can improve your
credit record.
▲

If You’ve Been Denied Credit

If your application for credit is denied, it’s important to secure a copy of the credit
report and find out why you were turned down. If the information in the report
is accurate, you may need to work on the reason it was denied. For example,
if you’ve been consistently late making your payments, begin paying on time.
Federal law requires a creditor that denied you credit to give you the name,
address, and telephone number of the credit reporting agency. If you contact
the agency within 60 days of receiving the denial, you are entitled to a free copy
of your credit report.
Also, be sure to ask the lender or creditor if they’ll consider a nontraditional
credit file. A nontraditional credit file—for people with no credit history or bank
accounts—includes records that you can assemble, such as proof of timely rent
and utility payments.

Stay on Course

Common Barriers to Obtaining Credit

❚ History of late payments. ❚ Judgments.
❚ Incorrect information on your ❚ Collection accounts.
credit report. ❚ Charge-offs.
❚ Lack of credit history. ❚ Bankruptcies.
❚ Default on a co-signed loan, even
if you were not the primary borrower.

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Stay on Course

Credit Laws
❚ Your rights under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA):
1. You cannot be denied credit based on your race, sex, marital status, religion, age,
national origin, or receipt of public assistance.
2. You have the right to have public assistance considered in the same manner as other
income.
3. If you are denied credit, you have a legal right to know why.
❚ The Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) gives you the right to know what information
is being distributed about you by the credit reporting agencies and requires that the
information be accurate.
❚ The Truth-in-Lending Act (TILA) requires lenders to give you written disclosures of
the cost of credit and terms of repayment before you enter into a credit transaction.
❚ The Fair Credit Billing Act (FCBA)
establishes procedures for resolving
billing errors on your credit card
accounts.

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Understanding Credit Scoring

6
▲

Credit Scoring
Credit scoring uses statistical models to evaluate
your credit risk by comparing credit information
about you to the credit performance of others
with similar credit records. The models have
been developed based on millions of credit report
files and are considered to be excellent predictors
of the likelihood that an individual will repay a loan.
▲

Credit Scores
Credit scores are used—along with your credit report and other information from
your loan or credit application—to determine whether you will get the financing to
make your purchase. Your credit score may also be used to determine the interest
rate you get on your loan or mortgage.
Credit scores are used widely today because they speed up the loan approval
process. What’s more, by using credit scores, lenders and creditors treat each
person objectively because the same standards apply to everyone.
Credit scores assess each factor in the same way for every consumer, every time.
They do not include race, religion, national origin, gender, or marital status as
factors. Credit scores are blind to demographic or cultural differences among
people.

6
Remember, no credit score lasts forever. A credit score is a snapshot based on
current information in your credit report. Credit scores change over time just like
your credit and credit behavior change over time.

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Factors That Influence Credit Scores
A credit score is based on information contained in your credit report.
Many factors are used to determine your score:

❚ Your payment history.

❚ The amount of debt you owe.
❚ How long you have been using credit.
❚ How often you’ve applied for new credit and taken on new debt.
❚ The types of credit you currently use, such as credit cards, retail accounts,
installment loans, finance company accounts, and mortgages.
It’s important to note that your income level is not a factor
considered in calculating your credit score. Someone with
Stay on Course
a high level of income, for example, may have a low credit
score, while someone with a low level of income might have
a high credit score. It all depends on the past use of credit
Tips for Improving
and the factors described above.
Your Credit Score
10%
❚ Pay your bills consistently
Types of
Credit in Use and on time.
10% ❚ Check your credit report
Pursuit of and correct any errors.
New Credit
35%
❚ Keep credit card balances low.
Payment
History ❚ Apply only for credit cards
you need.
15%
Credit History ❚ Pay off debt rather than
transferring to a new card.
30%
Outstanding ❚ Establish credit and use
Debt it wisely.
▲

How to Obtain Your Credit Score

The most commonly used credit score today is known as a FICO® score.
Developed by Fair Isaac Corporation, FICO scores are ranked on a scale of
approximately 300 to 900 points. Generally, the higher the score, the lower
the predicted risk to the lender.
You can obtain a copy of your FICO credit score online for a small fee at
www.myfico.com. This website also provides additional information on credit
scoring, factors, and credit tips.
When applying for a loan, ask your lender or creditor to explain what your credit
score means in relation to the final credit decision. Because scoring systems and
numerical ratings vary, never assume that your score is good or impaired until it
has been fully explained to you by a credit industry professional.

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How to Improve Your Credit Score
If you’d like to improve your credit score, please note that it takes time. Because
credit scoring utilizes data contained in your credit report, the scoring system is
actually analyzing your credit patterns over time. There is no quick fix. In fact,
quick fix efforts can backfire.
You should always make sure that the information in your credit report is correct
and manage your credit responsibly over time.

Remember—credit scores reflect your long-

term pattern of credit usage and repayment
history. Credit scores automatically improve
as your overall credit picture gets better.

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Thinking Like a Lender

7
Getting a mortgage or other loan today is faster, easier, and
less costly than it has ever been. Automated underwriting
has made that possible. Lenders and creditors consider
four primary factors when determining your creditworthiness.
They are:

❚ Capacity
❚ Capital
❚ Credit
❚ Collateral

Automated underwriting dramatically speeds up the lending process and reduces the cost
of getting a mortgage loan by using statistical computer models based on these factors.
Automated underwriting never uses factors, such as a borrower’s race, ethnicity, age,
or any other factor prohibited by the nation’s fair housing laws.
▲

Capacity
Lenders and creditors look to see if you have the capacity to repay the loan—
that is, enough income to make the monthly payments.
One of the ways that lenders verify your income is by reviewing your federal
income tax returns. For more information regarding the requirements established
for paying income taxes, please contact the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).
▲

Capital
Capital is another term for cash reserves and includes possessions (property that
could be liquidated). The lender will look more favorably on your credit application
if you can verify that you have cash reserves. Cash reserves include savings,
money market funds, or other investments that can be converted to cash. Lenders
consider investments to be Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs), certificates of
deposit (CDs), stocks, bonds, and the like. They do not consider participating in
pyramid scheme mechanisms with your family and/or friends as viable investments
in any way.
Cash reserves demonstrate to the lender that you have managed your money in a
way to set aside extra funds and have resources other than your income to repay
the debt.

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Stay on Course

Begin to File Your Income Taxes!

If you do not file income taxes in the U.S., begin doing so right away. It’s an important way
for lenders to document your income and income history so that you can obtain a loan or
mortgage on a home.

Lenders, especially in the case of mortgage lenders, also consider your debt-to-income
“ratios.” Debt-to-income ratios are calculations or percentages of the amount of your gross
monthly income that may be paid for monthly debts.

For example, some lenders may use a home mortgage qualifying ratio of 28/36. This means
that no more than 28% of your gross monthly income can be used to pay for your principal,
interest, property taxes, and insurance (PITI). Furthermore, no more than 36% of your
gross monthly income can be used to pay for your PITI and other monthly debts.
▲

Credit
Lenders will review your credit history to determine your overall creditworthiness.
If a lender or creditor finds that your credit report contains several late payments
or other negative factors, such as public record items, your ability to secure loan
approval will be hindered.
Similarly, if you have access to too much credit, you may be at risk of being
questioned or denied credit because you could become overextended.
▲

Collateral
Collateral is the value of possessions or property that you pledge as security for a

7
debt. In the case of a mortgage, for example, the collateral would be the house
and the land. If a borrower defaults on a loan, he or she could lose the collateral,
such as a house, in the case of a mortgage.
For example, if you want to get a loan and have very few assets—but you recently
inherited your grandfather’s house and you’re willing to pledge that property as
collateral—you may be a better credit risk.
The term commonly used for this type of situation is “compensating factors.”
If you are strong in one area, yet weak in another, compensating factors may
be considered.
▲

Evaluating Credit Risk

Another tool used by lenders and creditors to evaluate credit and credit risk is
credit scoring. Credit scoring uses information contained in your credit report and
provides the lender with a credit score. The use of credit scores accelerates the
loan approval process. (Refer to Lesson 6 in this guide for more information on
credit scoring.)

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7
Debt Worksheet
Use this worksheet to list all of your debts (financial obligations) which you normally
pay on a monthly basis, such as car loans, student loans, credit cards, or other
loans. Include the name/type of the account, the interest rate, the monthly payment,
and the balance remaining on the loan.

This worksheet will help you to calculate your total monthly debt payments and your
total overall indebtedness. Include only the debts that have more than six monthly
payments remaining.

A. B. C. D.
Monthly Remaining
Name/Type of Account Interest Rate Payment Amount Balance Owed

TOTAL MONTHLY DEBT PAYMENTS:

(add the numbers in column C) +$

TOTAL INDEBTEDNESS:
(add the numbers in column D) +$

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▲
Cash and Asset Worksheet
This worksheet will help you to determine your net worth.

Lenders who calculate your net worth will generally average your checking
and savings balances over the past three months.

Type of Account Account Name and Account

or Asset Account Number Balance

Checking Account(s) $

Savings Account(s) $

Mutual funds, stocks, and bonds $

Cash value of life insurance $

policy (policies)
$

Other liquid assets $

Total Net Worth: $

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Avoiding Credit Traps

8
Over the past few years, you’ve probably heard many horror
stories about people who have fallen prey to various credit
traps. You receive these offers every day—offers of credit,
vacation sweepstakes, equity loans, telephone solicitations,
and Internet junk mail.

It’s important to recognize and avoid credit pitfalls and traps

that can severely damage your credit and in some cases, cause extreme financial hardship.
▲

Predatory Lending
Predatory lending practices are commonly defined as abusive lending
practices that strip equity away from a homeowner. Predatory lending
practices can include:
❚ Targeting low-income people with poor credit and elderly homeowners with
a large amount of equity in their homes by making unsolicited telephone
and mail offers and/or sending “checks” that, if cashed, become a loan with
unfavorable terms and interest rates.
❚ Using high-pressure sales tactics.
❚ Stressing that you pay only the monthly interest on the loan can have the
consequences of no equity buildup.
❚ Having little or no concern about the borrower’s ability to repay the loan.
❚ Packing the loans with single premium credit insurance products, such as
credit life insurance. Single premium credit insurance products that permit
upfront financing of insurance premiums with borrower equity, hold the potential
for abuse, especially among uninformed borrowers, and are one of the single
largest causes of home foreclosure in America today.
❚ Repeatedly refinancing with a loan within a short period of time and charging
high points and fees with each refinance.
It’s important to note that just because a lender charges high interest rates or fees,
it may not be considered predatory lending. People with poor credit—higher-risk
borrowers—will often pay more in interest and fees.

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▲
Questionable or Costly Business Practices and Scams
There are several types of abusive lending practices, scams, or other
questionable business practices that may strip equity away from a homeowner
or place a consumer in financial hardship. Here is some helpful information
to avoid these pitfalls.

Check Cashing Businesses

Stay on Course Check cashing businesses are legal and found throughout
the country. People tend to use check cashing businesses
because they do not have any kind of traditional credit,
Financial Institutions: savings, or checking accounts. Among those who often
Alternatives to Check use these businesses are working families and persons on
Cashing Businesses public assistance or on fixed incomes, like Social Security.

Consider establishing a Check cashing businesses “cash” your checks and provide
relationship with a financial other financial services. However, some charge customers
institution as an alternative to extremely high fees for the service. Banks and other financial
using a check cashing business: institutions can provide these same services—and more—for
less money.
❚ Try to save up enough money
If your financial choices are currently limited, try one of
to equal the typical check
these alternatives to check cashing businesses:
cashing fee. Use the funds to
open a savings account, and ❚ Cash your check at the bank from which it was drawn,
once opened, you will be able if possible.
to use the financial institution
❚ Start managing your finances so that you can save the
to deposit and cash your
checks. Every time you cash money needed to open a checking and/or savings account.
a check in the future, try to
put the money that you would
have paid to the check cashing High-Cost Cash Advances
business into your new savings Check cashing businesses also offer their own types of loans:

8
account. small, short-term loans that carry extremely high interest rates.
❚ A number of banks have A six-week $200 loan from one of these companies, for
recently begun offering low example, can cost $165 in interest and fees. Bottom line:
fee checking options. Be sure You borrow $200 and in six weeks, you owe $365!
to ask about these special
programs.
Rent-to-Own Businesses

Rent-to-own businesses provide consumers with products,

like furniture, for a monthly fee. Although seemingly affordable, you may end up
paying exorbitant prices for these products through long-term rental agreements.
Moreover, rent-to-own businesses do not typically cooperate with the credit
industry—they don’t report your payment record to the credit reporting agencies.

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Generally, you are better off making a purchase using a major credit card or
department store credit card than using a rent-to-own business. In doing so,
you save money and obtain a credit history.

Instant Income Tax Refunds

Companies offering instant income tax refunds

provide consumers with offers often too good
to be true. Beware of offers like these! Instant
tax refunds or refund anticipation loans are
an expensive way to get your tax refund more
quickly—you may gain a week or so in getting
your money but you’ll pay a high fee for the
service.
Protect yourself from these companies by learning
about tax laws or using the services of a tax
attorney or accountant. File your tax returns
electronically and ask for the funds to be
transferred directly into a savings or checking
account. Your return will be promptly processed
and your funds will be safe and secure without the additional cost.

Telephone and Internet Solicitation Scams

As a general rule, NEVER provide personal data, such as account numbers or your
Social Security number to someone you don’t know. Scams come in all shapes
and sizes. Keep in mind that there are individuals whose whole purpose in life is
to deceive other people.
There are many telephone scams out there—sweepstakes claims, travel scams,
business opportunities, illegal charitable solicitations, work-at-home schemes,
and credit repair plans. Say no! Their goal is to deceive you and take your money.
To protect yourself against telephone solicitation scams, get on both the company
and federal “Do Not Call” lists, keep records, and create a paper trail. To register
your telephone number on the “National DO NOT CALL Registry,” go to the
Federal Trade Commission’s website: www.ftc.gov. Take action by exercising
your legal rights if and when you have been harmed.
You’ll also find many Internet scams if you surf the Web. Be careful! Always use
caution with personal data or credit card information on the Internet.

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Identity Theft

Identity theft is when someone takes your personal information without your
knowledge to commit fraud or theft. Identity theft is on the rise in the U.S.
With ID theft, thieves take personal information about you, such as your Social
Security number, credit card numbers, or other information. They might take it
from your wallet, purse, mailbox, trash, or any other means.
The thieves might call your credit card companies and pretend to be you. They
might ask to change the mailing address on your credit card account. Then they
use your credit card number to charge goods and services.
They might even open a new credit card account using your name, birth date,
and Social Security number. If they use your name and Social Security number,
the charges can show up as a delinquent account on your credit report since they
will not pay the bill. The thieves could even open a bank account in your name
and write bad checks.

How to Avoid Identity Theft

To minimize the risk of identity theft, follow these
recommendations from the Federal Trade
Commission (FTC):
❚ Before you reveal any personal
information, find out how it will be used
and whether it will be shared with
others.

❚ Pay attention to your bills and credit

card statements. If your bills don’t arrive on
time, contact your creditor. A missing credit
card bill might mean that the identity thief has
changed your billing address and is using your
account.
❚ Guard your mail from thieves. Pick up your mail from your mailbox as
soon as possible. Place outgoing mail in post office collection boxes, not
in your own mailbox.
❚ Do not give out personal information over the phone or through the
mail unless you have initiated the contact and know with whom you
are dealing. Thieves may pose as bankers, government officials, or others
to get you to reveal your Social Security number or bank account number.
❚ Keep items with personal information safe. When you throw away
receipts, credit card applications, and old checks or statements, make sure
to shred them.
❚ When you make up your PIN for your credit, ATM, or debit card, don’t
use something a thief might guess, such as birth date, Social Security
number, or phone number.

❚ Order a copy of your credit report at least once a year. Catch mistakes
and fraud before they ruin your personal finances.

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Take Action Immediately!

The FTC recommends the following actions if you believe you are a victim
of identity theft. You can also call the FTC’s Identity Theft Hotline at
1-877-IDTHEFT (1-877-438-4338).

Take action immediately!

Keep records of your conversations and all correspondence.
❚ Contact the fraud department of the three major credit reporting agencies.
Tell them you are an identity theft victim. Ask them to place a “fraud alert”
in your file. This alert means that any company that checks your credit will know
that your information was stolen, and will therefore have to contact you by phone
to authorize the extension of new credit. This will prevent anyone from continuing
to illegally (without your knowledge or consent) use your credit. Ask the credit
reporting agencies for a copy of the credit report. They must give you a free copy
of your report if it is inaccurate because of fraud.
❚ Contact your creditors about any accounts that have been changed
or opened fraudulently. Ask to speak with someone in the security or fraud
department.
❚ File a report with your local police. Get a copy of the police report so you have
proof of the crime.

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Home Equity Loans and Lines of Credit

If you already own a home, you’ve probably

received many offers for home equity loans
and lines of credit. A home equity loan is a
loan secured against your home. It is a
loan in addition to your existing mortgage.
A line of credit is also secured against your
home. However, you are not issued a
check—you have access to funds up to the
limit of the line of credit. A line of credit is,
in many ways, similar to a credit card. It is
a revolving line of credit. You can borrow
money and pay it back as many times as
you need to during the term of the loan.
Before you accept an offer for a home
equity loan or line of credit, make sure you
know the terms of the loan and if there are
prepayment penalties. Home equity loans
are often structured as 10- or 15-year
loans—that’s a long time to pay it back.
If you use the funds for a new car or a
vacation, the car will need to be replaced
and your vacation memories will be long gone. Moreover, since homes in most
markets appreciate in value over time, leaving your appreciation intact is an

8
excellent way of saving for college and your retirement.
If you need to use your asset—your home—for some important family need, such
as retirement or sending a child to college, shop around for a mortgage that is
fairly priced, with fair terms, and ethical marketing.

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Prepayment Penalty Mortgages

Some consumers may be misinformed regarding the terms of a prepayment

penalty mortgage (PPM). In order to avoid feeling trapped in a PPM, you should
consider the following information before you make a choice. A prepayment
penalty mortgage requires that you pay a prepayment penalty or fee (a percentage
of the unpaid principal balance) if you repay your entire loan (or a substantial
portion of it) within a certain time period. A substantial payment is defined as
any amount that exceeds 20% of the original principal balance.

Advantages of a PPM Disadvantages of a PPM

❚ Possible cost savings benefits of reduced fees If you pay off your mortgage debt before
or closing costs. it is due, or if you choose to refinance your loan,
❚ Possible lower interest rate. you will owe a substantial prepayment penalty.

Using a PPM is a personal decision that depends greatly on both your current
financial situation and how long you think you’ll keep your mortgage before
refinancing or making a large payment against it.
Before choosing a PPM, be sure to obtain the following information from your
lender in writing:
❚ The terms of the mortgage provision containing the prepayment penalty.
❚ The amount of the penalty that you will be required to pay.
❚ The time period in which the penalty will be charged if you prepay or make
a substantial payment on your loan.
❚ Any other conditions under which the lender may charge you a prepayment
penalty.

In addition, you should ask your lender several questions as you consider
the pros and cons of a prepayment penalty mortgage, such as:
❚ How much will I save on my closing costs or fees?
❚ Will my interest rate be lower if I accept a PPM?
❚ Under what conditions will the lender enforce the prepayment penalty?
❚ Will the lender enforce the prepayment penalty if I sell my home?
❚ How is the prepayment penalty calculated, and how much will it be
on my loan?
❚ When can I prepay the loan without incurring a penalty?
❚ How does this mortgage compare to a non-PPM?
BE SURE to research all your options as you look for the right type of mortgage
for you. Remember, your lender should be available to answer all of your
questions and to help you make an informed decision. You may also wish to seek
the assistance of a housing counselor in your area. REMEMBER: PPMs are a
borrower’s choice, never a requirement.

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Restoring Your Credit

9
If you’ve ever experienced financial difficulties or credit
problems in the past or at present, here’s some useful
information to help you build back your credit and credit
rating.

The major reasons for financial difficulties are:

❚ Loss of income (job loss, divorce, death)
❚ Emergency and/or unexpected expenses (medical expenses, etc.)
❚ Poor money management (overspending, compulsive buying, purchasing things
you can’t afford)
❚ Defective goods and services (car repair, house repair, etc.)
❚ Fraudulent use of your credit card—identity theft
▲

Warning Signs of Credit Problems

Be aware of and recognize the warning signs that might be a signal
of pending financial and credit problems:
❚ Inability to pay your bills on time and paying late fees.
❚ Difficulty deciding which bills to pay each month.
❚ Forced into using credit cards for routine purchases for which you would
normally make with cash or checks.
❚ Spending more than 20% of your monthly net income to pay back credit cards
and other loans (excluding a mortgage).
❚ Borrowing money to make payments on existing loan obligations.
❚ Frequently at, near, or over your credit card limit.
❚ Paying only the minimum payment due on your credit card bills.
❚ Paying bills late or putting off necessary things, like visits to the doctor, because
you don’t have enough money.

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❚ Working overtime or a second job just to cover food, housing, and other basic
living expenses.
❚ Thinking your financial condition is beyond help.
If after reviewing this list, you thought, “That’s me,” you are not alone. It’s easy to
fall into the trap of any one of these items. And, once you’re in the hole, digging
out often seems impossible.
▲

How to Cope With a Financial Crisis

Communication and early intervention are key to helping you cope with a financial
crisis. Here are some tips to help you get through a difficult time and keep your
credit intact.
1. Pay yourself first. Put yourself on “the payroll.” Always set aside money
for savings.
2. Don’t wait until it’s too late to seek help. Seeking help early on, while
the problem is still small, will make for easier, more manageable solutions.
3. Call the lender or creditor, explain your situation and work with them.
Creditors always respond better to a consumer who reaches out to them
rather than a consumer who avoids them. By contacting them, you can make
payment arrangements or restructure the debt. Never ignore communications

9
from your lender or creditor.
4. Don’t make promises that you cannot keep. Be realistic.
5. Be honest and don’t give up. If you tell the truth to your creditors, you’ll
ensure a good relationship and positive resolution.
6. Talk to a local nonprofit credit counseling agency to help you rebuild
your credit. A credit counselor can provide confidential spending plan
and debt information, debt repayment programs, and financial management
education. Look in your own community for valuable resources.

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▲
Restoring Your Credit
If you’ve experienced credit problems in
the past, there are ways to restore your
credit.

First, contact former creditors with whom you’ve

had a good payment record. They may be willing
to extend your credit to re-establish your credit.
Next, carefully review any credit card offers you
receive and do not acquire too many. Usually
two credit cards will suffice.
Consider offering security on an account, such as
a car or secured credit card. But remember that
if you default on the secured loan, the item that
is attached may be repossessed. A secured
credit card is a card whereby you have funds
available—like $500—to secure a credit card with
a $500 limit. If you choose a secured credit card,
be sure that the credit card issuer reports to the credit reporting agencies so
that there’s a record of you restoring your credit. You might also ask a family
member or friend to co-sign a loan with you on a credit or loan application. Keep
in mind, however, that both parties are responsible if you are unable to make your
payments. Conversely, be sure that you carefully consider a request made by a
family member or friend to co-sign a loan for their credit or loan application—both
parties are responsible! In the event of non-payment, both parties’ credit rating
are damaged.
Avoid credit repair companies at all costs. They may promise the world, take
your money, and get you into more debt. Instead, contact a nonprofit community-
based credit counseling organization.
Restoring your credit takes hard work and discipline, but it’s well worth it in the
long run. Don’t give up!

Take the following steps to restore your credit:

❚ Examine how much you owe and to whom.
❚ Prepare a spending plan.
❚ Contact creditors to whom payment is overdue and work out payment
arrangements.
❚ Consider possible sources of money.
❚ If you have money in a savings account, consider using it to pay off what
you can.
❚ If your delinquency is serious, such as faced with foreclosure, consider
borrowing from your retirement account.
❚ Sell assets.
❚ Consider getting a second job.

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Planning for Your Future

10
In the world of credit and credit management, your future
is really yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Everything that
you have already done and the financial decisions that you
have made in the past are actually all a part of your future.

You can achieve the financial goals that you set for
yourself and attain financial security through good money
management, smart spending, and establishing and maintaining a good credit history. With an
understanding of credit and credit systems, you’ll be better able to expand your economic
opportunities and realize your goals and dreams.
▲

Steps to Financial Success

Secure Your Future Think Long-Term

❚ Track your spending and create a spending ❚ Estimate your pension or retirement fund.
plan.
❚ Know your Social Security benefits.
❚ Pay yourself first: open a savings and
❚ Contribute to a 401(k) and/or an IRA.
checking account.
❚ Invest in stocks and mutual funds.
❚ Set up an emergency fund.
❚ If interest rates go down, consider
❚ Be systematic: use payroll savings.
refinancing your mortgage.
❚ Educate yourself about personal finance.

Keep Your Credit in Good Shape Hope for the Best;

❚ Make all payments on time. Prepare for the Worst
❚ ❚ Check your insurance coverage.
Reduce your debt.
❚ ❚ Consider disability insurance.
Limit the number and use of credit cards.
❚ ❚ Update beneficiary designations and
Review your credit report.
prepare a will.
❚ Organize financial records.
❚ Don’t abdicate responsibility.

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Becoming a Homeowner

11
▲

Is Homeownership Right for You?

More than 2/3 of people in the U.S. own their
home today. And the number keeps growing.
But some people believe they could never own
a home.
Could this be you?

Maybe you’re not sure you know enough about the process of buying a home
or you’re intimidated by it. Or, you worry that you can’t afford to buy a house
because you haven’t saved enough money.
Maybe your credit has blemishes. Or, you’ve never established a relationship
with a financial institution or credit company and have no credit at all.
Perhaps you’re not a U.S. citizen or permanent resident and you don’t plan to live
in the U.S. very long. Or, you have difficulty speaking and understanding English
and would be less intimidated if you could work with people who speak your native
language.
Think again!

These concerns don’t have to be obstacles to homeownership. With

the right information, the dream of homeownership could be within
your reach!

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▲
Are You Ready to Buy a Home?
Use these questions to help you decide if you might be ready to buy a home.

1) Do you have a continuous, reliable source of income?

2) Have you been employed continuously for the last two years even if it has
not been in the same job, and is it likely to continue?

3) Do you have a checking and/or savings account established with a bank,

credit union or other financial institution? Or, if you don’t, do you keep
accurate records of paying your bills regularly and on time?

4) Do you file an income tax return with the IRS each year, even if you are
not a U.S. citizen?

5) Do you pay your bills on time?

6) Is your total monthly debt (all credit cards, car loans, etc.) manageable?
Can you afford those debts and a mortgage?

7) Are all of your routine financial obligations accounted for in your total
debt?

8) Do you have some money saved for a down payment? (Some affordable
mortgages require no money down but others require a small down
payment.)

9) Do you have some money saved for closing costs?

10) On a monthly basis, can you afford the mortgage payment as well as other
expenses, including electricity, water, repair and maintenance costs, and
any financial obligations you may have towards family members, such as
allowances for your children or money you regularly send to relatives in
another country?

11) Do you have time to take care of a house—including responsibilities like

mowing the lawn and making repairs?

12) Do you have time to devote to buying a home right now? Or are other
commitments, like taking classes at night, a priority?

13) Do you have money to cover moving expenses?

14) If you’ve experienced financial difficulties in the past, can you prove
that it was due to events beyond your control?

If you answered “no” to any of these questions, concentrate on strengthening

those areas. You can do so by following the steps described in the previous
sections of this guide and also taking a homebuyer education class in your area.
These classes are a good source of information and will help you prepare for
homeownership.
If you can answer “yes” to most of these questions, you are probably ready
to think seriously about owning your own home.

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▲
Why Own a Home?
You Build Equity!
In the early years of most mortgages, the majority of your monthly mortgage
payments go towards paying the interest on your mortgage. Over time, an
increasing amount of the monthly payment goes towards reducing the mortgage
balance, or “principal.” This is called “amortization.”
As you make payments, you reduce the principal and increase
your share, or “equity,” in your home’s value. If your home
Stay on Course
increases in value through “appreciation”—an increase in the
market value of a home—your equity will build even faster.

Did You Know? Building equity in your home is important. For many people,
it lets them plan for retirement, pay for college, and attain other
Most people in the U.S. buy a future goals.
home with a mortgage, not all
up-front cash. You Gain Tax Advantages!
When you own a home, you may be allowed to deduct
Homeownership can be a mortgage interest and property taxes from your federal income
worthwhile investment even taxes and from some states’ income taxes. These deductions
if you only plan to live in this may mean significant tax savings, especially in the early years
country for a few years. Often, of the mortgage when interest makes up most of the monthly
you can build up enough equity—
payment. Consult a tax advisor for information about your
or savings in your home—in
individual circumstances.
a few years that it’s worth the
investment you make today. After calculating your taxes, you may find that it’s cheaper for
It’s easy to establish credit to get you to buy than to rent.
a mortgage. One way is to set up
Keep in mind, however, that to gain these tax advantages, you
a checking and/or savings account
must file an itemized annual income tax return with the U.S.
with a financial institution. Even
government, even if you are not a U.S. citizen. For details,
if you don’t have a bank account,
see Lesson 7, Thinking Like a Lender.
you can get a mortgage if you
keep accurate records and receipts You Can Rely on Monthly Principal
of paying your rent, utilities, and Interest Payment Stability!
and telephone bills on time, If you select a fixed-rate mortgage, you will pay the same
every time. monthly principal and interest for the term of your loan.
(However, your monthly mortgage payment could increase
slightly if taxes and insurance costs go up throughout the term
of the loan.) Unlike renting, this type of payment will remain
the same month after month, even when inflation leads to
higher prices.

You Can Have a Place for Your Family

and Relatives to Live and Gain a Sense of Community!
When you own a home, you can be secure in knowing that your family will have
a place to live. When you rent, you might not always be able to renew your rental
contract and then will have to find a new place to live.
Owning a home also allows you to get involved in the well-being of your com-
munity. You may feel a greater sense of belonging by owning your own home.
Once your mortgage is paid in full, the home is yours. You can also pass your
home on to your children or other relatives as an inheritance.

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Rent or Buy?
It’s a personal decision. Decide what’s best for you and your family.

Renting Buying
❚ Free of maintenance obligations. ❚ Build equity.
❚ Not committed to staying in a ❚ Tax advantages*.
house or neighborhood.
❚ Stable monthly payments.
❚ Can move quickly.
❚ Strong sense of community.
❚ Free of costs, such as homeowner’s
❚ Place for family and relatives to live.
insurance and property taxes.

*Consult a tax advisor about potential tax advantages.

▲

Helpful Hints
Stay on Course
Use these additional tips to help you figure out what
you can afford to spend on a home.
❚ Create a spending plan with your estimated mortgage How Much Can You
payment; include taxes and insurance plus the costs Afford to Spend?
of any homeowner’s association or condo fees.
For a general idea of your
❚ Include any financial support you send each month to homebuying power, multiply
relatives living in another country. your annual gross income by 2.5.
Example: $39,000 x 2.5 = $97,500
❚ Include utility costs and future home maintenance repair
costs in the spending plan.
Your gross annual income is
❚ Remember your other goals, like college and retirement. the income you earn in a year
before taxes and other deductions.
❚ Select a mortgage amount that allows you to meet your It can also include rental income,
long-term goals and needs. self-employed income, income
from alimony, child support,
public assistance payments,

11
and retirement benefits.

Remember that just because

a lender qualifies you to buy
a certain amount, it doesn’t
mean that you can afford or be
comfortable with the monthly
payments. Decide for yourself.

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Down Payments and Closing Costs
How much money do you need to buy a home?

You’ll most likely need money for a down payment

on a mortgage. Keep in mind that with some
mortgages, however, you don’t need to make a
down payment. You’ll also need money for closing
costs and other housing-related costs, such as
moving and repair costs.

Down Payments

A down payment is a percentage of the value

of the property and is determined by the type of
mortgage you choose. Down payments typically
range from 0% to 20% of the property value.
You also might be required to have private
mortgage insurance, called PMI, or government
mortgage insurance, called MIP (also known as
mortgage insurance premium), if your down payment is less than 20%.

Closing Costs

Closing costs include points, taxes, title insurance, financing costs, and items that
must be prepaid or escrowed and other settlement costs. These costs generally
range from 2% and 7% of the mortgage amount.
You’ll receive an estimate of these costs from your lender after you apply for
a mortgage. Some mortgage programs provide assistance with closing costs.
Discuss this option with your lender.

Other Costs

In addition to the down payment and closing costs, you’ll also have to pay
for move-in expenses, including:
❚ Van rental or moving company fee.
❚ Changing the locks on doors, installing window bolts and smoke detectors.
❚ Deposits and start-up fees for utilities, phone, cable, trash removal, and other
services.
❚ Immediate repairs or work your home may need, such as cleaning and painting.
❚ New appliances, if necessary.
❚ Equipment, such as lawn mowers and hoses, if needed.
❚ Decorating and furniture, if needed.

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Finding a Mortgage Lender
Once you decide to proceed with homeownership, you’ll need to prepare to get
a mortgage. You can get a mortgage from many different sources, like mortgage
banking companies, commercial banks, community banks, credit unions, and
other financial institutions. Mortgage brokers may be a source of information
for different mortgage products available from a variety of sources.

Some places to start getting information include:

❚ Your own financial institution. Sometimes financial institutions can offer better
mortgage terms to current customers.
❚ Real estate professionals
❚ Relatives, friends, and co-workers who own a home
❚ Homeownership education providers
❚ Your local newspaper, telephone book, or the Internet
❚ Churches or places of worship
❚ Employers
❚ Freddie Mac’s homebuyer education website, available in English and Spanish:
Buying and Owning a Home (www.FreddieMac.com/homeownership)
El Camino a su Propia Casa (www.FreddieMac.com/homeownership/espanol)
❚ National Association of Hispanic Real Estate Professionals (NAHREP)
Realestateespanol.com, available in English and Spanish.

Additional Resources
City and state housing agencies and nonprofit organizations can refer you
to special programs in your area designed to help homebuyers including:
❚ NeighborWorks® America (www.nw.org)
❚ National Council of La Raza (NCLR) (www.nclr.org)
❚ National Puerto Rican Coalition (NPRC) (www.bateylink.org)
❚ Habitat for Humanity (www.habitat.org)
❚ ACORN (www.acorn.org)
❚ National Urban League (www.nul.org)
❚ The Enterprise Foundation (www.enterprisefoundation.org)
❚ National Foundation for Credit Counseling, which now includes
Consumer Credit Counseling Services (CCCS) agencies (www.nfcc.org)
❚ Local Initiatives Support Corporation (LISC) (www.liscnet.org)
❚ U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) (www.hud.gov)
❚ Homeownership education providers
❚ Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which includes Money Smart
(www.fdic.gov)
❚ National Association of Real Estate Brokers (NAREB) (www.NAREB.com)
❚ Asian Real Estate Association of America (AREAA) (www.areaa.org)
❚ National Association of Realtors (NAR) (www.realtor.org)

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Types of Mortgages
There are many different types of mortgages. It’s important to shop around to find
the mortgage that’s right for you. The mortgage rate and length, or term, as well
as points are all factors in deciding which mortgage is right for you.
The type of mortgage is also an important part of the decision. Some of the most
common mortgages available today include:
❚ Fixed-Rate Mortgages: Fixed-rate mortgages are stable and offer long-term
savings. Because the interest rate never changes, the monthly principal and
interest payment never changes either. Your payment could go up a little,
however, if property taxes and insurance costs go up. A fixed-rate loan is
the most common loan for first-time homebuyers.
❚ Adjustable-Rate Mortgages: Adjustable-rate mortgages (ARM) usually
start with a lower interest rate, so your monthly payments are lower. This allows
you to qualify for a larger mortgage than would be possible with a fixed-rate
mortgage. The interest rate on an ARM is adjusted periodically based on an
index that reflects changing market interest rates. It’s important to understand
all the aspects of ARMs before you make your decision. ARMs are a good
choice if you like to take advantage of favorable market conditions and/or expect
your income will increase over the life of the loan. However, if you decide to later
refinance into a fixed-rate mortgage, you will incur closing cost expenses.
❚ Balloon/Reset Mortgages: Balloon/reset mortgages may be a good choice
for homebuyers who don’t expect to own their home past the maturity date of
the balloon note: 5 or 7 years, for example. At the end of that time, you must
sell your house or get a new loan, called a refinance. Expect to pay fees
associated with a refinance.
❚ Graduated Payment Mortgages: With this mortgage, you can start out
making lower monthly payments; then over a period of years, your payments go
up slowly. When the payments reach a certain amount, they stay fixed at that
amount for the rest of the loan. Graduated payment loans are good if you think
your annual income will go up.
❚ Interest-Only Mortgages: Instead of paying part of the principal (the loan
amount) each month plus interest charges, interest-only loans require that the
borrower pay only the interest for the first 5 or 10 years. After that, the borrower
must either pay the balance of the loan or start paying both principal and interest
monthly for the remaining period, perhaps 20 to 25 years. The potential risks
are significant for interest-only loans, especially if the interest rate on the loan
increases, and the required payments of both principal and interest are well
beyond your ability to pay each month. After the interest-only period ends,
the monthly payment will be substantially higher than if you had used a traditional
30-year mortgage loan.
❚ Option ARMs: Also called “flex” ARMs, these loans let the borrower decide
how much to pay from one month to the next based on a few choices. The
options range from making a full monthly payment (what you normally would
pay in principal and interest for a traditional mortgage) to a “minimum” payment
that does not fully pay for the interest due, but the shortfall is added to your loan
balance. If you do not have enough money for your regular monthly payment,
you can send in a low payment and not be defaulting on your loan.

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Remember to shop around for the best mortgage rates. Contact lenders at banks
and credit unions as well as mortgage brokers. Keep in mind that the lowest
mortgage rate may not always be the best choice for you. Rates are important,
but also consider the overall cost of the loan.
Look at other costs such as loan and origination fees, and discount and origination
points. Be sure to ask the lender exactly what he or she is quoting to you. Ask
what the Annual Percentage Rate (APR) of the loan is. The APR takes into
account the interest rate and fees.
Ask for a “Good-Faith Estimate” (GFE) in writing from each
lender that you work with so you understand all of the costs Stay on Course
and you can compare lenders. Required by law to be given
to you by the lender after you submit an application, a GFE is
a written statement itemizing the approximate costs and fees New to the U.S.?
for the mortgage.
If you’re a newcomer to the
U.S. or your cultural beliefs
and traditions have prevented
▲

Affordable, Low Down Payment Mortgages

you from establishing a banking
Saving enough money for a down payment can be hard and relationship or traditional credit
meeting lender underwriting requirements can be challenging. history, don’t worry. Many
Sometimes this prevents people from buying a home. lenders today help people with
nontraditional credit become
However, many mortgage lenders offer low down payment
homeowners through special
mortgages and mortgages with more flexible underwriting
underwriting flexibilities built
to help people with these financial circumstances. Be sure
into the mortgage products
to shop around and ask various lenders for all the specifics
they offer.
related to loans with these types of options.
Some mortgages need as little as 0% down payment If this is your situation, keep
(excluding closing costs). Others raise the maximum debt-to- in mind that you can still qualify
income ratio, allowing you to qualify for a mortgage payment for a mortgage even if you:
that is a larger percentage of your monthly income.
❚ Do not have a bank account.
❚ Have a limited or no credit
Ask your lender about fixed-rate mortgages with history.
low down-payment features like:
❚ Are a foreigner and do not
❚ Small down payments (0% to 5%). have permanent resident
❚ Additional sources of money for the down status.
payment, like a federal, state, or local government ❚ Have been employed in the
agency, nonprofit organization, employers, private U.S. for less than two years.
foundation, or family member.
❚ Pool your funds with your
❚ Expanded debt-to-income ratios up to 42%. extended family.
❚ Options for people with limited incomes in Ask lenders about these flexibilities
high-cost areas. when you go to look for a
❚ Homeownership education programs. mortgage.

❚ Lower mortgage insurance costs.

❚ Seller contributions to your closing costs.
❚ Options for people who buy in designated areas.

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Finding a Real Estate Professional
Real estate professionals earn their living matching homebuyers with sellers. They
are licensed by the state where they live and have taken classes in subjects such
as real estate law and finance.
Working with a real estate professional to find a house can save you time and
sometimes can save you money. They know what homes are worth and can tell
you if a seller is asking too much money for the house being sold.
Real estate professionals can help you find the best home to meet your needs.
They can also help with parts of the mortgage process but their role is different
than a mortgage lender’s role.
Ask your family and friends for the names of real estate professionals with whom

11
they’ve worked. You may contact one of the organizations on page 59 for a list of
housing professionals in your area. Or, review newspaper ads for a listing of open
houses. Stop by and talk with the real estate professional showing the house.
You’ll want to choose a professional that makes you feel comfortable and can
provide knowledge and services you need. If you prefer to speak Spanish or
another language, for example, be sure to find a real estate professional that
also speaks your preferred language.
Most real estate professionals’ services are paid a commission by the seller of the
house when the sale closes. The buyer does not pay the real estate professional
unless they have contracted with the buyer’s agent. A buyer’s agent is a real estate
professional who is paid for by the buyer and therefore, solely represents the
interests of the buyer.

Questions to ask a Real Estate Professional

❚ How long have you been in real estate?

❚ Are you a full-time real estate professional?
❚ Are you familiar with the community in which I want to look?
❚ Do you speak languages other than English?
❚ How many homes have you sold in the last year?
❚ What is the average sale price of the homes you sold last year?
❚ Do you usually work with sellers or buyers?
❚ How many buyers are you presently working with?
Are you acting as the exclusive buyer’s agent?
❚ How many sellers are you presently working with?
❚ What do you consider your strengths?
❚ Can you provide the names of three homebuyers as references?

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For Example
If You Speak Spanish
Contact the National Association of Hispanic Real Estate Professionals
at www.realestateespanol.com for a list of Spanish-speaking real estate
professionals in your area.
▲

Homeownership Education and Credit Counseling

If you believe that you are not quite ready to begin the process of buying a home
because of your personal circumstances, don’t give up. Divorce, losing a job,
emergency medical expenses, other circumstances, and simply not having the
financial literacy skills to manage your money well can all result in credit difficulties.
There are other resources you can check out to help you build your credit and
prepare to buy a home.

Homeownership education can help you become a successful homeowner.

It can provide more information on:

❚ Preparing for the mortgage approval process.

❚ Understanding the issues involved in qualifying for a loan.
❚ Understanding the importance of establishing a strong credit reputation.
❚ Identifying the important elements of home selection.
❚ Selecting a home that is affordable over the long term.
❚ Learning about the financing and closing processes.
❚ Understanding how to avoid mortgage delinquencies, defaults, and foreclosures.

Credit counseling can help you improve and build back your credit.
A credit counselor can provide:

❚ Credit education
❚ Confidential budget and debt counseling
❚ Debt repayment programs
❚ Financial management education

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Look in your own community for these valuable nonprofit resources:

❚ National Foundation for Credit Counseling, a network of consumer
counseling agencies. Check the yellow pages or visit www.nfcc.org for the
office closest to you. You can also call NFCC directly for a referral in Spanish
at 1-800-682-9832.
❚ NeighborWorks® America is a national network of nonprofit organizations
who support affordable housing and homeownership initiatives in local
communities. Check the yellow pages or visit www.nw.org for the office
closest to you.
❚ Other nonprofit homeownership education groups in your area.
Check your yellow pages under “credit counseling.” Or, on the Internet, search
for topics such as “debt counseling,” “consumer credit counseling service,”
or “homeownership education.”

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Preserving Homeownership:
Protecting Your Home Investment

12
Congratulations! If you’ve made it this far in the guide,
you’re either a homeowner, or you’re seriously considering it.
Here you’ll find that the skills you’ve learned up to this
point—like understanding your credit score, managing
your money, planning ahead, and avoiding financial traps—
all come together to help you maintain your good credit
and become a successful homeowner for the long term.

Stay on Course
▲

Responsibilities of Homeownership
For many families, the purchase of a home is the largest
single investment they’ll ever make. Because you are now a
homeowner, you too can benefit from all of the advantages of Managing Your Money
your investment. It’s also important, however, that you know as a Homeowner:
how to protect your home and your family from the potential ❚ Know your variable expenses,
storms—natural and financial—of life. Life happens, and while including utilities and home
we can’t always predict what’s coming our way, there are some maintenance. Allocate a
things we can do to prepare for, prevent, and even recover month’s worth of the year’s
from life’s challenges. expected total in your spending
plan.
Without a wide enough safety net, some homeowners find
their homes in jeopardy, the worst-case scenarios resulting in ❚ Plan ahead for large or periodic
foreclosure. While it’s difficult to consider the possibility of ever expenses, such as homeowner
losing your home, understanding what could put you at risk association (HOA) fees and
and learning how to avoid those risks is really the best way property taxes. Add things
to ensure your long-term success. you may need, like appliances.
❚ Consider your mortgage your
highest priority, and always
▲

Spend and Save Wisely pay it on time.

❚ Save at least three months
The very first things you should do as a homeowner is to
reconsider your goals and update your monthly spending and of your income in an
savings plans. Include all of the new and anticipated costs of emergency savings account
homeownership, and be sure that saving remains a priority as
for protection against
well. While homeownership does bring the responsibility of
unexpected emergencies, job
loss, major home repairs, etc.
additional expenses, it is more manageable if you plan ahead.
See Lesson 2 Managing Your Money to update your spending ❚ Consider making additional
plan and to find tips for saving money. payments on your mortgage
to save money.

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Did You Know?

Paying an extra $50 per month on a $100,000, 30-year loan at 7 percent could reduce the
loan term by more than five years and save $32,000 in interest. Be sure to inquire about any
prepayment penalties.
▲

Borrowing Against Your Home Equity

Home equity is the difference between what your home is worth and the total
amount you still owe. People most often borrow against their home equity
to make home improvements, pay for education, consolidate debt, invest, etc.
Ways to Borrow Against Your Home Equity
Stay on Course ❚ Refinance—Refinancing is when you receive a new
mortgage and use some or all of the proceeds to pay off the
old mortgage. When you refinance, you complete many of
Before You Borrow Against the same steps you did when you received the first mortgage
Your Home Equity: to buy a home.

❚ Get quotes from at least ❚ Home Equity Loan—A second mortgage secured against
three lenders. your home. A home equity loan usually has fixed interest
rates that are higher than the first mortgage.
❚ Shop around to compare
similar combinations of ❚ Home Equity Line of Credit—A revolving line of credit
interest rates, points, closing secured against your home, similar to a credit card. You can
costs, fees, and the monthly borrow money (up to the amount that is approved) and pay
mortgage. it back as many times you need during the term of the loan.
❚ Compare the annual ❚ Home Equity Conversion Mortgage (HECM)—A type
percentage rate (APR), the of reverse mortgage that is an option for homeowners who
total annual cost of borrowing. are at least 62-years-old and own their home. Under certain
❚ Know whether there are circumstances, these homeowners can choose to receive
prepayment penalties. monthly payments or access a line of credit instead of
making monthly mortgage payments for as long as they
❚ Seek help from a reputable continue to live in the home.
housing expert.

Look Before You Leap

Before borrowing against your home equity, make sure you

have a good reason. These loans can be structured as 10-, 15-, or even 30-year
loans—that’s a long time to pay it back! If you use the funds for a new car or
vacation, the car will likely need to be replaced and most of your vacation memories
will be long gone before you finish paying off your loan. While consolidating debt is
also an attractive option, it’s only worthwhile if you can change your spending habits
to avoid taking on new consumer debt.

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Maintaining, Repairing, and Improving Your Home
Keeping your home in good repair can help prevent costly problems from occurring.
It can help mechanical systems run more efficiently and last longer, and it can have
an enormous impact on a house's market value.

Before You Start a Home Repair or Improvement Project

Do . . .
❚ Do your homework to understand your home's maintenance, repair, or
improvement needs.
❚ Consider the “life-cycle costs" of materials or appliances. Over time, for example,
hardwood floors are a better investment than carpet.
❚ Bid the job competitively with at least three contractors who are licensed, registered
with the state, and adequately insured. Speak to their references before choosing
one.
❚ Before selecting a contractor, check with the Better Business Bureau or the state
Attorney General’s office to see if any complaints have been filed against the
company.
❚ Determine how you will pay. If your contractor offers a financing option, scrutinize
the deal very carefully. Make sure that the term and payments fit within your
spending plan.
❚ Read the contract carefully. Make sure that it accurately reflects your expectations.
❚ Keep a record of all progress, payments, changes, etc.
❚ Know how to settle a dispute. Beware of binding mandatory arbitration, in which
a third party arbitrator would decide the outcome of your dispute, eliminating your
right to present your case in court.

Never . . .
❚ NEVER pay the full amount in advance. Hold up to 30 percent for the final
payment to ensure your satisfaction.
❚ NEVER give in to high-pressure sales tactics.
❚ NEVER pay in cash.
❚

12
NEVER sign a work contract before you know the terms of your financing and
are certain about how you will pay.

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Emergency Preparedness
Emergencies and disasters strike unexpectedly and can create chaos in your life.
Though you can rarely control or prevent disasters, you can certainly plan ahead to
be prepared for these emergencies.

Stay on Course

Even a modest storm can cause temporary power outages. Planning ahead
for all sorts of emergencies is important.
❚ Develop an emergency plan with your family.
❚ Stock emergency supplies, including water and nonperishable food.
❚ Keep a first aid kit in a convenient location.
❚ Post emergency phone numbers near phones, and program them into cell phones.
❚ Keep an up-to-date inventory of household possessions.
❚ Protect valuable household records.
❚ Maintain enough insurance coverage to adequately cover the cost of rebuilding
or replacing your home.
Visit FEMA’s Web site for an online manual on preparing for and recovering from
disasters (www.fema.gov).
▲

Homeowner Beware—Avoiding Financial Traps

Because lending transactions often seem complicated, it’s not unusual for borrowers
to rely on the expertise of professionals for guidance through the process. But what
if your “professional” is actually a scam artist or predator looking to push you into a
costly or risky situation? With their sweet talk and smooth assurances, these
predators are often indistinguishable from legitimate lenders.

Home Title Scam

There are homeowners who have actually been cheated out of the titles to their
homes. Here are a few examples of how a title scam could occur:
❚ Someone offers to give you a loan or help you finance much-needed repairs, and
tells you that in order to secure financing, you must transfer your property deed or
title so that someone with a better credit rating can obtain the repair loan on your
behalf. Unfortunately, once you transfer the deed, the home is no longer yours.
❚ Someone offers you fast cash for the title to your home, but leaves you saddled
with the mortgage obligation.
❚ Someone offers to take over your mortgage and your title (allowing you to remain
in your home as a renter) so you can buy the house back when you get on your
feet. Consequently, there’s no guarantee that you’ll ever own the home again.

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Home Improvement Loan Scam

Home improvement scams come in various forms,
including the two most common:
❚ The contractor asks for money up front and leaves
after completing little or no repair work.
❚ The contractor helps you get a loan to finance repair
costs that then grow beyond the original estimate and
agreement. The repair costs, plus exorbitant hidden
fees and high interest rates, become so expensive
they’re ultimately unaffordable.

Post-Disaster Insurance Scam

Even in the wake of a disaster, homeowners must be on
the alert. Insurance scams can happen in a number of
ways:
❚ You’re waiting for your insurance claim to be processed when someone offers
you a lump-sum payment in exchange for the right to your insurance money.
You end up getting much less than the insurance company eventually pays out.
❚ Your contractor asks you to sign a “direction to pay form” that allows your
insurance company to pay the contractor directly, even before the repair work
is completed. Don’t do this until all work is completed, you’ve inspected it,
and you are satisfied with the final product.
❚ Someone offers to loan you money for home repairs while you wait for your
insurance money. In return, they ask for a post-dated check, your auto title,
or your tax refund. These scams are almost always high-interest loans. While
they may give you some short-term relief, the long-term cost could be
devastating.

Equity-Stripping Foreclosure “Rescue” Scam

For most of us, taking advantage of someone in trouble is unthinkable, but the
equity stripping (or equity skimming) foreclosure “rescue” scam does just that.

12
Scam artists seek out homeowners near foreclosure and offer them what they
think is a way to stay in their homes. What the homeowner doesn’t realize is that
in the process, they’re signing away the house and the equity. They get to stay
in their houses, but suddenly they’re just tenants.

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Foreclosure Prevention
What if—despite your best efforts—you start to have difficulty making your mortgage
payments? As unpleasant as it is to consider, there are homeowners who find
themselves in this situation; and in cases where they are not able to remedy the
situation, they lose their homes to foreclosure.
Foreclosure is a legal process by which the lender takes back ownership of
mortgaged property (for example, a home) and sells it because a loan is in default,
or in other words, because the owner is delinquent with their mortgage payments.
The process of foreclosure is different in every state. In some states, a non-litigated
foreclosure can take as little as 32 days. In other states, it's a process that could
take more than a year. In either case, the results can be devastating to your credit,
making it far more difficult and more expensive to borrow in the future.

How Do Homeowners Get into Trouble?

So how is it that after all the hard work, planning, and saving it takes to buy a house,
some people end up losing their homes to foreclosure? There are many reasons
why homeowners find themselves in trouble. According to a 2006 study Freddie
Mac conducted, unemployment or curtailment of income (36.3%) and illness or
death in the family (25%) are the primary reasons homeowners get into trouble.

Job Loss is the Most Cited Reason for Borrower Delinquency

Reason for Delinquency 2006

Unemployment or curtailment of income 36.3%

Illness or death in the family 25%

Excessive obligation 13.6%

Marital difficulties 6%

Property problem or casualty loss 2.8%

Inability to sell or rent property 1.4%

Extreme hardship .9%

Employment transfer or military service .6%

All other reasons 13.3%

Source: Freddie Mac’s Workout Prospector

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Stay on Course

What Should You Do if You Have Trouble Paying Your Mortgage?

If you experience a change in your financial situation and think that you might fall behind
on your mortgage payments, there are some things you can do.

Call your lender!

Call your lender and ask to speak with someone in Default Management. It is a widely-
held myth that lenders want to foreclose on homes. In reality, your lender would much
prefer that you pay your mortgage regularly and be a good customer for life. In fact, lenders
typically lose money in the foreclosure process, so they are increasingly looking for ways to
help homeowners avoid foreclosure.

Contact a housing nonprofit for advice.

The HOPE National Hotline, for example, is dedicated to helping homeowners facing
foreclosure. Spanish-speaking counselors are also available. You can call the hotline at
(888) 995-HOPE. This hotline is free and available 24 hours every day. For more
resources, see Lesson 11, Becoming a Homeowner, on page 64.

Avoid scam artists!

Be on the lookout for predators who would take advantage of your misfortune.

Alternatives to Foreclosure for Keeping Your Home

Your lender has access to several options to assist you if you get into financial
trouble. Workout options vary from lender to lender depending on the type of
mortgage, your credit history, etc:
❚ Reinstatement is when you are behind in your mortgage payments but you
can make a lump sum payment to catch up by a specific date (including any
late fees or attorney fees). Some homeowners borrow funds from family or
friends to make these payments. A reinstatement is often combined with
forbearance.
❚ A forbearance agreement allows you to pay less than the full amount of
your mortgage, or pay nothing, for a short period, with the understanding that
another option will be used afterwards to bring the account current. Mortgage
companies may consider forbearance when you can show that a bonus, tax
refund, or other source will let you bring the mortgage current at a specific time
in the future.
❚ A repayment plan may be in order if your mortgage is past due, but you can
now afford to make payments. The lender may agree to let you catch up by
setting up a schedule of repayments over six to 12 months by adding a portion
of the overdue amount on top of each monthly payment.

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❚ With a loan modification, the lender modifies or restructures your mortgage.

Common loan modifications include adding missed payments to the existing
loan balance, making an adjustable-rate mortgage into a fixed-rate mortgage,
and extending the number of years you have to repay.
❚ Refinancing may also be an option. If you have enough equity in your home,
your new mortgage could pay off the old loan along with any late fees and
attorney fees. Be aware that if your credit history is poor, you may be forced
to pay a higher interest rate or a higher monthly payment for the new mortgage.

Alternatives to Foreclosure for Selling Your Home

Stay on Course If catching up on delinquent payments is not possible, or
you no longer desire to keep your home, there are still more
options:
What Those in “Good
Standing” Have in Common ❚ If selling your home is a good option, the lender might
agree to put the foreclosure on hold to give you some time
In 2006, Freddie Mac conducted to do so. This also gives you an opportunity to walk away
a Mortgage Literacy study to with your equity.
further investigate the causes
of delinquency. The research ❚ An assumption permits a qualified buyer to take over your
uncovered that respondents in mortgage debt and the mortgage payments, even if the
good standing had some common mortgage was originally non-assumable.
characteristics that could provide ❚ In cases where you sell your home for less than what you
clues or tips for avoiding owe to the lender, the lender may accept this lesser amount
foreclosure. as a “short sale” or a “short payoff.”

❚ Always pay your mortgage, ❚ With a deed in lieu of foreclosure, the lender accepts the
and always pay on time. voluntary transfer of the title of the home back to them in
exchange for cancellation of your mortgage debt. This
❚ Live by your monthly
approach may have tax implications for you, and may
spending plan.
not be possible if there are other liens against the home.
❚ Look for ways to increase your
income.
❚ Invest for the long-term.
▲

Getting Your Home, Keeping Your Home

❚ Maintain your good credit.
Before you purchased your home, you talked about your goals,
prepared a spending plan, paid close attention to how your
behavior affected your credit, and maybe even attended
homebuyer education classes. Lots of work went into the
process that landed you in your home. Ultimately, these same things—spending
wisely, planning ahead, and avoiding financial traps—will help to keep you there.
While you can’t control all of the ups and downs of life, you can and should take
steps to be prepared for them. Buying a home is a huge accomplishment, but
also a big responsibility. By taking this responsibility seriously, you can reap the
many benefits of homeownership and live in your home with confidence and pride
for a long time.

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▲ Glossary of Terms
The following credit related terms are contained in the CreditSmart® curriculum. Although alternative definitions
may apply, each of the following terms is defined as it relates to its primary use among credit industry
representatives.

“A” Loan: ............................................An “A” loan is the credit industry term used to describe a loan which reflects
the best possible interest rate, terms, and conditions. Consumers need to
demonstrate good credit in order to secure an “A” loan.

Adjustable-Rate Mortgage: ............Also known as a variable-rate loan, ARMs usually offer a lower initial rate than
fixed-rate loans. The interest rate can change at specified time periods based on
changes in an interest rate index that reflects current finance market conditions,
such as the LIBOR index or the Treasury index. The ARM promissory note states
maximum and minimum rates. When the interest rate on an ARM increases, the
monthly payments will increase and when the interest rate on an ARM decreases,
the monthly payments will be lower.

Amortization: ....................................Amortization is the term used to describe the process of paying off a loan over a
predetermined period of time at a specific interest rate. The amortization of a loan
includes payment of the interest accumulated during each payment cycle and a
portion of the outstanding principal balance.

Amortization Schedule: ..................Provided by mortgage lenders, the schedule shows how over the term of your
mortgage the principal portion of the mortgage payment increases and the
interest portion of the mortgage payment decreases.

Annual Fee: ........................................An annual fee is a once-a-year charge imposed by many credit card issuers.
This fee is in addition to the interest charged on purchases and cash advances.

Appreciation: ....................................Appreciation is the term used to describe an increase in the market value of a
home due to changing market conditions and/or home improvements.

APR: ....................................................The APR (annual percentage rate) is the cost of credit expressed at a yearly rate
which includes the interest and certain fees that a borrower is required to pay
for a loan. The APR tells the annual cost of borrowing money based on the
loan amount, interest rate, added fees, and term; thus, it may be higher than
an advertised interest rate.

Assets: ................................................Everything of value an individual or entity owns.

Assumption: ......................................Alternative to foreclosure that permits a qualified buyer to take over a mortgage
debt and payments from the delinquent homeowner.

ATM: ..............................................................ATM is the term used to refer to an automated teller machine. These machines
typically offer consumers convenient access to fund withdrawals, deposits,
transfers, and balance inquiries.

“B” or “C” Loan:................................A “B” or “C” loan is the credit industry term used to describe a loan which
reflects less than the best possible interest rate, terms, and conditions. Consumers
with negative or derogatory credit may be offered “B” or “C” loans. These loans
always impose a higher interest rate and fees.

Bad Debt: ............................................Bad debt is the term used by the credit industry for loans or debts which have
been unpaid by the borrower or have gone into default. Bad debts are typically
turned over to a collection company to attempt to collect the outstanding
balance of the loan or debt.

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Balance: ..............................................The amount of money you have in your bank account. It can also refer to the
amount owed in a credit account or loan.

Balloon Mortgage: ............................A mortgage with monthly payments based on a 30-year amortization schedule and
the unpaid principal balance due in a lump sum payment at the end of a specific
period (usually 5 or 7 years) earlier than 30 years. The mortgage contains an option
to reset the interest rate to the current market rate and to extend the maturity date
provided certain conditions are satisfied.

Bank: ....................................................A federally regulated financial institution that offers you a place to keep your money
and uses it to make more money. Banks make loans, cash checks, accept
deposits, and provide other financial services.

Bankruptcy: ........................................Bankruptcy is the term used to describe the legal process undertaken by
individuals in the situation of being unable to pay his or her debts. Although
there are several types (chapters) of bankruptcy, consumers generally may
explore either Chapter 7 Bankruptcy or Chapter 13 Bankruptcy. Chapter 7
Bankruptcy results in “liquidation” of the debtor’s assets, meaning that most
assets are sold to pay as much debt as possible. The rest of the debt is forgiven
or “discharged.” Chapter 13 Bankruptcy is used for “rehabilitation” of the debtor,
meaning that at least a portion of all debt is repaid according to a plan set up
by the bankruptcy court.

Binding Mandatory Arbitration: ....A third party arbitrator decides the outcome of your dispute, eliminating your right
to present your case in court.

Borrower: ............................................Borrower is the term for the person or entity which is using someone else’s
money or funds to purchase something. The term borrower can generally be
used interchangeably with the term debtor.

Branch Manager: ..............................The person who supervises the bank operations and helps fix problems that
cannot be solved by other bank workers.

Capacity: ............................................Capacity is another term for income. Lenders examine the ability of a potential
borrower to demonstrate that his or her income is sufficient to repay a loan.

Capital: ................................................Capital refers to the cash reserves (savings), investments, or assets possessed
by an individual.

Cash Reserves: ............................................Cash reserves is another term for capital. Cash reserves may take the form of
savings, money market funds, or other investments which may be converted to
cash.

Charge-offs: ................................................A charge-off is the term used to describe loans or debts which have gone unpaid
by the creditor. Simply put, in the case of a charge-off, the creditor “gives up” on
collecting payment and reports the “charge-off” to the credit reporting agency for
inclusion on an individual’s credit report. Most lenders, however, regard “charge-
offs” as debts which are still owed.

Checking Account: ..........................An account that lets you write checks to pay bills or to buy goods. The financial
institution takes the money from your account and pays it to the person named
on the check. The financial institution sends you a monthly record of the deposits
made and the checks written.

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Closing Costs:....................................The costs to complete the real estate transaction. These costs are in addition
to the price of the home and are paid at closing. They include points, taxes, title
insurance, financing costs, and items that must be prepaid or escrowed and
other costs. Ask a lender or real estate professional for a complete list of closing
cost items.

Co-signer: ..........................................A co-signer is a term used to describe an individual who signs a loan or credit
application with another person and promises to pay if the primary borrower
doesn’t pay.

Collateral: ..........................................Collateral is the value of property owned or possessed by the borrower. Relative
to home mortgages, collateral is the value of the home the borrower wishes to
purchase. If the debtor fails to pay the loan, the creditor may force the debtor to
sell the collateral to satisfy the debt or may foreclose and repossess the property
to satisfy the debt.

Collection Accounts: ........................A collection account is the term used to describe a loan or debt which has
been referred by a creditor to an agency whose primary business is to collect
outstanding debt obligations. These types of accounts will normally appear on
the debtor’s credit report.

Compensating Factors: ..................Compensating factors is the term used by lenders in relation to examining a
borrower’s credit strengths and weaknesses. If a buyer is exceptionally strong in
one area, such as cash reserves, he or she may be weaker in another area, such
as less than perfect credit due to late payments. In this case, the cash reserves
may compensate for the derogatory credit.

Credit: ..................................................Credit is the concept of using tomorrow’s money to pay for something you get
today. Credit is a promise to repay a debt for goods and services. Credit may
be extended via several means, including credit cards, personal loans, car loans,
and home mortgages.

Credit Counseling: ............................Counseling that helps people manage money and credit and prepare them for
homeownership.

Credit Grantor: ......................................Credit grantor is the term used to describe the person, financial institution,
or entity which is providing a loan or credit.

Credit History: ..................................A credit history is a record of credit use. It is comprised of a list of individual
consumer debts and an indication as to whether or not these debts were paid
back in a timely fashion or “as agreed.” Credit institutions have developed a
complex recording system of documenting your credit history. This is called
a credit report.

Credit Repair Companies: ..............Credit repair companies are private, for-profit businesses which claim to offer
consumers with credit and debt repayment difficulties assistance in “fixing” their
credit problems and/or “fixing” an impaired credit report.

Credit Report or Record: ................A credit report provides a history of your use of credit. Specifically, it’s a file
maintained by a credit reporting agency that contains information about a
person, such as where the individual works and lives; information reported
to the credit reporting agency by creditors regarding money borrowed and
payments made; and public record information, such as whether the person
has filed for bankruptcy.

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Credit Reporting Agency: ..............A credit reporting agency or credit bureau is a company which collects and
retains credit information on all persons using credit. This information is
sold to creditors upon the request or application of individual consumers
for the extension of credit. This is also commonly referred to as credit bureau.

Credit Risk: ..................................................Credit risk is the term within the credit industry to refer to the level of risk or
likelihood of an individual borrower’s future or potential default.

Credit Score: ......................................A credit score is a numerical value determined by a statistical model based
upon past credit behaviors which predicts the likelihood of future loan default.

Credit Union:......................................A federally regulated cooperative financial institution that is owned by the
people who use its services. Credit unions serve groups that share something
in common, like where they work or go to church. You have to become a
member of the credit union to keep your money there.

Creditor: ..............................................A creditor is the term used for the person or entity which is providing credit
or a loan to a borrower at specific terms and conditions. The term creditor can
generally be used interchangeably with the term lender.

Creditworthiness: ............................Creditworthiness is the term used to describe the state of, or condition of, an
individual’s overall credit. Individuals who have established credit and maintained
a positive credit history are considered to be creditworthy, i.e., an acceptable risk
for the extension of additional credit based upon their ability and willingness to
repay past and current debt obligations.

Customer Service Representative

or New Account Officer: ................The person who can help you open your account. The representative explains
services, answers general questions, refers you to a person who can help you,
and provides written information explaining the bank products.

Debit Card: ........................................A plastic card, sometimes called a “check card.” The debit card has a
MasterCard® or Visa® logo and a magnetic strip on the back that allows you
to pay for goods and services at stores and other businesses that accept these
credit cards. When you use a debit card, the money immediately comes out
of your bank account.

Debt: ....................................................What is owed to a person or institution for obtaining merchandise or services

without immediately paying for them. Usually, a debt is acquired through a loan
or the use of credit.

Debtor: ................................................Debtor is the term for the person or entity which is borrowing money. The term
debtor can generally be used interchangeably with the term borrower.

Debt-to-income Ratio: ....................A debt-to-income ratio is the mathematical calculation of debts to income.
Debts divided by income equal the debt-to-income ratio. Typically, the credit
industry recommends that no more than 20% of one’s net income should be spent
on long-term debts (excluding a home mortgage).

Deed in Lieu of Foreclosure: ........Alternative to foreclosure that allows the voluntary transfer of the title back to the
lender in exchange for cancellation of the mortgage debt.

Default:................................................A default is a failure to meet a payment or fulfill a credit obligation.

Deposit: ..............................................Money you add to your bank account.

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Depreciation: ....................................A decline in the value of a house due to changing market conditions, decline
of a neighborhood, or lack of upkeep on a home.

Direct Deposit: ..................................A method that your employer or a government agency might choose to give you
your paycheck or benefit check. With direct deposit, your paycheck or benefit
check is electronically transferred and directly deposited into your account.

Down Payment: ................................A portion of the price of a home, usually between 0–20%, not borrowed and
paid up front.

Equity: ..................................................The value in your home above the total amount of the liens against your home.
If you owe $100,000 on your house but it is worth $130,000, you have $30,000
of equity.

Escrow:................................................The holding of money or documents by a neutral third party prior to closing. It

can also be an account held by the lender (or servicer) into which a homeowner
pays money for taxes and insurance.

Fees: ....................................................The money that a financial institution charges you for providing you with various
services, such as a monthly maintenance fee.

Finance Charge: ................................A finance charge is the amount charged for the use of credit services.

Financial Literacy: ............................Similar to the term literacy, meaning the condition or quality of being literate,
especially as it relates to the ability to read and write, financial literacy is a catch-
all term commonly used to indicate one’s basic understanding of the primary
principles of credit, money management, and financial well being.

Fixed Expenses: ................................Fixed expenses are costs or payments which generally do not vary from month-
to-month. An example of a fixed expense is a car loan.

Fixed-rate Mortgage: ......................A mortgage with an interest rate that does not change during the entire term of
the loan.

Forbearance: ......................................Alternative to foreclosure that allows the delinquent homeowner to pay less than
the full amount of a mortgage payment, or nothing at all, for a short period, with
the understanding that another option will be used to bring the account current.

Foreclosure: ......................................The legal process through which a mortgaged property or home may be sold
when a loan is in default.

Gift Letter: ..........................................A letter that a family member writes verifying that he or she has given you a
certain amount of money as a gift and that you do not have to repay it. You
can use this money towards a portion of your down payment through some
mortgage products.

Good Credit: ......................................Good credit is the term commonly used to mean that one’s credit has been
handled responsibly and that payments have been made on time.

Good-faith Estimate (GFE): ............A written statement itemizing the approximate costs and fees for the mortgage.

Grace Period: ....................................A grace period is the amount of time before which additional interest, late fees,
and/or penalties are imposed for receipt of a loan payment beyond its due date.
Not all loans allow a grace period. Grace periods may also refer to the amount
of time before a payment is due. Relating to credit cards, the period allowed
is usually 20–25 days in which the consumer has to pay off new purchases,
if there is no previous balance, without being charged interest.

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Graduated Payment Mortgage: ....Start out with low monthly payments which then increase over a period of years.
When the payment reaches a certain amount, they stay fixed at that amount for
the rest of the loan.

Gross Income: ..................................Gross income is the amount of income earned prior to any deductions such as
for taxes and Social Security withholdings.

Gross Monthly Income: ..................The income you earn in a month before taxes and other deductions. Under
certain circumstances, it may also include rental income, self-employed income,
income from alimony, child support, public assistance payments, and retirement
benefits.

Home Equity Conversion

Mortgage (HECM): ............................A type of reverse mortgage that this is only available if the homeowners are
at least 62 years old. It lets the homeowners receive part of their equity each
month instead of making monthly mortgage payments. The homeowners are
not responsible for repaying the mortgage for as long as they live in the home.

Home Equity Line of Credit: ..........A home equity loan is a specialized form of a second lien that is also secured
against your home. It is a revolving line of credit where you can borrow money
(up to the amount that has been approved) and pay it back as many times as
you need during the term of the loan. Interest rates for lines of credit are usually
variable, but you only pay interest on the amount you borrow.

Home Equity Loan: ..........................A home equity loan is a loan product which is secured against a home (real
estate). Most home equity loans are tax-deductible.

Homeowner’s Insurance: ................A policy that protects you and the lender from fire or flood, which damages the
structure of the house; a liability, such as an injury to a visitor to your home; or
damage to your personal property, such as your furniture, clothes, or appliances.

Homeownership Education: ..........Offered through community services, it provides information on the mortgage
approval process, home selection elements, financing and closing processes,
mortgage delinquencies, and foreclosures.

Housing Expense Ratio: ..................The percentage of your gross monthly income that goes toward paying for your
housing expenses.

Impaired Credit: ................................Impaired credit is a term commonly used to indicate that payments have been
made beyond the due date and/or that credit reports contain items such as
bankruptcies, judgments, liens, charge-off accounts, or other items viewed
negatively by the credit industry.

Index: ..................................................An economic indicator a lender uses to compute rate changes utilizing the prime
rate, LIBOR, or the treasury bill as an index.

Individual Retirement
Account (IRA): ....................................A tax-deferred plan that can help build a retirement nest egg.

Inflation: ..............................................An increase in the general level of prices.

Inquiry: ....................................................The term inquiry is used to describe the process used by creditors to request
a copy of your credit report. Inquiries occur every time a consumer fills out a
credit application and/or requests the extension of credit. Too many inquiries
appearing on a credit report are considered damaging to the report.

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Installment Account: ........................Installment accounts are a type of credit whereby a consumer signs a contract
to repay a fixed amount in equal payments over a specific period of time.
Examples of installment accounts may include car loans, furniture loans, and
oftentimes personal loans. Also commonly referred to as an installment loan.

Insurance: ..........................................1/12th of the annual homeowner’s insurance premium. This figure will include
flood insurance and private mortgage insurance, PMI or MI, if required.

Interest: ..............................................Interest is a charge for using someone else’s funds. Interest is typically indicated
as a percentage of the amount borrowed.

Interest Rate: ....................................Interest rates are commonly thought of as the cost of borrowing money.

Interest-Only Mortgages: ................A mortgage where you pay only the interest for the first 5 or 10 years and then
you must pay the balance of the loan or begin to pay both principal and interest
on a monthly basis for the remainder of the loan.

Interest-Only Payments: ................“Interest-only” loan payments are not amortized. That is, they do not reduce
the principal balance of a loan but simply pay the interest.

Joint Accounts: ................................Joint accounts are credit accounts which are held or owned by two or more
persons. In the case of a joint account, all parties are held equally responsible
and liable for payment under the terms and conditions of the loan contract.

Judgments: ........................................Judgments are formal orders, generally court orders, which are displayed on a
credit report if a debt or loan obligation is unpaid.

Late Payments: ..................................Late payments is the term used for loan or credit payments which do not reach
the lender or creditor on or before the payment due date. The indication of late
payments on a credit report are very damaging to an individual’s credit report.

Lender: ................................................As stated in the definition of creditor, a lender is the term used for the person
or entity which is providing credit or a loan to a borrower at specific terms and
conditions. The term lender can generally be used interchangeably with the
term creditor.

Lien Waiver: ..........................................A lien waiver is a document which releases a consumer (homeowner) of any further
payment obligation for payment of a debt once it has been paid in full. Lien waivers
are typically used by homeowners who hire a contractor to provide work and
materials to prevent any subcontractors or suppliers of materials from filing a lien
against the homeowner for nonpayment.

Line of Credit:....................................A line of credit is a preauthorized amount of credit offered to an individual, business,
or institution. A line of credit is commonly secured against an asset such as a home
(real estate).

Loan: ....................................................Money you borrow from a bank with a written promise to pay it back later.
Banks charge you fees and interest.

Loan Modification: ............................Alternative to foreclosure that can include adding missed payments to an
existing loan balance, turning an adjustable-rate mortgage into a fixed-rate
mortgage, or extending the number of years for repayment.

Loan Officer: ......................................The person who takes applications for loans offered at the bank. The loan
officer can answer your questions, provide written information explaining loan
products, and help you fill out a loan application.

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Loan Servicers: ................................A loan servicer is the term used for the financial institution or entity which is
responsible for collecting loan payments. This term is most commonly used
relating to home mortgage payment collections.

Low Down-Payment Feature: ........A feature of a mortgage, usually a fixed-rate mortgage that helps you buy a
home with as little as a 3% down payment.

Margin: ................................................The amount (expressed as a percentage) added to the index for an ARM to
establish the interest rate on each adjustment date.

Market Value: ....................................The current value of your home based on what a willing purchaser would pay.
The value determined by an appraisal is sometimes used to determine market
value.

Money Order: ....................................Similar to a check, a money order is used to pay bills or make purchases in
cash where cash is not accepted. Many businesses sell money orders for a fee.
It is best to shop around for the best price.

Mortgage: ..........................................A mortgage is a document signed by a borrower when a home loan is made that
gives the lenders the right to take possession of the property if the borrower fails to
make loan payments.

Mortgage Broker: ..............................An independent finance professional who specializes in bringing together
borrowers and lenders to facilitate real estate mortgages.

Mortgage Insurance Premium

(MIP): ....................................................A mortgage insurance premium or MIP is the cost of the insurance which the
Federal Housing Administration (FHA) provides to lenders and is paid by the
individual homebuyer. MIP is made up of two parts: an up-front cost of 1.50%
of the mortgage amount, plus an annual premium of .50% of the loan amount
to be paid on a monthly basis. Mortgage Insurance helps to protect lenders
from losses in the event of a mortgage default and foreclosure. The annual
mortgage insurance premium may be canceled when the mortgage amount
is reduced to 78% or less of the property value.

Mortgage Lender: ............................The lender providing funds for a mortgage. Lenders also manage the credit
and financial information review, the property, and the loan application process
through closing.

Mortgage Qualifying Ratio: ..............Lenders use qualifying ratios to calculate the maximum amount of funds that an
individual may traditionally be able to afford. A typical mortgage qualifying ratio
is 28/36.

Mortgage Rate:..................................The cost or the interest rate you pay to borrow the money to buy your house.

Needs:..................................................Needs are the things in life which are required for basic survival. Examples of
needs include shelter, food, and clothing.

Net Income: ........................................Net income is the amount of money paid to an employee after taxes and other
deductions have been subtracted. Net income is commonly referred to as “take
home pay.”

Net Monthly Income:........................Your take-home pay for one month after taxes. It is the amount of money that
you actually receive in your paycheck.

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Online Banking: ................................A bank service that allows you to make payments, check account balances,
transfer money between accounts, obtain account history, such as deposits and
withdrawals, stop payments on a check, and obtain general bank information at
any time from any computer with Internet access.

Open 30-day Account: ....................Open 30-day accounts are a type of credit whereby a consumer promises
to repay the full balance owed each month. Examples may include: local
businesses, travel, and entertainment charge cards.

Option ARMs: ....................................Also called “flex” ARMs, these loans let the borrower decide how much to pay
from one month to the next based on a few choices. The options range from
making a full monthly payment (what you normally would pay in principal and
interest for a traditional mortgage) to a “minimum” payment that does not fully
pay for the interest due, but the shortfall is added to your loan balance.

Payment Due Date: ..........................Every time that money is borrowed, contract language specifies when payments are
due. The due date is always indicated and means that the payment must
be received on or before the specified date. Grace periods do not eliminate the
responsibility of making sure that payments are received by the lender by the due
date. In most cases, lenders or creditors who receive payments past the due date
will add a late charge and/or additional interest and fees.

PIN: ......................................................For security purposes, credit cards and bank cards require the rightful owner
to select and memorize a Personal Identification Number or PIN. This number
or code is required in order to utilize the card in an automated teller machine.

PITI: ......................................................PITI is an acronym for principal, interest, taxes, and insurance.

Points: ................................................Points are a one-time charge by a lender to lower the interest rate of a loan.
One point is equal to 1% of the loan amount.

Prepayment Penalty: ........................Prepayment penalties are charges imposed by some lenders as a penalty for
paying a loan off earlier than its original pay off date. Prepayment penalties are
common among some of the subprime and/or predatory lending loan products.

Predatory Lending: ..........................Predatory lending is commonly defined as abusive lending practices that strip equity
away from a homeowner. Predatory lending practices may include the following:
targeting low-income people with poor credit or elderly homeowners; using high
pressure sales tactics; stressing paying only the monthly interest on the loan; having
little or no concern about the borrower’s ability to repay the loan; packing the loans
with single premium credit insurance products; repeatedly refinancing a loan within
a short period of time; and charging high points and fees with each refinance.
Credit card offers in the mail with low introductory rates to people known to have
bad credit are a form of abusive lending.

Predictive Variables: ........................Predictive variables are the items which are part of the formula or factors which
comprise elements of a credit scoring model.

Prepayment-Penalty Mortgage
(PPM): ..................................................A prepayment penalty mortgage (PPM) is a type of mortgage which requires
that you pay a prepayment penalty or a fee if you repay your entire loan (or a
substantial portion of it) within a certain time period. A “substantial payment”
is generally defined as any amount that exceeds 20% of the original principal
balance.

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Principal: ............................................Principal is the actual amount of money borrowed or the amount of the loan that
has not yet been paid back to the lender. The principal balance of a loan is the
borrower’s debt.

Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI): Private Mortgage Insurance or PMI is a type of insurance which helps to
protect lenders from losses in the event that a homeowner defaults on his or
her mortgage and loses his or her home to foreclosure. PMI is generally required
by lenders when a homebuyer uses a conventional loan product and pays less
than 20% as a down payment. PMI coverage will cost approximately 1% of the
loan amount up front, plus an additional .50% annual premium paid monthly.
The annual mortgage insurance premium may be canceled when the mortgage
amount is reduced to approximately 80% or less of the property value.

Public Record Information: ............Public record information is information on events that are a matter of
public record (courthouse records) related to your creditworthiness, such
as bankruptcies, foreclosures, or tax liens. The presence of public record
information appearing on a credit report is viewed negatively by the credit
industry.

Real Estate Professional: ..............An individual who provides services in buying and selling homes. The real estate
professional is paid a percentage of the home sale price by the seller. Unless
you have specifically contracted with a buyer’s agent, the real estate professional
represents the interest of the property seller. Real estate professionals may be
able to refer you to local lenders or mortgage brokers, but are generally not
involved in the lending process.

Refinance: ..........................................Refinancing a mortgage allows a homeowner to receive a new mortgage and use
the proceeds to help pay off the old mortgage. However, there may be closing
costs, fees, points, and prepayment penalties.

Reinstatement: ..................................Alternative to foreclosure which enables the delinquent homeowner to make a

lump sum payment in order to bring the loan current.

Repayment Plan: ..............................Alternative to foreclosure set up with a lender if a mortgage is past due but the
borrower can now afford to make payments. A schedule of repayments over six
to 12 months adds a portion of the overdue amount on top of each monthly
payment to bring the account current.

Revolving Account: ..........................Revolving accounts are a type of credit account whereby a consumer has
the option to pay the debt in full each month or to make a minimum monthly
payment based upon the outstanding balance. Examples may include:
department stores, gas and oil companies, and bank issued credit cards.

Safe Deposit Boxes: ........................A fireproof locked box which is available in various sizes for a yearly rental fee. It
provides you with a secure compartment within the bank’s vault for the storage of
valuables, such as passports, important documents, jewelry, etc. The keys remain
solely under the client’s control.

Savings: ..............................................Savings is the term used for money which is set aside into an interest bearing or
investment account. Savings is oftentimes viewed as the difference between net
income and expenses.

Secured Credit Card: ......................A secured credit card is a credit card which is backed by collateral (usually cash).

Secured Loans: ................................A secured loan is a loan which is backed by collateral and secured against

82 Glossary
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