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Q 1. What is Python? List some popular applications of

Python in the world of technology.

Ans: Python is a widely used general-purpose, high-level

programming language. It was created by Guido van Rossum in 1991
and further developed by the Python Software Foundation. It was
designed with an emphasis on code readability, and its syntax allows
programmers to express their concepts in fewer lines of code. It is an
object-oriented high-level language that works equally well on
Windows, Linux, UNIX, and Macintosh. It is used for:
 System Scripting
 Web Development
 Game Development
 Software Development
 Complex Mathematics

Q 2. What are the benefits of using Python language

as a tool in the present scenario?

Ans: The following are the benefits of using Python language:

 Object-Oriented Language
 High-Level Language
 Dynamically Typed Language
 Extensive Support Libraries
 Presence of Third-Party Modules
 Open Source and Community Development
 Portable across Operating Systems and Interactive

Q 3. What is PEP 8?

Ans: The Python Enhancement Proposal, also known as PEP 8, is a

document that provides instructions on how to write Python code. In
essence, it is a set of guidelines for formatting Python code for
maximum readability. Guido van Rossum, Barry Warsaw, and Nick
Coghlan wrote it in 2001.

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Q 4. Is Python a compiled language or an interpreted
language?

Ans: Actually, Python is a partially compiled language and partially

interpreted language. The compilation part is done first when we
execute our code, and this will generate byte code internally this byte
code gets converted by the Python virtual machine according to the
underlying platform (machine + Operating System).

Q 5. Describe the Python Functions?

Ans: A function is a piece of code that is only written once and can
be executed whenever the program calls for it. A function is a self-
contained block of statements with a valid name, list of parameters,
and body. Capabilities make programming more practical and particular
to perform measured assignments. There are a number of built-in
functions for completing tasks in Python, and the user can also create
new functions.
Functions fall into three categories:
 Built-In Functions: duplicate(), len(), count() are the a few
implicit capabilities.
 User-defined Functions: User-defined functions are functions
that are defined by a user.
 Anonymous functions: Because they are not declared using the
standard def keyword, these functions are also referred to as
lambda functions.

Q 6. What is the difference between a Mutable datatype

and an Immutable data type?

Ans: Mutable data types can be edited i.e., they can change at
runtime. Example - List, Dictionary, etc.
Immutable data types can not be edited i.e., they can not change at
runtime. Example – String, Tuple, etc.

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Q 7. What is zip() capability in Python?

Ans: The zip () function in Python returns a zip object that maps an
identical index across multiple containers. It takes an iterable, transforms it
into an iterator, and then uses the passed iterables to combine the elements.
It returns a tuple iterator.
Signature zip(iterator1, iterator2, iterator3, etc.) Parameters iterator1,
iterator2, and iterator3: These are joined-together iterator objects.
Return It returns a iterator that is the product of two or more iterators.

Q 8. How are arguments passed by value or by reference

in Python?

Ans: Everything in Python is an object and all variables hold references

to the objects. The reference values are according to the functions; as a
result, you cannot change the value of the references. However, you can
change the objects if it is mutable.

Q 9. How is Exceptional handling done in Python?

Ans: There are 3 main keywords i.e. try, except, and finally which are
used to catch exceptions and handle the recovering mechanism accordingly.
Try is the block of a code that is monitored for errors. Except block gets
executed when an error occurs.
The beauty of the final block is to execute the code after trying for an error.
This block gets executed irrespective of whether an error occurred or not.
Finally, block is used to do the required cleanup activities of
objects/variables.

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Q 10. Can we Pass a function as an argument in
Python?

Ans: Yes, several arguments can be passed to a function, including objects,

variables (of the same or distinct data types), and functions. Functions can
be passed as parameters to other functions because they are objects. Higher-
order functions are functions that can take other functions as arguments.

Q 11. What is swapcase() function in the Python?

Ans: The function of a string is to change all uppercase characters into

lowercase ones and vice versa. Modifying the current instance of the string is
utilized. All the characters in the swap case are copied in this method's string.
A small case string is produced when the string is in lowercase, and vice
versa. It automatically disregards all characters that are not alphabetical. See
an example below:

Example:

OUTPUT:

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Q 12. Give an example of shuffle() method?

Ans: The given string or array is shuffled using this technique. The items
in the array become random as a result. The random module includes this
method. Therefore, we must import it before calling the function. It
rearranges components each time when the capability calls and creates
different result.

Example:

OUTPUT:

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Q 13. What are *args and *kwargs?

Ans: To pass a variable number of arguments to a function in Python, use

the special syntax *args and **kwargs in the function specification. It is used
to pass a variable-length, keyword-free argument list. By using the *, the
variable we associate with the * becomes iterable, allowing you to do
operations on it such as iterating over it and using higher-order operations
like map and filter.

Q 14. What is Scope in Python?

Ans: The location where we can find a variable and access it if required is
called the scope of a variable.
 Python Local variable: Local variables are those that are initialized
within a function and are unique to that function. It cannot be accessed
outside of the function.
 Python Global variables: Global variables are the ones that are
defined and declared outside any function and are not specified to any
function.
 Module-level scope: It refers to the global objects of the current
module accessible in the program.
 Outermost scope: It refers to any built-in names that the program can
call. The name referenced is located last among the objects in this scope.

Q 15. What is docstring in Python?

Ans: Python documentation strings (or docstrings) provide a convenient

way of associating documentation with Python modules, functions, classes,
and methods. The docstrings are declared using ”’triple single quotes”’ or
“””triple double quotes””” just below the class, method, or function
declaration. All functions should have a docstring and docstrings can be
accessed using the __doc__ method of the object or using the help function.

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Q 16. What is tuple in Python?

Ans: A built-in type of data collection is the tuple. It permits us to store

values in a grouping. Because it cannot be changed, the original data do not
reflect any changes. A tuple is created with () brackets rather than [] square
brackets. We are unable to remove any element, but we can locate it in the
tuple. Indexing allows us to obtain elements. It likewise permits navigating
components in switch request by utilizing negative ordering. There are a
variety of Tuple methods, including Len(), max(), sum(), and sorted().
To create a tuple, we can declare it as below.

Example:

OUTPUT:

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Q 17. What are the different file processing modes
supported by Python?

Ans: There are four ways to open files in Python. The read-write (rw),
write-only (w), append (a), and read-only (r) modes. 'r' is used to open a file
in read-only mode; 'w' is used to open a file in write-only mode; 'rw' is used
to open in both read-only and write-only modes; and 'a' is used to open a file
in append mode. In the event that the mode isn't determined, of course
document opens in read-just mode.
 Read-only (r) mode: Read a file by opening it. It's the default setting.
 Only write mode (w): Open a document for composing. On the off
chance that the record contains information, information would be lost.
A brand-new file is also created.
 Read-Write (rw) mode: In write mode, open a file for reading. It
implies refreshing mode.
 Addition mode (a): If the file exists, open it for writing and append it
to the end.

Q 18. What are the different types of operators in

Python?

Ans: Numerous operations can be carried out with Python's extensive set
of operators. A few individual administrators like membership and identity
operators are not all that recognizable yet permit to perform operations.
 Arithmetic Operators - perform basic arithmetic operations. For
example, "+" is used to add.
 Relational Operators - are used to comparing the values. These
operators test the conditions and then returns a Boolean value.
 Assignment Operators - are used to assigning values to the variables.
 Logical Operators - are used to performing logical operations like And,
Or, and Not.
 Membership Operators - Participation administrators are accustomed
to checking whether a component is an individual from the grouping or
not.
 Identity Operators - are used to check two variables that are in the
same memory area.
 Bitwise Operators - are used to performing operations over the bits.
The binary operators (&, |, OR) work on bits. See the example below.

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Q 19. What is a break, continue, and pass in Python?

Ans: The break statement is used to terminate the loop or statement in

which it is present. After that, the control will pass to the statements that are
present after the break statement, if available.
Continue is also a loop control statement just like the break statement.
continue statement is opposite to that of the break statement, instead of
terminating the loop, it forces to execute the next iteration of the loop.
Pass means performing no operation or in other words, it is a placeholder in
the compound statement, where there should be a blank left and nothing has
to be written there.

Q 20. What are iterators in Python?

Ans: Iterating a collection of elements, similar to a list, in Python is

accomplished with iterators. Iterators can be lists, tuples, or dictionaries-the
collection of items. To iterate over the stored elements, Python iterator uses
the __itr__ and next() methods. In Python, we for the most part use circles
to emphasize over the assortments (list, tuple). Iterators are objects which
can be crossed however or iterated upon.

Q 21. What is a generator in Python?

Ans: In Python, the generator is a way that determines how to execute

iterators. Except for the fact that it produces expression in the function, it is
a normal function. It eliminates the __itr__ and next() methods and reduces
additional overheads.
On the off chance that a capability contains essentially a yield explanation, it
turns into a generator. By saving its states, the yield keyword pauses the
current execution and allows it to be resumed whenever necessary.

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Q 22. What is the difference between xrange and range
functions?

Ans: range() and xrange() are two functions that could be used to iterate
a certain number of times in for loops in Python. In Python 3, there is no
xrange, but the range function behaves like xrange in Python 2.
 range() – This returns a list of numbers created using the range()
function.
 xrange() – This function returns the generator object that can be used
to display numbers only by looping.

Q 23. How to create a Unicode string in Python?

Ans: In Python 3, the old Unicode type has replaced by "str" type, and
the string is treated as Unicode of course. Using the art.title.encode("utf-8")
function, we can create a Unicode string.

Example:

OUTPUT:

Q 24. What is Dictionary Comprehension? Give an

Example

Ans: Dictionary Comprehension is a syntax construction to ease the

creation of a dictionary based on the existing iterable.

Example: my_dict = {i:1+7 for i in range(1, 10)}

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Q 25. is Python interpreted language?

Ans: Python is a language that is interpreted. From the source code, the
Python program runs directly. It turns the source code into intermediate
language code, which is then again translated into machine language that
needs to be run.
Python does not require compilation before running, unlike Java and C.

Q 26. What is the difference between a shallow copy and

a deep copy?

Ans: Shallow copy is used when a new instance type gets created and it
keeps values that are copied whereas deep copy stores values that are
already copied. A shallow copy has faster program execution whereas a deep
coy makes it slow.

Q 27. Which sorting technique is used by sort() and

sorted() functions of python?

Ans: Python uses the Tim Sort algorithm for sorting. It’s a stable sorting
whose worst case is O(N log N). It’s a hybrid sorting algorithm, derived from
merge sort and insertion sort, designed to perform well on many kinds of
real-world data.

Q 28. How is memory management done in Python?

Ans: Python uses its private heap space to manage the memory. Basically,
all the objects and data structures are stored in the private heap space. Even
the programmer can't access this private space as the interpreter takes care
of this space. Python also has an inbuilt garbage collector, which recycles all
the unused memory and makes it available to the heap space.
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Q 29. What is slicing in Python?

Ans: Python Slicing is a string operation for extracting a part of the string,
or some part of a list. With this operator, one can specify where to start the
slicing, where to end, and specify the step. List slicing returns a new list from
the existing list.

Q 30. What are Pickling and Unpickling?

Ans: The Pickle module accepts any Python object and converts it into a
string representation and dumps it into a file by using the dump function, this
process is called pickling. While the process of retrieving original Python
objects from the stored string representation is called unpickling.

Q 31. What is monkey patching in Python?

Ans: Dynamic modifications of a class or module at run-time.

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Q 32. What is the Python decorator?

Ans: Decorators are a useful Python tool that allows

programmers to add functionality to existing code. They are
very powerful. Because a component of the program attempts
to modify another component at compile time, this is also
known as metaprogramming. It permits the client to wrap one
more capability to expand the way of behaving of the wrapped
capability, without forever changing it.

Example:

OUTPUT:

Functions vs. Decorators

A function is a block of code that performs a specific task whereas a
decorator is a function that modifies other functions.

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Q 33. What are Access Specifiers in Python?

Ans: Python uses the ‘_’ symbol to determine the access control for a
specific data member or a member function of a class. A Class in Python
has three types of Python access modifiers:
 Public Access Modifier: The members of a class that are declared
public are easily accessible from any part of the program. All data
members and member functions of a class are public by default.
 Protected Access Modifier: The members of a class that are
declared protected are only accessible to a class derived from it. All
data members of a class are declared protected by adding a single
underscore ‘_’ symbol before the data members of that class.
 Private Access Modifier: The members of a class that are
declared private are accessible within the class only, the private
access modifier is the most secure access modifier. Data members
of a class are declared private by adding a double underscore ‘__’
symbol before the data member of that class.

Q 34. Explain docstring in Python?

Ans: The first statement in a module, function, class, or method

definition is the Python docstring, a string literal. It makes it easier to
link the documents together.
"Attribute docstrings" are string literals that occur immediately after a
straightforward assignment at the top.
"Additional docstrings" are string literals that occur immediately after
another docstring.
Despite fitting on a single line, docstrings are created by Python using
triple quotes.
The phrase in docstring ends with a period (.) and may include several
lines. It may include special characters like spaces.

Example:

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Q 35. What is a negative index in Python and why are
they used?

Ans: Python's sequences are indexed and contain both positive and
negative numbers. The numbers that are positive purposes '0' that is
utilizes as first record and '1' as the subsequent file and the cycle go on
that way.
The negative number's index begins with '-1,' which denotes the
sequence's final index, and ends with '-2,' which denotes the sequence's
penultimate index.

Q 36. Python Global Interpreter Lock (GIL)?

Ans: Python Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) is a type of process lock

that is used by Python whenever it deals with processes. Generally,
Python only uses only one thread to execute the set of written
statements. The performance of the single-threaded process and the
multi-threaded process will be the same in Python and this is because
of GIL in Python.

Q 37. What are Function Annotations in Python?

Ans: Function Annotation is a feature that allows you to add metadata

to function parameters and return values. This way you can specify the
input type of the function parameters and the return type of the value
the function returns or function annotations are arbitrary Python
expressions that are associated with various parts of functions. These
expressions are evaluated at compile time and have no life in Python’s
runtime environment.

Q 38. What is the usage of help() and dir() function in

Python?

Ans: Help() and dir() the two capabilities are open from the Python.
Function "help()": The help() function enables us to view module,
keyword, and attribute-related help in addition to displaying the
documentation string.
The Dir() method: The defined symbols are displayed using the dir()
function.

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Q 39. Which programming language is a good choice
between Java and Python?

Ans: Java and Python both are object-oriented programming

languages. Let's compare both on some criteria given below:

Q 40. How Python does Compile-time and Run-time code

checking?

Ans: Most of the checking for things like type, name, and so on is done
at compile time in Python. are deferred until code execution. As a result,
the Python code will compile successfully if it refers to a user-defined
function that does not exist. With one exception, the Python code will
fail when the execution path is missing.

Q 41. What is the shortest method to open a text file and

display its content?

Ans: The shortest way to open a text file is by using "with" command
in the following manner:

Example:

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Q 42. What is the usage of enumerate () function in
Python?

Ans: The enumerate() function is used to iterate through the sequence

and retrieve the index position and its corresponding value at the same
time.

Example:

OUTPUT:

Q 43. What is self in Python?

Ans: Self is a class's instance or object. This is explicitly set as the first
parameter in Python. Be that as it may, this isn't true in Java where it's
discretionary. It assists with separating between the techniques and
properties of a class with neighborhood factors.
The newly created object is referred to as the self-variable in the init
method, whereas the object whose method was called is referred to in
other methods.

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Q 44. How to send an email in Python Language?

Ans: Python has the smtplib and email modules for sending emails.
Import these modules into the made mail script and send letters by
confirming a client.
It has a strategy SMTP(smtp-server, port). It requires two boundaries
to lay out SMTP connection.
A simple example to send an email is given below.

Example:

Q 45. What is the difference between Python Arrays and

lists?

Ans: In Python, lists and arrays both store data in the same way.
However, lists can hold any data type of elements, whereas arrays can
only hold one data type of elements.

Example:

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OUTPUT:

Q 46. What is __init__?

Ans: The __init__ is a method or constructor in Python. This method

is automatically called to allocate memory when a new object/ instance
of a class is created. All classes have the __init__ method.

Example:

OUTPUT:

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Q 47. What benefits do NumPy exhibits offer over
(nested) Python records?

Ans: Lists in Python work well as general-purpose containers. Due to

Python's list comprehensions, they are simple to construct and
manipulate, and they support insertion, deletion, appending, and
concatenation in a fairly efficient manner. They are constrained in a few
ways: Because they can contain objects of different types, Python must
store type information for each element and execute type dispatching
code when operating on each element because they do not support
"vectorized" operations like addition and multiplication by elements.
Numerous free vector and matrix operations enable us to sometimes
avoid unnecessary work. Additionally, they are effectively implemented.
NumPy cluster is quicker and we get a ton worked in with NumPy, FFTs,
convolutions, quick looking, essential measurements, straight
polynomial math, histograms, and so on.

Q 48. Mention what the Django templates consist of.

Ans: A simple text file serves as the template. Any text-based format,
including XML, CSV, and HTML, can be created by it. A layout contains
factors that get supplanted with values when the format is assessed and
labels (% tag %) that control the rationale of the layout.

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Q 49. Explain the use of session in Django framework?

Ans: Django gives a meeting that allows the client to store and
recover information on a for each site-guest premise. By placing a
session ID cookie on the client side and storing all relevant data on the
server side, Django abstracts the sending and receiving of cookies.

So, the data itself is not stored client side. This is good from a security
perspective.

Q 50. What are modules in Python? Name a few

regularly utilized worked in modules in Python?

Ans: Modules in Python are files that contain Python code. This code
can either be capabilities classes or factors. A Python module is a.py file
with code that can be run.

Some of the commonly used built-in modules are:

 os
 sys
 math
 random
 data time
 JSON

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