MATH 2103: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
LECTURE 6B:
Non-Homogeneous Differential
Equation with Constant Coefficients
Method of Variation of Parameters
Non-Homogeneous Differential Equation with
Constant Coefficients
▪ A mathematical expression describing the relationship between a
function, its derivatives, and a given non-zero function
▪ Unlike homogeneous equations, these equations include additional
terms on the right-hand side, representing external forces or inputs
▪ The study of non-homogeneous differential equations with constant
coefficients plays a crucial role in various scientific and engineering
applications, providing insights into dynamic systems influenced by
external factors
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Non-Homogeneous Differential Equation with
Constant Coefficients
▪ To solve for this type of equation, there are two methods to
be considered: (1) Method of Undetermined Coefficients
(MUC) and (2) Method of Variation of Parameters (MVP)
▪ MVP is applicable for all cases of f(x), while MUC is only
limited to some fundamental forms of f(x)
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Non-Homogeneous Differential Equation with
Constant Coefficients
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Method of Variation of Parameters
Applied to any linear differential equation of any order with
constant or variable coefficients for which the yc is known
where
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Method of Variation of Parameters
General Solution: yc + yp
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MVP General Steps:
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MVP General Steps:
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Method of Variation of Parameters
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Method of Variation of Parameters
Let
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Wronskian Expression
▪ After having determined the two solutions to a linear homogeneous
second order differential equation with methods seen in past concepts,
we form a general solution to the differential equation by adding them
together and we could call it done
▪ In reality, there are still a few things to check on this general solution,
such as if this solution still is able to satisfy the conditions given to the
original differential equation efficiently, or if the two preliminary solutions
are linearly independent
▪ In this case we make use of a method called the Wronskian to help us
out gather more information about the solution to our differential
equations
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Wronskian Expression
- A tool for determining if functions in a vector space are linearly independent
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Wronskian Test for Independence
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Wronskian Expression
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Wronskian Expression
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Wronskian Expression
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Try These
Problem 1.
Problem 2.
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Example 1:
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Example 2:
Given:
Required: General/Complete Solution
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Example 3:
Given:
Required: General/Complete Solution
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Example 4:
Given:
Required: General/Complete Solution
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General Solution:
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Problem Set B: MVP Part II. Solve using MVP.
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Part I. Multiple Choice. Provide your solutions.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
For Part II, if the last digit of your student number is EVEN, 10.
answer 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10. If it is ODD, answer 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9
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References
• Al-Mohsin, B. (2022). Differential Equations • Nearing, J. (n.d.). Ordinary Differential Equations
• Arnold, V.I. (2004). Lectures on Partial Differential • Northeastern University. (2022). Differential Equations
Equations Practice Problems with Answers
• Chasnov, J.R. (2019). Differential Equations • Pivato, M. (n.d.). Linear Partial Differential Equations and
Fourier Theory
• Dancis, J. (n.d.). Linear Differential Equations
• Dawkins, P. (2007). Differential Equations
• Princeton University. (n.d.). First-Order Differential
Equations and Their Applications
• Delft University of Technology. (2016). Differential
• Soetaert, K. (2012). Solving Differential Equations in R
Equations Summary
• lonascu, E.J. (2006). Ordinary Differential Equations,
• The Penn State University. (2016). Introduction to
Differential Equation
Lecture Notes
• Ivrii, V. (2021). Partial Differential Equations
• Tracy, C.A. (2017). Lectures on Differential Equations
• Jones and Barlett Learning. (2022). Higher-Order
• Trench, W.F. (2013). Elementary Differential Equations
Differential Equations • University of Toronto. (2011). Differential Equations
• Lewis, A.D. (2017). Introduction to Differential Equations, • Xie, W. (2010). Differential Equations for Engineers
For Smart Kids
• Nagle, R.K. (2012). Fundamentals of Differential
Equations
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