METHOD OF VARIATION OF PARAMETERS

A. Solve the following linear differential equations with variable coefficients

using the method of variation of parameters:
2
2d y dy 2 x
1. x 2
+ x − y =x e .
dx dx
Solution:
2
2d y dy 2 x
x 2
+ x − y =x e −−−−−(1)
dx dx
 To find the C.F of the equation (1):
Corresponding Homogeneous equation of (1) is,
2
2d y dy
x 2
+ x − y =0, which is in Cauchy-Euler form.
dx dx
m
Let y =x (≠ 0) is a trial solution of the homogeneous equation.
Hence, the Auxiliary equation be,
Method of finding auxiliary equation
m ( m−1 ) +m−1=0
for the homogeneous equation in
 m2−m+m−1=0
Cauchy-Euler form:
 m2−1=0 m
Let y =x (≠ 0) is a trial solution.
 m=± 1 m−1 2
Ie, the roots of the auxiliary dy x ∧d y m −2
Now , =m 2
=m(m−1)x
dx dx
equation are m1=−1 , m2=+1
Substituting
So, the solutions of the 2
homogeneous equation are, dy d y
y , , 2 into the homogeneous equation , we get
m −1 dx dx
y 1=x =x ∧¿
1

2 m −2 m −1 m
m +1 x . m ( m−1 ) x + x .m . x −x =0
y 2=x =x .
2

Hence C .F of the equation (1) be,

[ m ( m−1 ) +m−1 ] x m=0
m
1 m ( m−1 ) +m−1=0 , since x ≠ 0
y c = A 1 + B1 x , where A 1∧B 1 are arbitrary constants .
x

 To find the P.I of the equation (1):

Given equation can be written as,
2
d y 1 dy 1 x 2
2
+ − 2 y=e , dividing both sides of the givenequation by x .
dx x dx x
2
d y dy 1 −1 x
 2
+ P +Q y=X −−−−(2), where P= , Q= 2 , X=e .
dx dx x x
Which is a general linear differential equation of second order.

| || |
−1
y1 y2 x x
Now, W ( y 1 , y 2) = ' '
= −2
y 1 y 2 −x 1
2
¿ [ ( x ) ( 1 )−(− x ) ( x ) ]= x + x = (≠ 0)
−1 −2 −1 −1
x
So, we can say the solutions y 1∧ y 2 of the corresponding homogeneous
equation are independent.
Let a primitive solution of the given equation is
y p=u y 1 + v y 2 , where u∧v are functions of x
1
 y p=u + vx
x

( ) ()
−1
Now D ( y p )=u . 2 + u .
x
' 1
x
+ v .1+ x . v
'

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 Consider u and v such that
u' .
1
x ()
+ x . v ' =0−−−−( 3 )

Hence, D ( y p )=u .
−1
x
2 ( )
+ v .1

2 2
( )( )
−1 ' '
And D ( y p )=u . 3 + 2 . u +v
x x
Since y p is a solution of the equation, it satisfies equation (2)
2
Ie, D ( y p ) + P . D ( y p ) +Q . ( y p ) =X

 u.
[ ( )( ) ] [ ( ) ] [
2
x
3
−1 ' ' 1
x x
−1
x
−1 1
+ 2 .u + v + u . 2 + v .1 + 2 u + vx =e
x x ]x

 2 u x −3−u' x −2 + v ' −u x−3+ v x−1−u x−3−v x−1=e x

' 1
( )
' x
 −u . 2 + v =e −−−−( 4 )
x
Solution of equations (3) and (4):
1 1
( 3 ) × =¿u ' . 2 + v ' =0
x x
1
( 4 ) ×1=¿−u' . 2 + v ' =e x
x
¿¿
' x
2 v =e
' 1 x ' 1 1 x
 v = e and hence from equation (3), u . + x . e =0
2 x 2
2
 u' = −x . e x
2

−x x
2
' 1 x
u=
'
.e v= e
2 2
−1 1
 ∫ dv= ∫ x
 ∫ du= ∫ x 2 e x dx e dx
2 2
−1 2 x 1 x
 u=
2
[ x e −∫ 2 x e dx ]
x
 v= e +B 2 ,
2
2
Where B2is an arbitrary constant
 u=−x e x +∫ x e x dx
2
2
 u=−x e x + [ x e x −e x ] + A2 , where A2is
2
Hence the P.I of the given equation be,
1
y p=u + vx
x

[ ] [ ]
2
1 −x x x x 1 x
¿ e + x e −e + A 2 + x e + B2
x 2 2
x x x 1 x 1 x x
¿− e + e − e + A 2 . + e + B2 . x
2 x x 2
x 1 x 1
¿ e − e + A2 . + B2 . x
x x

 To find the G.S of the equation (1):

The general solution of the given equation be,
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 y= y c + y p
1 x 1 x 1
¿ A1 + B1 x+ e − e + A 2 . + B2 . x
x x x
1 x 1 x
¿ A . + B . x+ e − e ,
x x
where A=( A 1 + A2 ) ∧B=( B1+ B 2) are arbitrary constants .
2
2d y dy 2 x
2. x 2 + x − y =x e .
dx dx
3.
B. Solve the following linear differential equations with constant coefficients
using the method of variation of parameters:
2
d y dy x
1. 2
−12 +32 y=x +e .
dx dx
Solution:
2
d y dy x
2
−12 +32 y=x +e −−−−−(1)
dx dx

 To find the C.F of the equation (1):

Corresponding Homogeneous equation of (1) is,
2
d y dy
2
−12 +32 y=0 , which is a homogeneous equation with constant coefficients.
dx dx
mx
Let y =e (≠ 0) is a trial solution of the homogeneous equation.
Hence, the Auxiliary equation be,
2 Method of finding auxiliary equation for
m −12 m+ 32=0 the homogeneous equation with constant
 m2−8 m−4 m+32=0 coefficients:
 (m−4)(m−8)=0 mx
Let y =e (≠ 0)is a trial solution.
 m=4 , 8 mx 2
dy e ∧d y 2 mx
Ie, the roots of the auxiliary Now , =m 2
=m e
dx dx
equation are m1=4 , m2=8
Substituting
So, the solutions of the 2
dy d y
homogeneous equation are, y , , 2 into the homogeneous equation , we get
m x 4x
dx dx
y 1=e =e ∧¿
1
2 mx mx mx
m x 8x
m e −12. me +32 e =0
y 2=e =e .
2

 [ m2−12 m+ 32 ] e m x =0
Hence C .F of the equation (1) be,  m2−12 m+ 32=0 , since em x ≠ 0
Which is called the auxiliary equation of the
4x 8x
y c = A 1 e + B1 e , where A1 ∧B1 are arbitrary constants .

 To find the P.I of the equation (1):

Given equation can be written as,
2
d y dy x
2
+ P +Qy=X−−−−( 2 ) , where P=−12 ,Q=32 , X =x +e .
dx dx
Which is a general linear differential equation of second order.

| || |
4x 8x
y1 y2 e e
Now, ( 1 2)
W y , y = = 4x
' '
y1 y2 4 e 8 e8x
¿ [ ( e ) ( 8 e )−( e )( 4 e ) ]=8 e −4 e =4 e (≠ 0)
4x 8x 8x 4x 12 x 12 x 12 x

So, we can say the solutions y 1∧ y 2 of the corresponding homogeneous

equation are independent.
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 Let a primitive solution of the given equation is
y p=u y 1 + v y 2 , where u∧v are functions of x
 y p=u e4 x +v e 8 x
Now D ( y p )=u . ( 4 e 4 x ) + u' . ( e 4 x ) + v . ( 8 e8 x ) +v ' . ( e8 x )
Consider u and v such that
u' . ( e 4 x ) + v ' . ( e 8 x )=0−−−− (3 )
Hence, D ( y p )=u . ( 4 e 4 x ) + v . ( 8 e8 x )
And D2 ( y p )=u . ( 16 e 4 x )+ u' . ( 4 e 4 x ) + v . ( 64 e 8 x ) +v ' .(8 e 8 x )
Since y p is a solution of the equation, it satisfies equation (2)
2
Ie, D ( y p ) + P . D ( y p ) +Q . ( y p ) =X
 [ u . ( 16 e 4 x ) +u ' . ( 4 e 4 x ) + v . ( 64 e8 x ) +v ' .(8 e 8 x ) ]−12 [ u . ( 4 e 4 x )+ v . ( 8 e 8 x ) ] +32 [ u e 4 x +v e 8 x ]=x +e x
 16 u e 4 x + 4 u' e4 x +64 v e 8 x +8 v ' e 8 x −48 u e 4 x −96 v e 8 x +32u e 4 x + 32 v e8 x =x+ e x
 4 u' e 4 x + 8 v ' e8 x =x+ e x −−−−( 4 )
Solution of equations (3) and (4):
( 3 ) × 4=¿ 4 e4 x u ' + 4 e 8 x v '=0
( 4 ) ×1=¿ 4 e 4 x u' +8 e 8 x v ' =x +e x
¿¿
8x ' x
(-) −4 e v =−( x+ e )

( )
x x
x +e ' ' 4x x+ e 8x
 v = 8 x and hence from equation (3), u . e + 8 x . e =0
e e
x
' −x +e
 u= 4x
e
x x
−x +e
' x +e
'
u= 4x
v=
8x
e e
 ∫ du=−∫ x e−4 x dx−∫ e−3 x dx  ∫ d v=∫ x e−8 x dx +∫ e−7 x dx

[ ( ) ( )] [ ] [ ( ) ( )] [ ]
−4 x −4 x −3 x −8 x −8 x −7 x
e e e e e e
 u=− x − −  v= x − +
−4 −4 −3 −8 −8 −7
x −4 x 1 −4 x 1 −3 x − x −8 x 1 −8 x 1 −7 x
 u= e − e + e + A2 ,  v= e + e − e +B 2 ,
4 4 3 8 8 7
Hence the P.I of the given equation be,
4x 8x
y p=u e +v e

4 4 [
x −4 x 1 −4 x 1 −3 x
¿ e4 x
e − e + e + A 2 +e 8 x
3
−x −8 x 1 −8 x 1 −7 x
8
e + e − e +B 2
8 7 ] [ ]
x 1 1 x 4x x 1 1 x 8x
¿ − + e + A 2 . e − + − e + B2 . e
4 4 3 8 8 7

( )( )( )
x x
x x 1 1 e e 4x 8x
¿ − + − + − + A2 . e + B2 . e
4 8 8 4 3 7
4 x x 1 4x 8x
¿ e + − + A2 . e + B2. e
21 8 8

 To find the G.S of the equation (1):

The general solution of the given equation be,
y= y c + y p

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 4x 8x 4 x x 1 4x 8x
¿ A1 e + B1 e + e + − + A 2 . e + B2 .e
21 8 8
4x 8x 4 x x 1
¿ A .e +B.e + e + − ,
21 8 8
where A=( A 1 + A2 ) ∧B=( B1+ B 2) are arbitrary constants .

2.

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