Edexcel Religious Education – Revision

Booklet
Paper 1: Catholic Christianity

Name:
Set:
Target Grade:
Chapter 4: Forms of Expression
 Course overview

In year 11, you will sit three RE exams:

Paper 1: Catholic Paper 2: Judaism Paper 3: Philosophy

Christianity and Ethics
This is worth 50% of This is worth 25% of This is worth 25% of
your GCSE your GCSE your GCSE

1 hour and 45 minute 50 minute exam 50 minute exam

exam

Section 1: Beliefs Section 1: Beliefs Section 1: Arguments

and teachings and Teachings for the existence of
Section 2: Practices God
Section 3: Sources Section 2: Practices
of Wisdom of Section 2: Marriage
Authority and the Family
Section 4: Forms of
Expression
4 x a) questions 2 x a) questions 2 x a) questions
4 x b) questions 2 x b) questions 2 x b) questions
4 x c) questions 2 x c) questions 2 x c) questions
4 x d) questions 2 x d) questions 2 x d) questions

Question Types:

a) Outline three… (3 b) Explain two OR describe

marks) two (4 marks)
Give three simple sentences. Don’t One mark for a simple point
explain or describe. Another mark for a developed point
(x2)
c) Explain two…. Refer to d) “statement” Evaluate this
a source of wisdom and statement considering
authority (5 marks) arguments for and against
One mark for a simple point Include arguments for and against the
Another mark for a developed point statement for religious points of view.
(x2) Fifth mark for quote from Explain why it is a strong/weak argument.
Catechism or Bible etc…
Paper 1: Catholic Christianity
 Chapter 4: Forms of Expression and Ways of Life

Topic: Studied in class: Revised

4.1 The architecture,
design and decoration of
Catholic churches

4.2 Internal features of a

Catholic church

4.3 Meaning and

significance of sacred
objects

4.4 Meaning and

significance of paintings,
frescoes and drawing

4.5 Meaning and

significance of sculptures
and statues

4.6 Purpose and use of

symbolism and imagery in
religious art

4.7 Meaning and

significance of drama,
mystery plays and passion
plays
4.8 Nature and use of
traditional and
contemporary music

Key terms:
  Blessed Sacrament – pieces of bread (hosts) that have been turned into the Body of Christ.
They are kept in the tabernacle.
 Tabernacle – a special place in a church where the Blessed Sacrament is kept
 Lectern – Raised platform from which the Bible is read
 Nave – the main worship and seating area
 Sanctuary – the area in a church that is sacred. This is where the altar is and where mass is
celebrated
 Altar – the place where the priest will stand and turn the bread and wine into the
Body and Blood of Jesus
 Consecrated hosts – circular pieces of flat bread that is changed into the Body of
Christ during mass
 Transubstantiation – the Catholic belief that the bread and wine change into the body
and blood of Christ
 Crucifix – a cross with an image of Jesus on it
 Chalice – a cup made from silver or gold and holds the wine that will be turned into
the blood of Christ.
 Ciborium – a silver or gold container that holds the hosts (bread)
 Paten – A silver or gold plate that has the priest’s hosts
 Rood Screen – a decorated screen or iron work in front of the sanctuary
 Sarcophagus – a stone container for bones
 Stoup – a container to hold holy water
 Vestments – special robes worn by a priest when leading worship
 Fresco – a painting that is painted onto fresh plaster
 Icon – a holy image painted in a certain style on wood
 Madonna – a painting or statue of the Virgin Mary
 Votive Candle – A candle that is lit as a prayer is offered
 Alpha – the first letter of the Greek alphabet
 Chi-Rho – A symbol using the first two Greek letters (ch and r) in Christ
 Evangelist – Author of a gospel
 Omega – the last letter of the Greek alphabet
 Paschal – relating to Easter
 Medieval – to do with the Middle Ages
 Plainchant – a style of unaccompanied signing for monastic offices or the Mass

4.1 - The Architecture, Design and Decoration of Catholic

Churches
Origin and Nature of Churches

Church with a capital ‘C’ = community of Christians. church with a small ‘c’ refers to the
building (unless it is at the beginning of a sentence/name of a church building e.g. St
Margaret’s Church).

After the death and resurrection of Jesus, the early Christians did not have places of
worship. Instead, they would gather in people’s homes or in Jewish places of worship. As the
number of people who had converted (changed religion) to Christianity increased over the
first few centuries (100s of years), the first church buildings were built as places for
worship. Over time, church buildings have become bigger and more elaborate.

Architecture – style of the building

The word church comes from a Greek word meaning ‘House of the Lord’. During the medieval
period, churches and cathedrals were built across Western Europe as places of worship as
well as a place for meetings, banquets, mystery plays (see drama 4.7) and village/town fairs.

There are different styles of church:

 Romanesque (around 800 - 1000 years ago) – this is a type of architecture that looked
very similar to Roman architecture. It was very popular.
 Gothic (around 500 – 900 years ago) – this began in France. The churches became
taller and were designed to allow more natural light to flood into the church (don’t
forget, there was no electricity back in those days). The designers of the time were
trying to out-do each other – who could build the tallest, biggest and most impressive
church?
 Baroque – this type of architecture was first used in Italy around 500 years ago.
Buildings, including churches, during this time were ways to show off wealth and
power. They became more dramatic – included domes, painted ceilings, bright colours,
large frescoes (see 4.4)

Image A – Romanesque style Image B – Gothic style Image C – Baroque style

A cathedral is a church that contains a ‘cathedra’ which is a special chair for the bishop to
sit on.
Queen Elizabeth I made Catholic mass illegal 1559. This means that Catholic church buildings
were no longer used for Catholic mass. Their paintings and sculptures were removed as
Protestants (A type of Christian who protested against the Catholic Church) did not think it
was right to have statues of Mary. It became legal for Catholics to worship again in 1829.
Many of the older churches that used to belong to the Catholic Church has been gifted or
bought back to the Church. Since 1829, the Catholic Church has built churches that reflect
more modern styles of architecture. E.g. the Liverpool Cathedral which was completed in
1967 reflects 1960’s design and architecture.

How church architecture and design reflects belief?

Church design: What does it look like? How does it reflect belief?
Many churches are built in a This reflects the cross as a
cross shape. symbol of the church. Jesus’
death and resurrection is one
of the fundamental beliefs of
Christianity.
Where possible, churches are Jesus rose from the dead
built facing the East and brought new life, just as
the sun rises from the east.
Mass is a reminder of how
Catholics share in the
resurrection of Jesus.
Some churches are built in a Circular churches are said by
circular or octagonal shape. some to represent eternity
(forever lasting). Octagonal
churches reflect a star
bringing light into the world.

Churches are built with a big, This suggests a connection

tall open space inside that with heaven. Cathedrals were
point upwards. built as high as possible to
get closer to God.

Stained glass windows are In the past, many Catholics

carefully put together to couldn’t read and so to learn
show images of people from about the Bible stories they
the Bible as well as images of could look at stained glass
angels and saints. windows.

How are churches used today?

The main purpose of a church is for worship. Members of the community will attend their
local church for Sunday services and gather in the nave waiting for mass to begin. The priest
will lead the service from the sanctuary. It is here they can listen to the Word of God and
receive the Body and Blood of Jesus. In addition to Holy Communion, other sacraments can
be celebrated in a church for example the sacrament of Marriage and Holy Orders will take
place in a church and as part of a mass.

However, a church is not only used for worship. Members of the community can walk into
their local church during the day time if they want a quiet place to pray. They may light
candles and place them in front of statues whilst they make a private prayer. Some people
come here to feel closer to Jesus. The Blessed Sacrament (bread that has been turned into
the Body of Christ) will allow a Catholic to feel closer to Jesus (see practices - popular piety
– Eucharistic Adoration).

Sources of Wisdom and Authority

The Catechism says that the People of God should build a church for worship wherever the
authorities allow it.

Sources of Wisdom and Authority

The Catechism says that a church is a house of prayer in which the Eucharist is celebrated and
reserved, where the faithful assemble, and where Jesus Christ is worshipped.

GCSE Style Practice Questions:

a) Outline three design features of a Catholic church (3)

One design feature of a Catholic church is that they can be built in a cross shape.
Another feature…..

a)Outline three uses for the church in Catholic worship (3)

b) Explain two ways in which the architecture of a Catholic church reflects Catholic
beliefs (4) – in other words, choose two ways in which church buildings are built and
explain how it reflects Catholic beliefs
c) Explain two uses of church buildings for a Catholic community. In your answer, you
must refer to source of wisdom and authority (5)

4.2 Catholic Church Internal Features

What is inside a Catholic church?

The word ‘internal’ talks about what is inside a Catholic church building. The main features
are pictures below. These features help Christians to worship God and express their faith in
Him.

Source

The Ca
which C

Feature of What is it? How is it used? Why is it important?

Catholic Church
The Lectern It is a stand for During mass, people will stand The Bible is the Word of God.
holding the Bible. and read from the Old The lectern represents God
Testament and New communicating with us his plan.
Testament. It is also where
the priest will read the gospel
from.
The Altar A table that The priest will stand at the Reminds Catholics of Jesus’
represents the altar when he calls down the sacrifice and that through his
 table at the Last Holy Spirit to turn the bread death and resurrection, they can
Supper. and wine into the Body and now go to heaven (salvation)
Blood of Christ. Catholics will
bow their head when this
happens.
The Crucifix A cross with a Catholics look at the crucifix It reminds them of Jesus
figure of Jesus on during prayer to strengthen sacrificing himself for them. It
it. feelings of love, hope and shows them how much God loves
trust them and what he was prepared
to do for them.
The Tabernacle A box close to the When bread and wine is turned Moses kept the Ten
altar where the into the Body and Blood of Commandments in the
Eucharist is kept. A Jesus, they keep the Body of Tabernacle. Catholics now keep
lamp it kept nearby Christ in the Tabernacle. the Body of Christ in their to
to remind Catholics Catholics believe that Jesus is remind them link between God’s
that Jesus is actually present in the Body of old agreement and God’s new
present in the Christ and so will genuflect agreement through Jesus
tabernacle. (like a curtsey) towards the
tabernacle when they enter
and leave a church.
Baptismal Font Located at the Holy water will be poured into The holy water will wash away
front of the church. the font and the priest will original sin and welcome the child
Usually made from pour the water over a baby’s in the Catholic community. It is
stone, it is a sink head three times their first step to entering a
like vessel that is relationship with God.
used for baptisms.
Stations of the Fourteen images of Catholics can look at the It is another reminder of Jesus’
Cross (see Jesus’ suffering and pictures and remind sacrifice that he made for our
practices – popular death. They are themselves about the story of sins. This may bring comfort and
piety) usually found on the Jesus’ death. strength to a Catholic if they too
walls of a Catholic are going through times of
church suffering or pain.
Confessional A small room or a Catholics will enter the This gives Catholics a quiet and
wooden box for the confessional with a priest and private opportunity to ask God
Sacrament of they will confess their sins. for forgiveness and refresh
Reconciliation The priest is able to absolve their relationship with God.
(remove) their sins.

Sources of Wisdom and Authority

Jesus said, “Where two or three are gathered in my name, I am there with them” Matthew 18:
20

GCSE Questions

a) Outline three internal features of a Catholic church (3)

b) Explain the importance of two internal features of Catholic churches (4)

d)”the tabernacle is the most important feature in a Catholic church” Evaluate this
statement considering arguments for and against. In your response you should:
  Refer to Catholic teachings
 Reach a justified conclusion

WAGOLL – Read the wagoll and see if you can add an alternative viewpoint using the table on
the left. Add a conclusion – is the tabernacle the most important part of a church?

Many Catholics would agree with this statement because the tabernacle is where the Blessed
Sacrament is kept. The Blessed Sacrament is the consecrated host (Body of Christ) and
Catholics believe that Jesus’ is really present within it. This can be strengthened by that
fact that Catholics will genuflect (bow/curtsey) before the tabernacle on their way in and
out of a church building. They do this to show respect to the Real Presence of Christ. In
addition, this can also be strengthened by the fact that a lamp is kept by the tabernacle to
remind Catholics that Jesus is inside it. Jesus is God for Catholics and so therefore it must
be the most important feature as it is the closest they will physically get to Him.

However, some Catholics may disagree with this statement and argue…

[Type a quote from the document or the summary of an interesting point. You can position the text box
anywhere in the document. Use the Drawing Tools tab to change the formatting of the pull quote text box.]

4.3 Sacred Objects

What are sacred objects?

Sacred objects are items that Catholics will use as part of mass. These include sacred
vessels – which are items that usually hold something inside it. These objects are also known
as ‘objects of devotion’ because they help a Catholic show love and devotion to God. Some of
these sacred objects are not always used in mass; they can be used elsewhere to help a
Catholic show devotion to God. For example, Catholics may have a crucifix at home that they
use to help them pray.

Sacred Vessels that are used in church services (Mass)

Name of object What does it look like? How is it used? Why is it important?
Chalice a cup to hold the Blood of Jesus is present in the
Christ during mass Body and Blood, this
brings Catholics closer to
God and reminds them of
his sacrifice

Paten A plate which holds a large, It represents the part of

circular host (bread). The the Last Supper where
priest will hold this up during Jesus broke the bread
mass. and shared it with his
disciples. During mass,
the Holy Spirit turns the
bread into the Body of
Jesus.
Ciborium A covered dish which contains Catholics believe that
smaller, circular hosts (bread) Jesus is really present in
before and after they are the Body of Christ. If
changed in the Body of Christ there are pieces of Jesus’
body left over after
mass, the priest will
NEVER throw it away. It
is kept in the ciborium
and then that is placed in
the tabernacle after
mass.

Other sacred objects used in a Mass:

 Cloths – such as a corporal. This is a square piece of white cloth for the chalice and
the host (consecrated bread) to rest on whilst on the altar)
 Books – there are other books such as the lectionary (a book containing set Bible
readings to be read out during the Mass)
 Incense thurible – Used to burn incense in the Mass. Usually silver in colour and
dangles from a long chain which is swung over the altar
 Monstrance – (see Practice - Eucharistic Adoration – Monstrance)
 Vestments – Priests will wear specific robes during mass. These come in a variety of
colours which represent different parts of the liturgical year. White =
 Christmas/Easter, Green = ordinary time, Red = Good Friday, martyrs and Day of
Pentecost (red represents the Holy Spirit) and purple = Advent/Lent

Sarcophagi

A sarcophagus is a container which holds a dead person.

They are usually made from stone and are not always
buried in the ground but often displayed in a church.
Images and words are usually carved into the sarcophagi
in order to tell people who is inside. They usually contain
the remains of saints and past Popes. Catholics believe
that if they pray to a saint or pray close to the remains
of one, then that particular saint may help them with their prayers.

Hunger Cloths

Hunger cloths were traditionally used in the Middle

Ages to cover the altar during lent. These cloths
usually had pictures showing the main events of Jesus’
life. Most people who lived throughout the Middle Ages
couldn’t read or write so would have to rely on hunger
cloths as a way to learn about Jesus. More recently,
charities such as CAFOD make hunger cloths that are
used by poorer countries to help them remember that
God is with them throughout their pain and suffering. Hunger cloths can also help to remind
Catholics of their duty to love one another as well as serve God.

Other sacred objects that are not just used in a church:

 Holy images and statues

 Holy water (blessing yourself with water that has been blessed)
 Votive candles (candles that are lit to symbolise prayers being offered)

Source of Wisdom and Authority

The Catechism of the Catholic Church teaches that “all the signs in the liturgical celebrations are
related to Christ”

GCSE Questions:
 a) Outline three sacred vessels found in a Catholic church (3)
b) Explain two ways sacred objects express Catholic beliefs (4)
c) Explain two reasons why sacred objects are important for Catholics. In your answer
you must refer to a source of wisdom and authority (5)
d) “Sacred objects help Catholics to understand their faith” Evaluate this statement
considering arguments for and against. In your answer, you must:
 Refer to Catholic viewpoints
 Reach a justified conclusion

4.4 The Meaning and Significance of Paintings, Frescoes

and Drawing within the Catholicism
Meaning and Significance

The Catholic Church has always used art as way to visually express their beliefs and help
them to remember them. Catholics use sacred art to:

 Express the beliefs and emotions of the artist

 Help people understand more about God
 Bring people into a deeper worship with God
 Back up the beliefs of the Catholic Church
 Give greater insight into the truths of the Catholic faith

Source of Wisdom and Authority

The Catechism of the Catholic Church teaches that sacred art can evoke (bring out) faith and
adoration by portraying the transcendent mystery of God.

The Catechism teaches that bishops, personally or through delegates, should see to the promotion
of sacred art, old and new, in all its forms.

Examples of Catholic Art

The Sistine Chapel

The Sistine chapel is located in the Vatican in Rome. It is famous for its painted walls and
ceilings. It was painted by Michelangelo between 1508 and 1512. Below is a famous piece of
art found within the Sistine Chapel – it’s called ‘The Last Judgement’.
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1

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3

5
4

Michelangelo’s The Last Judgement

1. In the centre, you can see Jesus. Christians believe that Jesus will judge the living and
the dead on Judgement Day. He will separate the good from the bad just like a
‘shepherd who separates his sheep from the goats’.
 2. Some Christians believe that Peter will open the gates of heaven on Judgement Day.
Here he is depicted holding gold and silver keys.
3. Martyrs (someone who died for their faith), are portrayed next to Christ. Depicted
here is St Bartholomew who died after being skinned alive after spreading the
message of Christ. It is believed that those who have sacrificed their life for the
sake of God are the ones who receive God’s blessing. However, Christians are not
expected to sacrifice their lives.
4. Christians believe that the dead will be awakened by the blow of a trumpet. Archangel
Michael reads from the book of souls to be saved. The larger book on the right
contains a list of the damned destined for hell.
5. In this scene Angels push and punch the hapless damned down toward Charon the
boatman on their journey into hell. Demonic creatures hasten the doomed to their
final destination in the Underworld.
6. According to Greek mythology, Charon was a boatman. He ferried people between the
two worlds. The Greeks used to put coins on the eyes of the dead as payment for safe
passage.
7. The resurrection of the dead is shown at the bottom left of the painting.
8. Those who are saved are raised to heaven

Michelangelo’s Last Judgement expresses the belief in Judgement Day. Jesus said that on
Judgement Day, everyone will be separated into two groups, just like a shepherd separates
his sheep from the goats. Those who are saved will ascend to heaven and those who deserve
punishment will descend to hell. This painting reminds Catholics that they must serve God
and live a good Catholic life in order to be rewarded with eternal life in heaven. It also
reminds them of what will happen if they lead a life of sin.

Michelangelo – ‘The Creation of Adam’

One of the most famous pieces of art found within the Sistine Chapel is Michelangelo’s ‘The
Creation of Adam’. This piece can be found on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and is one of
nine scenes from Genesis on the ceiling. The hands of God and man are outstretched to one
another.

This piece of art (seen on the opposite page) was meant to be just more than just a way to
show devotion to God, it was a way to spark a discussion about theology (study of God).
 3

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1

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1. This image shows God creating Adam. He is seen stretching his arm out towards God.
This represents the belief that all humans are made in God’s image.
2. Adam is resting on land. God creates Adam naked. This represents the belief that we
were all once innocent and sinless.
3. This is God. He is old and has grey hair. This represents the belief that God is all-
knowing and wise. God here is shown to be all-powerful as he is suspended in the air.
This represents the belief that God is not on earth but above in heaven.
4. Here is Eve. She waits patiently next to God to be created next. According to the
story, God creates Adam from dust and woman from Adam’s rib.
5. God here is supported by angels. This was a brave move by the artist as it insinuates
(suggests) that God isn’t as powerful and needs support.
6. God’s and Adam’s finger almost touch. This represents the belief that God is close to
us but is untouchable. God stretches his arm towards Adam showing that He wants a
relationship with humans and cares for them.

You can find more examples of art in the Sistine Chapel on the Vatican’s website. It allows
you to take a virtual tour of the chapel whilst it is empty. Link is below:
http://www.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani/en/collezioni/musei/cappella-sistina/tour-virtuale.html

Icons

Icons are religious paintings of Jesus, Mary, saints or angels and were commonly used in the
Catholic Church up until the 7th Century (around 1,400 years ago). Icons are connected with
Eastern Christianity. They are sacred images used in religious devotion. Icons may be casted
in metal or in stone, on embroidered cloth, painted on wood, done in mosaic, printed on paper
or metal.

However, some other types of Christians believed that displaying religious icons broke one of
the Ten Commandments ‘Do not worship false idols’ – in other words, don’t worship anything
that is not God! Many of these icons were destroyed in the Iconoclasm (destruction of
religious icons and other images) in the 8th and 9th centuries. The Second Council of Nicaea in
787CE encouraged Catholics to use icons as a form of worship. However, during the
Reformation in the 16th Century (the emergence of a new type of Christian group who
protested against the Catholic Church), Protestants tore down Catholic imagery and claimed
it was a form of idol worship.

Icon of Christ – St Catherine’s Monastery, Sinai

This is the oldest known icon of Christ found in the

world. It is 1,500 years old and comes from Sinai,
Egypt. It has been painted on wood.

In the picture, Jesus is wearing a purple robe. Purple

is the colour of royalty and it symbolises the
importance of Jesus. The artist has given Jesus two
different sides to his face (they are not identical).
This is believed to symbolise the two natures of
Jesus – as both human and God. The gold circle is
thought to represent a halo. Halos are a way to show
the holiness of a person.

Jesus is also holding a book in this image. This

symbolises that Jesus is the Word of God and that
the Bible comes from God. The gospels (found within
the Bible) contain all of Jesus’ life events and his
teachings and examples. Following the example and
teachings of Jesus leads you to God.

Frescoes

A fresco is a way of painting on fresh plaster so that the colours fuse with the wall. Famous
examples of fresco include the ones painted by Giotto of St Francis of Assisi. St Francis of
Assisi was previously wealthy man who had given up all of his possessions to become and friar
(someone who travels and preaches the Word of God whilst making vows of poverty).

St Francis of Assisi is known for his love of animals and the environment.

Sources of Wisdom and Authority

The Catholic Church teaches that it is the responsibility of bishops to promote sacred art and also
to remove anything from places of worship that do not meet the Church standards (CCC 2503)
 This fresco shows:

 St Francis of Assisi preaching to birds shows

nature as part of God’s creation and birdsong as
praising the creator
 St Francis’ golden halo shows the holy quality of
his life and God’s presence with him
 St Francis’ one hand lowered symbolises him
welcoming the birds
 The other hand is raised in blessing, with three
fingers reflecting the Trinity

For centuries the Catholic Church has taught that holy images of Jesus, Mary, the angels and
saints should be displayed in churches around the world as well as in people’s homes and
communities. It is a constant reminder of their beliefs and reminds them of their
responsibilities as a Christian. They are also used as an aid to worship and prayer for
example, a Catholic may pray before an icon of Mary in the hope that she is listening and can
help them in their prayers. However, this does not mean that Catholics worship pictures –
they are only used as a way to help in their worship towards the one true God.

Some Catholics may argue that Catholic art is one of the best ways for a Catholic to
understand their faith. However, other Catholics may argue that there are other ways to
help them understand their faith that doesn’t necessarily include the use of art. They may
argue:

 Our relationship with God is personal – this can be achieved through prayer or through
the sacraments and not through looking at pictures
 Art only serves to remind us of our beliefs
 Understanding our faith can be achieved through reading the Bible and following the
teaching and examples of Jesus Christ
 Understanding our faith can also be achieved through the Magisterium – following
their guidance

GCSE Questions

a) Outline three purposes of sacred art for Catholics (3)

b) Explain two ways sacred art can express beliefs (4)
c) Explain two reasons why sacred art is important for Catholics. In your answer you
must refer to a source of wisdom and authority. (5)
d) “Paintings can help a Catholic to understand their relationship with God” Evaluate this
statement considering arguments for and against. (12)
4.5 The Meaning and Significance of Sculptures and
Statues
What are statues?

Statues are three dimensional art and are commonly used as an aid to worship in the Catholic
Church – more so than paintings. Paintings can lead people to make their own interpretations.
In other words when you look at a painting, you may come to your own conclusion as to what
that painting means. For example, when people look at the Mona Lisa, some people see her
smile where others see her as more sad than happy. The same can be applied to religious art.
However, sculptures are different. They don’t usually leave anything to the imagination or
allow interpretation. They are 3D figures of significant figures in the Catholic Church. They
are usually carved out of stone or wood and metal can be moulded to form a figure. They can
be found in Catholic churches around the world. They can be very large or very small and can
also be found in homes, chapels and Catholic schools.

Examples of Statues
Statues of the Virgin Mary

Many statues that you find in churches will be of Mary and

baby Jesus. They are commonly known as ‘Madonna and child’.
Catholics believe that Mary became pregnant miraculously
through the Holy Spirit. She gave birth to Jesus who Catholics
believe is God in human form. Statues of Mary are often found
with her holding baby Jesus in her arms. This reminds
Catholics of their belief in Mary as the Mother of God and
often sees her as a model for the Church.

Statues of the Virgin Mary and Adult Jesus

You will also find statues of Mary holding Jesus when he

was taken down from his cross. Mary is still portrayed
as a young girl even though she would have been much
older. This is to show that she is her son’s daughter as
much as he is her son. Christ was her Creator and
Redeemer. Mary is often seen as a model of faith and
discipleship – she was with Jesus on the day he died and
showed great faith even though she suffered.
Statue of the Sacred Heart of Jesus

Statues of the Sacred Heart of Jesus are based on visions by St

Margaret Mary Alacoque and show the heart of Jesus exposed,
surrounded by the crown of thorns with a burning fire within it.

The crown of thorns reminds Catholics of Jesus’ suffering on the

cross – he suffered and died so that we could be saved from our
sins. The fire has three meanings behind it – first, it links back to
the Old Testament where Jews used to offer burnt offerings to
God as a way to atone for their sins. Jesus’ sacrifice was part of
God’s New Covenant with humanity. Second, fire is associated with
God’s presence – burning bush, Pentecost. Finally, the flames
represent Christ’s burning passionate love for us.

Bronze Statues of St Peter

You may also find statues of other saints and biblical figures in
a church – like the bronze statue of St Peter that you can see
in the image on the right. This particular statue is often
replicated (copied) as the original can be found in St Peter’s
Basilica in Rome. The statue shows St Peter holding up his
hand in blessing – Catholics believe that Peter received gifts
from the Holy Spirit that allowed him to lead the Church in its
early days. The power and authority was passed on to the next
generation of leaders until we get to the Pope today (See
Sources of Wisdom and Authority – Apostolic Succession). He
can also be seen holding keys – this represents the Catholic
belief that Peter was the rock on which Christ built his Church
and was given the authority to forgive sins.

How are Sculptures and Statues used?

Most Catholic churches will usually have statues of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Sacred
Heart of Jesus, St Peter, the patron saint of the church as well as other saints. Catholics do
not worship these statues as this would break one of the Ten Commandments ‘do not worship
false idols’. However, they can be used to help a Catholic with their prayers. They may ask
Mary and other saints to help them with their prayers if they are going through times of
difficulties as they believe their prayers are more likely to be answered.
You can find statues not just in a church however, but in people’s homes and in Catholic
school buildings. Most Catholic churches will have a crucifix and probably a statue of the
Virgin Mary and baby Jesus in the church grounds. They may also have a statue in places
around the world where a vision has happened for example the Grotto de Massabielle at
Lourdes has a statue of Mary in the place where Bernadette had her eighteen visions.

Sources of Wisdom and Authority

Matthew’s gospel (chapter 16) records Jesus choosing St Peter to be the foundation of the
Church and giving him the keys of the kingdom.

The Catechism explains that human art expresses human’ relationship with God and the way human
creativity has a connection with the creativity of God.

GCSE Questions

a) Outline three statues you are likely to find in a Catholic church (3)
b) Explain two ways Catholics use statues (4)
c) Explain two ways statues are used to express Catholic belief. In your answer, you must refer
to a source of wisdom and authority (5)
d) “The use of statues in Catholic churches can help you get close to God” Evaluate this
statement considering arguments for and against.

4.6 Purpose and use of symbolism and imagery in religious

art
What is symbolism?

Symbolism is where an object represents an idea or belief. Christians started to use symbols very
early on in order to identify who they were and what they believed. It was actually illegal to be a
Christian in the Roman Empire during early centuries. Christians had to practice their religion in
secret and often used symbols as a way to communicate with other Christians and to avoid getting by
the Romans.

Below are some examples of the symbols used in Christianity:

Name of What does it look like What does it represent?

Symbol
The Cross - Christians started using the cross around 300
and years after the death of Jesus.
Crucifix - Crucifix did not appear until 100 years later.
- Found in most churches, used to help Christians
focus on prayer and symbolises Jesus’ death and
sacrifice.
- Worn to show faith
The Fish - Also known as ‘ichthus’
- Used by the first Christians as a secret symbol
- Comes from the Greek word for fish
- represents the belief in ‘Jesus Christ, Son of God,
Saviour’
- Jesus told the disciples that he will make ‘fishers
of men’ – the belief that they had to go out and
covert people to Christianity.
Chi Rho - Comes from the first two letters of the Greek
word for ‘Christ’
- Both letters are combined to represent the belief
in Jesus as Christ who was chosen by God as a
sacrifice.
- Early Christians used to use this symbol until the
Roman Empire adopted it once Christianity was
accepted as its main religion.
- Used to appear on Roman helmets, shields etc.
The Dove - Dove comes from the story of Jesus’ baptism when
Jesus described the Holy Spirit coming down ‘like a
dove’
- The dove symbolises the Holy Spirit - Third part of
the trinity.
- Dove is used as a symbol of peace by Christians and
non-Christians.
- Also symbolises new hope
The Eagle - Comes from the Bible when one of the prophets
said that those who wait patiently for God will be
rewarded with ‘wings like eagles’
- Symbolises Jesus as the Son of God
- The eagle can be found on a lectern (where the
Bible is read from in church) – symbolises ‘carrying’
the word of God out to those who want to listen.

Alpha and - Comes from the first and last letters of the Greek
Omega alphabet. Jesus says “I am the alpha and omega,
the first and the last, the beginning and the end”
- Together, these letters form a symbol of Christ.
This symbol represents the belief that Jesus was
at the beginning of time and will be at the end. He
is eternal. Just as God is.
The - Comes from the four people who wrote the gospels
Evangelists (Matthew, Mark, Luke and John) in the Bible.
- Linked to the four creatures that can be found
behind God’s throne:
- Matthew = human/angel
- Mark = Lion
- Luke = ox
- John = Eagle
Other Symbols used in to express belief:
- Fire
Fire is used to symbolise the Holy Spirit. When Christians light a candle, it symbolises God’s
presence in the world. The flickering candle also reminds Christians that Jesus is the light of
the world; that he is the way to an eternal life with God.
- Water
Water is used in the sacraments. When used in baptism and Anointing of the Sick, symbolises
the washing away of sins. Catholics will bless themselves with holy water upon entering and
exiting churches on a Sunday – reminds them of their baptismal promises and live a life in the
way God wants them.
- Oil
Used in sacraments e.g. Oil of Chrism is used in baptism to symbolise being chosen by God and
oil of catechumens is used to represent strength.
- Bread and wine
Represents the Eucharist. Catholics believe that Jesus is truly present in the Body and Blood.
- Laying of Hands
Bishops and priests will lay their hands on members of the congregation to represent the
power of the Holy Spirit descending onto them. Jesus himself laid his hands on those he
healed. The original apostles used to lay their hands on those who they wanted to bless, ordain
or heal.

GCSE Questions:

a) Outline three examples of Christian symbols (3)

b) Explain two ways religious symbols express belief (4)
c) Choose a Christian symbol and explain two reasons why it is important for Catholics. In your
answer you must refer to a source of wisdom and authority (5)

**Source of wisdom for the c) question does not have to be a quote. It can be something that the
priest or bishop says or does?

4.7 The Meaning and Significance of Drama: Mystery

Plays and Passion Plays
Source of Wisdom and Authority:

“In prayer, the faithful God’s initiative of love always comes first; our step is always a
response. As God gradually reveals himself and reveals man to himself, prayer appears as a…call,
a….drama. Through words and actions, this drama engages the heart. It unfolds throughout the
whole history of salvation” - Catechism of the Catholic Church

The quote above is from the Catholic Church and it is basically saying that God has gradually revealed
himself to the world through his actions. The Bible is full of action; full of exciting stories about God
and his relationship with humanity throughout the years. These stories have inspired people to re-
enact these stories through drama – a combination of words and actions that helps to tell a story.
Mystery Plays

Re-enactment of Bible stories began in the medieval period. These plays were called ‘mystery plays’.
Local people would travel around the country and put on street performances. Some of the stories
would include the Creation story, Adam and Eve, Noah, Abraham, Jesus etc – telling the mystery of
redemption (being saved from sin). Many Catholics during the Medieval Ages couldn’t read and write
and so mystery plays were a good way for them to learn about the stories in the Bible and the great
mysteries of their faith. Some Mystery Plays told people about Christ’s resurrection. These plays
gave people hope that there is life after death and they will be forgiven by God for their sins and live
eternally with God in heaven.

Mystery Plays today

Mystery Play showing the Creation story Mystery Play showing Adam and Eve Mystery Play showing Noah

Some towns in England still hold mystery plays today. In York, plays are put on by members of the
community every year. They will design their own props, stages and costumes. Most plays will take
place in public places. See pictures above to see examples.
Passion Plays

Passion plays tell the story of Jesus’ journey to the cross. This is known as ‘The Passion’. They also
tell the story of his death and resurrection. These types of plays used to take place on the streets
at Easter time. Passion plays are still very popular today. Over time, more music and further
characters were added, often so that more people could take part.

Like mystery plays, Passion plays were banned in many places. This is because some Christians thought
it was wrong to re-enact stories from the Bible. The stories may be told incorrectly or the actors
may misrepresent the characters (e.g. Jesus, Mary…)
Passion plays allow Catholics to
express belief in:
- Atonement (Jesus’ suffering
and death paid the price of sin
and healed the relationship
between God and humans
- Salvation (Jesus’ death saved
us from eternal punishment
and allows us to be with God in
heaven)
- Resurrection (Jesus’
resurrection is proof that
Jesus was the Son of God and
that there is life after death)

The way drama is used to express belief

 Mystery Plays express belief about creation, fall of man, the Incarnation, the Last Supper,
the Atonement, the Crucifixion, the Blessed Virgin Mary.
 Catholic beliefs about the Passion and Resurrection are expressed in the dramatic events of
passion plays
 The Veneration of the Cross – this happens around Easter time when Catholics will take part in
the drama as they line up to kiss the cross. They express the belief in the Passion.
 The mass has dramatic parts to it:
- The priest wears coloured vestments (robes)
- The priest represents Jesus at the Last Supper
- The priest uses sacred objects and symbols e.g. he holds up the bread like Jesus did in the
Last Supper
- The priest makes sacred gestures
- Catholics sit, stand, kneel during mass
- Feet are washed on Maundy Thursday

GCSE Questions
a) Outline three ways mystery plays express Catholic beliefs (3)
b) Explain two ways in which passion plays express Catholic beliefs (4)
c) Explain two ways drama expresses Catholic beliefs. In your answer you must refer to a source
of wisdom and authority (5)
4.8 The Nature and Use of Traditional and Contemporary
Styles of Music in Worship
Traditional Music in Worship

The Catechism teaches “make melody to the Lord with all your heart”. This means they the Catholic
Church encourage Catholics to use music when worshipping God. As part of the Mass, there are
opportunities for Catholics to sing and play an important part of worship. Signing is often
accompanied with a piano, organ or guitar but can often involve no musical instruments at all.

Hymns

A hymn is a religious son, written specifically for the purpose of praise, adoration or prayer. The
word ‘hymn’ comes from the Greek word ‘hymnos’ meaning ‘Song of praise’. Some of the oldest hymns
that are sung come from the book of psalms in the Bible (Old Testament). Other hymns may have
come from ordinary people. Some popular hymns include:
 Sing it in the Valley – Song about Jesus
 He’s Got the Whole World in His Hands – A song about God
 This little light of mine – A song about God’s love
 Shine Jesus shine – Song about God’s love
 Silent Night – Song about the birth of Jesus

Sources of Wisdom and Authority – “the early Christians composed hymns and canticles to praise God
for his work in the incarnation, Passion, resurrection and ascension of his Son” – Catechism of the
Catholic Church

Psalms

Psalms are basically songs and they come from the Old Testament (the Bible). Some of the most
famous kings in Judaism (King David and King Solomon) are thought to have written some of the songs
in the book of Psalms. King David used to play the harp and wrote many songs. They used to be used
during Jewish worship in the Temple in Jerusalem. Musical instruments are also thought to be used in
Jewish worship before the Holy Temple was destroyed. For example, Psalm 150 mentions trumpets,
harps, tambourines, pipes, cymbals and dancing.

Praise God in his sanctuary;

praise him in his mighty heavens.
2
Praise him for his acts of power;
praise him for his surpassing greatness.
3
Praise him with the sounding of the trumpet,
praise him with the harp and lyre,
4
praise him with timbrel and dancing,
praise him with the strings and pipe,
5
praise him with the clash of cymbals,
praise him with resounding cymbals.
6
Let everything that has breath praise the LORD.
Praise the LORD. – Psalm 150
There are psalms of praise, thanksgiving and lament (grief/sorrow), and so they contain many human
emotions about life, God and religion, which make them still relevant for worship today.

Plainchant

Plainchant is chanting. There is no music and people sing either by themselves or as a group. Originally
this was the only type of music allowed in church. People used to believe that music can be enjoyed
outside of church as it would only distract you from God. Plainchant does not usually happen in mass
anymore. Most Catholic services will use music and sing hymns instead.

Modern Music

Worship Songs

A worship song is a modern religious song that is usually shorter than a hymn. It is usually only made
up of one or two verses. They put a short Bible verse or simple Christian message to modern music.

More recently, a range of musical instruments have been used during mass:
 Percussion
 Guitars
 Keyboards
 Flutes
 Tambourines
 Drums

Worship songs can be very lively with dances moves. Other worship songs can be calmer too. Pope
John Paul II wanted more young people to evangelise (spread God’s message) and this was a good way
to attract younger Christians.

Different ways in which music may be used:

 Music can be used to begin the mass – the priest and altar serves enter whilst the
congregation stand and sing a hymn
 Important parts of the mass for example the Gloria, the Gospel Acclamation and parts of the
Eucharistic Prayer are sung
 Hymns and songs may feature in the mass as the bread and wine are brought to the altar
 Hymns and songs may be sung whilst people go up to receive communion

GCSE Questions
a) Outline three types of music used by Catholics in worship (3)
b) Explain two reasons why hymns are used in Catholic mass (4)
c) Explain two ways in which music is used to express belief. In your answer you must refer to a
source of wisdom and authority (5)
d) “All music used in Catholic churches should be modern and lively”. Evaluate this statement
considering arguments for and against. In your answer you should:
- Refer to Catholic viewpoints
- Refer to different Catholic of non-Catholic Christian points of view
- Reach a justified conclusion