Turbine Generator Sets
Marc STEINER January 4, 2001
AGENDA
Generator Basics
break
Voltage regulator
break
Generator operation
Generator Basics
Generator Basics
Generator Basics
creates voltage in generator stator windings and output terminals
Creating eddy current in generator core
Electricity can be obtained from magnetism,
and magnetism can be produced from Electricity
used on generator excitation system Is causing armature reaction
Generator Basics
In 1831, an English physicist named FARADAY
discovered that an emf could be produced in a
wire loop moved into a magnetic field
and a magnetic field is created around a current-carrying conductor
Generator Basics
This method is not very efficient
because air is resistant to flux line
Generator Basics
With an Iron or steel core
Generator Basics
Generator Basics
Mechanical/Electrical Degrees Relationship
F = P x RPM /120
P = number of pole
RPM = revolution per minutes
F = frequency in Hertz
Generator Basics
More Power at little increase in cost
Generator Basics
Generator Basics
The generator output voltage is controlled by controlling the electromagnetic
field of the pole : a controlled DC current is circulating in windings
Generator Basics
Distributed windings
Spread out the windings around the periphery of the stator to
minimize the abrupt change in the field strength as pole rotates
over the winding slot
Skewing
Slot noise results from the rotor passing by the coil slots and suddenly
increases the effective air gap.
A method of reducing the effect of this sudden change is to apply
a skew to the slot.
Laminated Stator Core
To reduce Eddy current losses, Stator is composed mainly of thin,
high-
grade steel silicone laminations
Generator Basics
Fractional pitch winding
To eliminate the effects of the third harmonic plus the other triplen (9,
15, etc)
Generator Basics
Generator Basics
Generator Basics
Generator Basics
Elf120000
Generator Basics
Elf120000
Generator Basics
Elf120000
Generator Basics
Equivalent circuit of a “perfect generator”
Xd reactance is important
r is usually not significant
Xd during steady operation
If a fault occurs Xd becomes:
first X’’d ( Subtransient ) 0 to 6 cycles
then X’d (Transient ) 6 cycles to 5 seconds
Elf120000
Generator Basics
Harmonics Distortion
Fourier, a French Mathematician
Theorem states that any waveform can
be broken down into a summation of a
fundamental frequency and harmonics
of the fundamental frequency.
THD % ( Total Harmonics Distortion )
Can be applied on Voltage or Current
Usually around 3 % content caused by
the generator itself
Elf120000
Generator Basics
What are the symptoms? Harmonics Distortion
Erratic operation of control and protective relays
Faulty readings frequency meter.
Over heating and high current pulse, etc...
What is causing harmonics?
UPS, Battery chargers, SCR’s or Thyrister, saturated transformers, etc…
What can be done?
Increase conductor and connector size
Derate existing overloaded transformer and add additional ones or replace them
with bigger ones
Re-distribute load to balance harmonics
Increase size of the generator
Elf120000
Generator Basics
Harmonics Distortion
MOBIL JADE EQUATORIAL GUINEA
Elf120000
Generator Basics
Elf120000
Generator Basics
Elf120000
Generator Basics
Generator Basics
QUESTIONS?
Voltage regulator
Static Voltage Regulator
Elf120000
Voltage regulator
Static Voltage Regulator
Elf120000
Voltage regulator
Static Voltage Regulator
TYPICAL POWER STAGE
Voltage regulator
Static Voltage Regulator
EFFECTS OF STABILITY LOOP
Adjust the stability potentiometer for stability
Voltage regulator
Static Voltage Regulator
Adjust voltage stability at no load
higher gain because less saturated
Voltage regulator
Digital Excitation Control System
DECS 15
Voltage regulator
Digital Excitation Control System
Voltage regulator
Digital Excitation Control System
SCALING CIRCUIT AND A/D CONVERTER
Voltage regulator
Digital Excitation Control System
SCALING CIRCUIT AND A/D CONVERTER
Voltage regulator
Digital Excitation Control System
REFERENCE INPUT DIGITAL CONTROLLER
Uses a Digital word stored in its RAM
This word can be adjust
• via local controls
• remotely mounted raise/lower switch
• other portion of the program during under-frequency,
parallel operation, VAr or PF controllers, ...
Voltage regulator
Digital Excitation Control System
D/A CONVERTER AND POWER STAGE
Voltage regulator
Digital Excitation Control System
Voltage regulator
Analog versus Digital
+ Process the signal continuously with infinite resolution
+ cost
- Component aging or temperature drift an affect performance
of analog circuitry
- hardwired solutions: upgrade difficult
- good performance but limited adjustments
- Process signal in discrete time intervals
- sensitive to harmonics
+ Performance essentially similar to their analog counterparts
+ once signal is converted into digital format accuracy
not affected by age or temperature
+ programmable: upgrade easy
+ multiple stability parameter can allow precise matching
+ remote control easy
+ remote communication capability trough serial ports
+ event recording
Generator operation
Generator operation
Island mode
LOAD
LOAD
Load
Share
LOAD
GENERATOR GENERATOR
#1 #2
Indicates Energy Flow Path
Generator operation
Island mode
Different Type of load
Generator operation
Island mode
Different Type of load
Inductive load are said to accept reactive power
Capacitors are said to supply reactive power
S = Apparent Power VA
Q = Reactive Power VAR
P = Real Power Watt
PF = Power Factor = P/S
AN ELECTRICAL MOTOR IS AN INDUCTIVE LOAD, IT IS THE MOST COMMON LOAD
GENERATOR ARE THEREFORE USUALLY OPERATING WITH A LAG POWER FACTOR
Generator operation
Island mode
Parallel operation, DC analogy
Generator operation
Island mode
Parallel operation, DC analogy
Generator operation
Island mode
Parallel operation, DC analogy
Generator operation
Island mode
In the DC Analogy with, only voltage had to be controlled for proper
load sharing
To parallel AC generators, both variables must be controlled properly
• torque applied to the generator to share real power KW
• excitation to control and share reactive power KVAR
Generator operation
Island mode
Bus Voltage and Frequency are set by the Generator Set.
Load determines power output and power factor
- Generator(s) must deliver requested load
- If capacity is exceeded system will shutdown
Control Available
- Frequency (Speed Isoch)
- Voltage (Voltage Droop 2 units or more, Voltage Isoch if 1 unit)
- Load Sharing (Speed Isoch)
- Reactive Load Sharing (Voltage Droop)
- Base Loading (Speed Droop)
- Synchronization
Generator operation
Island mode
Parallel operation, Real load sharing purpose:
Prevent load swapping between units
Load all units in the system proportionally.
CASE 1: Automatic: all generators are in speed isochronous
mode, load share lines are connected.
CASE 2: Manual: Some generators are in speed droop mode,
others are in speed isochronous mode.
Unit in speed droop mode is base loaded.
Units in isochronous mode take the swing load proportionally if
load share lines are connected.
Generator operation
Island mode
See also LSM EDM 154
TO
+ LOADSETPT
MIN
SELECTOR
NPTLEADLAG
LSM LOAD SHARE ERROR =
(LOAD SHARE INPUT VOLTAGE) /
(LOAD SHARE FULL SCALE VOLTAGE) -
ACTUAL POWER / MAXIMUM POWER
Generator operation
Island mode
Parallel operation, Reactive load sharing purpose:
Prevent power factor drift between units
Share reactive load between all units proportionally.
All generators are in voltage droop mode
Generator operation
Island mode
USED by SOLAR
Generator operation
Island mode
Generator operation
Island mode
Generator operation
Island mode
Generator operation
Island mode
CCT (CROSS CURRENT TRANSFORMER) 663
- Should deliver 3 to 5 amps at rated load
- Phase relationship of CCT to voltage regulator must be correct or the system
will not parallel properly
>for 3 phase sensing CCT must be in line E2
>for 1 phase sensing CCT must be in the line not supplying sensing voltage
to voltage regulator.
- To check CCT direction apply inductive load and switch from voltage ISOCH to
voltage DROOP
-----> Voltage should DROOP
-----> if Voltage rises instead of drooping reverse CCT sensing leads
Generator operation
Grid mode
Export
LOAD
Import
UTILITY
kW kW
Process LOAD
Plant
LOAD
GENERATOR GENERATOR
#1 #2
Indicates Energy Flow Path
Generator operation
Grid mode
Bus Voltage and Frequency are set by the Grid.
Operator determines power output and power factor of
the generator set.
−If Generator is run in Speed Isoch without an output power
control scheme the generator will either offload and trip on
reverse power or it will T5 top
Control Available
−kW (Speed Isoch)
−Import/Export (Speed Isoch)
−Process (Speed Isoch)
−Power Factor
−Synchronization
−Base Loading (Speed Droop)
Generator operation
Grid mode
The kW output of the generator is controlled to a preset value
Usage:
−To limit the heat output of the turbine
−To limit the fuel usage
−To limit emissions
LOAD
Export
Import
UTILITY
kW kW LOAD
Process
Plant
LOAD
GENERATOR GENERATOR
#1 #2
Feedback Measurement Point
Indicates Energy Flow Path
Generator operation
Grid mode
IMPORT CONTROL
The kW output of the generator is regulated to maintain a minimum of imported power.
Usage:
-To prevent the export of power during periods when the customer
load is less than the turbine capacity or to ensure a limited amount of kW is
imported when there is a lot of demand.
EXPORT CONTROL
The kW output of the generator is regulated to maintain a maximum of exported power.
Usage: LOAD
Export
-To sell power to utility companies. Import
UTILITY
kW kW LOAD
Process
Plant
LOAD
GENERATOR GENERATOR
#1 #2
Feedback Measurement Point
Generator operation
Grid mode
The power output of the generator is regulated to maintain a required Process
that utilizes the heat of the turbine
Usage:
−To control steam pressure (Direct Process)
−To maintain a constant heat flow (Direct Process)
−To control Inlet Turbine Pressure (Inverse Process)
LOAD
Export
Import
UTILITY
Process kW kW LOAD
Plant
LOAD
GENERATOR GENERATOR
#1 #2
Feedback Measurement Point
Generator operation
synchronizing
=2 f
V (%) = (V1 - V2 )/ 100 V1 (%) <= 1%
f = (f1 - f2) < = 0.1 Hz
=( 1 - 2)< = 10°
Acceptance window > = 0.5 seconds
V1 sin ( 1t + 1) LOAD
V1 sin ( 1t + 1) V2 sin ( 2t + 2) {Oncoming Generator}
Indicates Breaker is Closed
Indicates Breaker is Open
Generator operation
synchronizing
Main Bus
Oncoming Generator SYNCHRONIZATION
CONDITIONS MET
Phase
(WINDOW FOR CLOSING)
Frequency Difference
Difference
Amplitude
0.9 Difference
0.4
% Volt
-0.1
-0.6
-1.1
Time
QUESTIONS?
