INTRODUCTION TO EMERGING TECHNOLOGY

(EMTE1012)

Chapter 3
Artificial Intelligence
 Outline
 What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)
 What Comprises to AI?
 Advantages and Disadvantage of AI
 History of AI
 Levels and Types of AI
 How humans think
 Mapping human thinking to AI components
 Influencers of artificial intelligence
 Cloud computing and application programming interfaces
 The emergence of data science
 Applications of AI
 AI tools and platforms 2
Definition
Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power",
or
“the ability to learn and solve problems”
Artificial Intelligence means
"a man-made thinking power."
 So, we can define Artificial Intelligence

(AI) as the branch of computer science by which we can create

intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think like
humans, and able to make decisions.

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 Definition…
Intelligence is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge
Knowledge is the information acquired through experience.
Experience is the knowledge gained through exposure(training).

Intelligence is composed of:

Reasoning
Learning
Problem Solving
Perception
Linguistic Intelligence
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 Intelligence is composed of...
Machine learning, a fundamental concept of AI research
The field of neural networks with several hidden layers is called deep learning.

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 Need for Artificial Intelligence
To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior with the
capability to
 learn
demonstrate
 explain and
 advice its users
 Helping machines find solutions to complex problems like humans do

applying them as algorithms in a computer-friendly manner

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 Goals of Artificial Intelligence
 Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
 Replicate human intelligence
 Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
 An intelligent connection of perception and action
 Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human
intelligence
 Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior ,learn new
things by itself,
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 Consist of to Artificial Intelligence

Some disciplines in Artificial Intelligence

Advantages of AI
High Accuracy with fewer errors: AI machines or systems are prone to
fewer errors
 High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision
making,
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Advantages of AI…
 High reliability:
 Useful for risky areas:
 Digital Assistant:.
 Useful as a public utility:
 Natural language processing

Disadvantages of AI
 High Cost:
 Can't think out of the box:.
 No feelings and emotions:
 Increase dependence on machines:
 No Original Creativity:
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10
 Levels of AI…

Stage 1 – Rule-Based Systems

 The most common uses of AI today fit in this bracket, covering
everything from business software
 Robotic Process Automation
Stage 2 – Context Awareness and Retention
 They are trained on the knowledge and experience of the best humans,
 Well, known applications of this level are chatbots and “roboadvisors”.
Stage 3 – Domain-Specific Expertise
 Going beyond the capability of humans
 build up expertise in a specific context taking in massive volumes of
information b11
 Levels of AI…
Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines
 These algorithms have some ability to attribute mental states to themselves
 they have a sense of beliefs, intentions, knowledge, and how their own logic works.
 they could reason or negotiate with humans and other machines.
 At the moment these algorithms are still in development
Stage 5 – Self Aware Systems / Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
 These systems have human-like intelligence
 It is the goal of many working in AI
 They are also these algorithms are still in development
Stage 6 – Artificial Super intelligence (ASI)
 AI algorithms can outsmart even the most intelligent humans in every domain.
 Logically it is difficult for humans to articulate what the capabilities might be.

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 Levels of AI…
Stage 7 – Singularity and Transcendence
 This is the idea that development provided by ASI (Stage 6) leads to a
massive expansion in human capability.,
 It happen by 2045.

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 Types of AI

based on capabilities based on Functionality

A. Based on Capabilities
1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:
➢ is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with
intelligence.
 it is only trained for one specific task
Example:- Google translate, playing chess,
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 Types of AI…
A. Based on Capabilities…
2. General AI:
 General AI is a type of intelligence that could perform any intellectual task
with efficiency like a human.
 Currently, there is no such system exists

3.Super AI:
 Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could
surpass human intelligence,

 Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the

ability to think, to reason solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn,
and communicate on its own. 15
 Types of AI…
B. Based on the functionality
1. Reactive Machines
Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial
Intelligence.
Such AI systems do not store memories for future actions..
 Examples:- IBM's Deep Blue system ,Google's AlphaGo

2.Limited Memory
 Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a
short period of time.
Example:-Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited
Memory systems.
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 Types of AI…
B. Based on the functionality…

3.Theory of Mind
 Theory of Mind AI should understand human emotions, people, beliefs,
 be able to interact socially like humans.
 This type of AI machines is still not developed,
4.Self-Awareness
 Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence.
 have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self- awareness.
 Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical
concept.
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 How humans think
How does a human being think?
Intelligence or the cognitive process is composed of three main stages:
 Observe and input the information or data in the brain.
 Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from the surrounding
environment.
 Make decisions as a reaction towards what you received as input and
interpreted and evaluated.
 This process represents the main three layers or components of AI
systems.
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 Mapping human thinking to AI
components
Three layers or components AI
 In the first stage, humans acquire information from their surrounding
environments through human senses,
 such as sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, through human organs,
such as eyes, ears, and other sensing organs,
 For example,
 there are sensing agents such as voice recognition for sensing
voice
 visual imaging recognition for sensing images
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 Mapping human thinking to AI
components
 The Second stage is related to interpreting and evaluating the input data.
 In AI, this stage is represented by the interpretation layer,
 that is, reasoning and thinking about the gathered input that is acquired
by the sensing layer.

 The third stage is related to taking action or making decisions.

 After evaluating the input data,
 the interacting layer performs the necessary tasks. Examples
 Robotic movement control and
 speech generation are of functions that are implemented in the
interacting layer.

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 Influencers of artificial intelligence
This section explores some of the reasons why AI is taking off
now.
The following influencers of AI are described in this section:
Big data: Structured data versus unstructured data
Advancements in computer processing speed and new chip
architectures
Cloud computing and APIs
The emergence of data science

Big data and Data Science covered in Chapter 2

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 Advancements in computer processing
 Speed, New Chip Architectures, and Big Data File Systems

 Processing speeds and new computer chip architectures contribute to the rapid
evolution of AI applications.

 The Hadoop file system is a distributed file system that may run on a cluster of
commodity machines,

 where the storage of data is distributed among the cluster and the processing is
distributed too.
 This approach determines the speed with which data is processed.

 This approach includes structured, unstructured, and multi-structured data types.

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 Cloud computing and Application
Programming Interfaces (APIs)
Cloud computing is a general term that describes the delivery of on-
demand services, usually through:

 services might be data analysis, social media, internet, on a pay-per-use

basis. Video storage, e-commerce
 AI capabilities that are available through the internet and supported by
cloud computing.
 APIs enable software components to communicate with each other easily.

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 Cloud computing and API…
 APIs abstract the underlying workings of a service, application, or tool,
and expose only what a developer needs, so programming becomes
easier and faster.
 AI APIs are usually delivered on an open cloud-based platform on which
developers can infuse AI capabilities into digital applications, products,
 Examples:
• IBM delivers Watson AI services over IBM Cloud.
• Amazon AI services are delivered over Amazon Web Services
(AWS).
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 Cloud computing and API…
 These services benefit from cloud platform capabilities,
 Availability
 Scalability
 Accessibility
 Rapid Deployment
 Flexible Billing Options
 Simpler Operations
 Management

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 Applications of AI
Agriculture Social Media
Education Travel &Transport
Finance and Automotive Industry
E-commerce Robotics
Gaming Healthcare
Data Security  entertainment

 AI is making our daily life more comfortable and faster.

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 Applications of AI…
1. AI in agriculture
 AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis.

2.AI in Healthcare
 are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans.

3.AI in education:
 AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor
 which will be accessible easily at any time and any place.

4.AI in Finance and E-commerce

 AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products with recommended size, color,
or even brand.

5.AI in Gaming
 AI can be used for gaming purposes.
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 Applications of AI…
6.AI in Data Security
 AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure.

7.AI in Social Media

 Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user
profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way.

8.AI in Travel &Transport

 powered chatbots which can make human-like interaction with customers for a better
and fast response.

9.AI in the Automotive Industry

 Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars
 which can make your journey more safe and secure.

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 Applications of AI…
10.AI in Robotics
 Usually, general robots are programmed such that they can perform some
repetitive task,
 Example:- Humanoid Robots Sophia has been developed which can talk
and behave like humans.

11.AI in Entertainment
 We are currently using some AI-based applications in our daily life with
some entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon

 With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these services show the

recommendations for programs or shows.

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 AI tools and platforms
 AI platforms are defined as some sort of hardware architecture or software
framework, that allows the software to run.

 AI has developed a large number of tools to solve the most difficult problems in
computer science, like:

 Search and optimization

 Logic
 Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning
 Classifiers and statistical learning methods
 Neural networks
 Languages

 The most common artificial intelligence platforms include, AZURE Machine,

Learning, Google Cloud Prediction API, IBM Watson, TensorFlow, Infosys Nia,
Wipro HOLMES, API.AI, Premonition, Rainbird, Ayasdi, MindMeld, and Meya 30
 Simple AI application
 Commuting:- Google’s AI-Powered Predictions , Ridesharing Apps Like Uber and
Lyft, Commercial Flights Use an AI Autopilot

 Email:- Spam Filters, Smart Email Categorization

 Social Networking:-Facebook, Pinterest, Instagram, Snapchat

 Online Shopping
 Search
 Recommendations

 Mobile Use
 Voice-to-Text
 Smart Personal Assistants

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Questions