Lack of
Income In - Migration
Economic
Inequality
Growth
Slum formation - slum as a result
Lack of
Poverity affordable
Alternative technical interventions to improve Housiing
slum areas
Development interventions undertaken towards addressing Slum
problems of slum area took different forms. Formation
I. Urban Renewal approach: it’s the process of demolishing and
reconstructing central urban slums, and in that way creating organization of the upgrading projects
better environment for economic and urban image aims. This
approach implies demolishing everything, relocate residents to
another area, and rebuild with a clean slate.
II. Urban Redevelopment approach: The process of demolishing Public Data
Site Selection
and reconstructing central urban slums for economic, social and consultation Collection
scenic aims. This could be understood as a mild renewal where
the objectives and the process give focus and attention to the
existing settlers by accommodating them as far as possible.
Analysis and
III. Urban Upgrading (rehabilitation) approach: this is a kind of Approval Evaluation
Proposal
intervention in slum areas through introducing economic, social,
and physical services and infrastructure.The main focus is
therefore, upgrading of infrastructure to improve the health and
quality of life in the neighborhood.
implementation Monitiring
The Post 1991 slum upgrading experiences The Post 1991 slum upgrading experiences
Even though, there were some upgrading attempts in Addis Ababa In comparative terms, the participation of local authorities, NGOs
in the pre-1991 period, the experience of upgrading project in a and the community in slum and squatter upgrading programs in
wider scale, and as a major urban development policy instrument post 1991 Addis Ababa, were better than the earlier periods.
for the city is a relatively recent phenomenon.
The scale of residential upgrading undertaken and the level of
The kolfie low income housing project was the first meaningful community participation in the city was very prominent and inter-
policy measure that the Ethiopian government undertaken. The esting. In the post 1991 period, there were two community based
project was accomplished in 1960s, in order to address the slum slum upgrading programs operating in the city. The first and
problems of the kolfie area through demolishing some part of the most important one is conducted by the municipal authority, and
area. As a result, 91 households were evicted from the project area the second one is conducted by NGOs.
to a new and better- serviced housing units in the then western
fringes of the city. There were also two principal operators of the slum upgrading
projects, under the municipality authority.
Next to the Kolfe low-income housing program, the Tekle-haymanot
Upgrading Project launched in the early 1980s. This project was These are: the Environmental Development Office (EDO), and
financed by World Bank and Ethiopian government. the Eco-City Project office (UN HABITAT, 2007). The goals of
the upgrading programs undertaken by the environmental devel-
Tekle-haymanot area was the highly congested areas having gross opment office were the following.
population density of 453 individuals per hectare. The overall nature
of the Project was mainly focused on improving the health and envi- - To improve the living and working conditions of the urban poor
ronmental conditions of the area through provision of better ser- by improving infrastructure and services;
vices. Specifically, the project was basically aimed at upgrading - To create job opportunities for the urban poor and the unem-
access roads, improving access to tap water and increasing house- ployed, especially through labor -intensive methods for project
hold access to sanitary facilities. implementation;
This involved: - To ensure public participation in all essential neighborhood up-
- Resurfacing badly damaged roads, grading activities, including problem identification, project design
- Reducing the ratio of public water stand to households to about and implementation; and
1:100, and - To enable the communities to own and manage upgraded or
- Improving sanitary conditions through loans for the provision of pit newly built infrastructure and services.
latrines with one dry pit to be shared by a maximum four house-
holds.
DESCRIPITION OF THE STUDY AREA
Location
This study is conducted in Addis ketema sub city. Addis Ketema
is one of the 10 sub cities in Addis Ababa city administration.The
establishment of the project area is related with the history of
Merkato, the largest open market in the country. As the Italians
established Merkato area for business and residential center,
during the invasion period (1936 - 1941), the area was limited to
black community without any settlement plan.
Physical status of the project area
Socio economic Status of the project area 5.3.1. Morphology of the study area
The morphology of the study area is characterized by the irregu-
The life of majority of the dwellers in the project area directly de- lar geometry of plots and blocks, dominated by very small plot
pends on the activities that are being carried out in the Merkato size, and irregular settlement pattern.
and bus station areas. Most of traditional costumes that are sold
in Shiro-meda and Merkato markets are produced in the project Most of the house has G+0 building height, owned by the
area. The project area is also backyard of Merkato in terms pro- kebele, and existed in a poor condition. The housing condition,
viding storage facilities. Similar to other parts of the country, ev- ownership status of the houses in the study area is discussed in
erybody including children’s in the study area engages in a vari- the following sections.
ety of works regardless of legality and formality.
Existing housing condition and ownership
According to the information provided by Addis Ketema sub city
urban planning office, majority (3/4) of the existing houses are of
the kebele type with small proportion of private owned and
houses owned by rental housing agency (RHA).
The houses in the project area are categorized in to three housing Preparing Alternatives, evaluation and Approval
condition groups as good condition, fair condition and poor condi- of plans
tion. The criteria’s for the classification of the houses developed by The next step in the series of tasks in the preparation of urban
the sub city urban planning office are: the structure of the house plans include development of alternative plans and their evalu-
and building material, Vulnerability to accident like Building posi- ation by the planning team, against the objectives that were set
tion away from river, Service accommodation like toilet, kitchen in the earlier stages. The alternative plans have to show the
and water access and accessibility to road. benefits of that particular direction but also present clearly the
drawbacks and limitations of the alternative so as to enable de-
cision makers, stakeholders and the community get a stand on
each option.
Each scenario will therefore approach the solution in different
ways, and will present advantageous as well as limiting aspects
as to its way of tackling the problems. It is therefore imperative
to look into the different options and choose one of them, or one
merging different options.
Houses constructed along river bank
The majority of the kebele houses are mud houses, old and dilapi-
dated due to various reasons. Initially, there is a law that prohibit CONCEPT MAP
major maintenance of kebele house by the residents, and the gov-
ernment also stopped an investment on those houses. In addition
to this, the residents are also not willing to maintain the houses,
because the cost of the houses will increase in case of buying the
houses from the government.
The proposed solutions of the project
This section presents the proposed solutions of Chew-Berenda
upgrading project for the
physical and socio-economic planning problems of the area.
The proposal is categorized in to
four parts: the land use proposal, road network, buffer and
greenery and security issues. An
attempt is made to compare the existing structure with the pro-
posed components of the project
Land use proportion standards for the city of
Addis Ababa The above picture depicts that, the existing land use of the
project area is dominated by residences with small proportion
of services and commercial land uses. The map at the right
side shows the proposed land use of the project area.
According to the land use proposal of the project, the houses
which are located along the main roads are planned to be
commercial area, and the rest of the houses are planned to
the mixed uses, with the exception of some area such as kin-
dergarten, green and recreation area, and area for micro and
small scale enterprises. As a result there is a shift of land use
from resident use to commercial use. This is done to fulfill the
land use proportion standard of the city master plan.
Plan Implementation
What matters in the end is the implementation of the plan. Each
provision in the planning policy should have a corresponding
means of implementation. The knowledge of the means with
regards to the human resources, financial and technical capaci-
ty has to be clearly defined.
The participation of most stakeholders throughout the planning
process will eventually facilitate the implementation of the proj-
ect. This sub-section is intended to assess the implementation
strategies and the problems encountered in the implementation
phase of the upgrading project.
The implementation strategy of the Chew-Berenda upgrading
project has mainly two parts.
The buffer zone along two sides of the river is proposed to protect
The first part has three strategies and is concentrated on the re-
the river from the direct intervention of the residents such as con-
location aspects, development of Micro and small scale enter-
struction of houses, and keep the sanitation situation of the river
prises, and unemployment and poverty alleviation schemes.
sides. Consequently, a green area will also create, and uses for
recreation. The offset distance of the buffer from the center to both
These are;
right and left sides of the river is 7.5 meters.
I. The relocation process will have two forms.
Security issue
The First form of relocation is regarding to the relocation pro-
cess of those households who owned the houses privately. For
In order to control and solve the security problems happening in the
the private owners of the houses a compensation cost for their
study area, especially in the night time, the project proposed one
houses, and another land will be delivered by the city adminis-
police station to be constructed for servicing the area. In addition to
tration in the periphery area of the city.
this, 100 street light polesis also proposed to be erected by the
electricity authority of the district in line with the inner roads in the
The Second form is about the relocation process of those
area.
households who lives in the Kebele owned houses. For the
Kebele house residents, and who are subject to eviction is pro-
posed to have another Kebele house within the sub city. This
process will be coordinated by the sub city administration.
II. Organize and strengthen micro and small scale enterprises by Implementation strategy of Chew-Berenda upgrading
providing work, training and counseling service project
III. Link various development projects and other community pro-
grams with unemployment and poverty alleviation schemes
Limitations of upgrading project in Addis ketema sub city
This section tries to sum up the general limitations of the current
upgrading projects undergoing in the Addis ketema sub city ad-
ministration.
- Institutional pressure
- Lack of good governance
- Absence and/or inefficient collaboration
- Absence of responsible institution for implementation
The planners in the Addis ketema sub city urban planning office
evaluate the outcomes of the project as both positive and nega-
tive outcomes. As a positive outcomes the upgrading projects
bring a change of attitude of the residents towards redevelop-
ment. Few years ago the residents were not willing to upgrade
their localities, they accepted to live in a deteriorated environ-
ment.
Now a days they want to upgrade their neighborhoods. In addition
to this, even though the upgrading plans didn’t achieve their goals
they can serve as a baseline for another future projects in the
area. On the other side the planners negatively evaluate the proj-
ect, because it doesn’t achieve its objectives.
The report of urban planning institute at city level shows that,
from 2010 – 2015, around 200 urban upgrading projects have
been prepared by the sub cities, 20 of them has been prepared
in Addis Ketema Sub city. None of the upgrading projects are
implemented or completed yet except the minor implementation
attempts related with private investors.
The residents of the project area also evaluated the project as a
failed project, because nothing has happened yet. They have no
trust in governmental plans. Consequently, the residents not be-
lieve the project that address their problem.
Finally, the implementation strategy of the project doesn’t find
any way for onsite relocation possibilities. The detailed strate-
gies on how and who going to accomplish is not prepared for the
second and the third implementation strategies of the project.
