Dynamics - Momentum 6 By: Mr.

Afzal Amin
4 A steel ball of mass 73 g is held 1.6 m above a horizontal steel plate, as illustrated in Fig. 4.1.

steel ball
mass 73 g

1.6 m

n
steel
plate

mi
Fig. 4.1
A
The ball is dropped from rest and it bounces on the plate, reaching a height h.

(a) Calculate the speed of the ball as it reaches the plate.

al
fd

speed = .......................................... m s–1 [2]

A

(b) As the ball loses contact with the plate after bouncing, the kinetic energy of the ball is
90% of that just before bouncing. Calculate

(i) the height h to which the ball bounces,

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

h = ............................................... m

9702/2 M/J02

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 1

 Dynamics - Momentum 7 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(ii) the speed of the ball as it leaves the plate after bouncing.

speed = .......................................... m s–1

[4]

(c) Using your answers to (a) and (b), determine the change in momentum of the ball

n
during the bounce.

mi
A
change = ............................................. N s [3]

(d) With reference to the law of conservation of momentum, comment on your answer
al

to (c).

..........................................................................................................................................
fd

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[3]
A

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

9702/2 M/J02 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 2
 Dynamics - Momentum 6 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
3 A ball falls from rest onto a flat horizontal surface. Fig. 3.1 shows the variation with time t of
the velocity v of the ball as it approaches and rebounds from the surface.

5
–1
v/ms
4

n
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

mi
t/s
-1

-2
A
-3

-4

Fig. 3.1
al

Use data from Fig. 3.1 to determine

(a) the distance travelled by the ball during the first 0.40 s,
fd
A

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

distance = ……………………………………. m [2]

9702/2/O/N/02

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 3

 Dynamics - Momentum 7 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(b) the change in momentum of the ball, of mass 45 g, during contact of the ball with the
surface,

change = ………………………………….. N s [4]

n
(c) the average force acting on the ball during contact with the surface.

mi
A
force = ……………………………………. N [2]
al

4 (a) Explain what is meant by the concept of work.

fd

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................
A

......................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Using your answer to (a), derive an expression for the increase in gravitational potential
energy ∆Ep when an object of mass m is raised vertically through a distance ∆h near
the Earth’s surface.

The acceleration of free fall near the Earth’s surface is g. [2]

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

9702/2/O/N/02 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 4
 Dynamics - Momentum 8 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
4 A ball has mass m. It is dropped onto a horizontal plate as shown in Fig. 4.1.

v plate

Fig. 4.1

n
Just as the ball makes contact with the plate, it has velocity v, momentum p and kinetic

mi
energy Ek.

(a) (i) Write down an expression for momentum p in terms of m and v.

A
...................................................................................................................................

(ii) Hence show that the kinetic energy is given by the expression

p2
Ek = .
2m
al
fd
A

[3] MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

© UCLES 2004 9702/02/M/J/04

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 5

 Dynamics - Momentum 9 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(b) Just before impact with the plate, the ball of mass 35 g has speed 4.5 m s–1. It bounces
from the plate so that its speed immediately after losing contact with the plate is
3.5 m s–1. The ball is in contact with the plate for 0.14 s.

Calculate, for the time that the ball is in contact with the plate,

(i) the average force, in addition to the weight of the ball, that the plate exerts on the
ball,

n
mi
magnitude of force = .................................... N

direction of force = ........................................

A
[4]

(ii) the loss in kinetic energy of the ball.

al
fd
A

loss = ....................................... J [2]

(c) State and explain whether linear momentum is conserved during the bounce.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2004 9702/02/M/J/04 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 6
 Dynamics - Momentum 6 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
3 A girl stands at the top of a cliff and throws a ball vertically upwards with a speed of 12 m s–1,
as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.

path of
ball

n
mi
Fig. 3.1

At the time that the girl throws the ball, her hand is a height h above the horizontal ground at
the base of the cliff.
A
The variation with time t of the speed v of the ball is shown in Fig. 3.2.

20
–1
v/ms
al

10
fd

0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
t/s
A

–10

–20
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

–30

–40

Fig. 3.2

© UCLES 2004 9702/02/O/N/04

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 7

 Dynamics - Momentum 7 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
Speeds in the upward direction are shown as being positive. Speeds in the downward
direction are negative.

(a) State the feature of Fig. 3.2 that shows that the acceleration is constant.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Use Fig. 3.2 to determine the time at which the ball

(i) reaches maximum height,

time = ………………………………. s

(ii) hits the ground at the base of the cliff.

n
time = ………………………………. s
[2]

mi
(c) Determine the maximum height above the base of the cliff to which the ball rises.
A
al

height = …………………………… m [3]

(d) The ball has mass 250 g. Calculate the magnitude of the change in momentum of the
fd

ball between the time that it leaves the girl’s hand to time t = 4.0 s.
A

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

change = …………………………… N s [3]

© UCLES 2004 9702/02/O/N/04 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 8
 Dynamics - Momentum 8 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(e) (i) State the principle of conservation of momentum.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Comment on your answer to (d) by reference to this principle.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

n
............................................................................................................................. [3]

mi
A
al
fd
A

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

© UCLES 2004 9702/02/O/N/04

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 9

 Dynamics - Momentum 6 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
3 A bullet of mass 2.0 g is fired horizontally into a block of wood of mass 600 g. The block is
suspended from strings so that it is free to move in a vertical plane.
The bullet buries itself in the block. The block and bullet rise together through a vertical
distance of 8.6 cm, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

wood
block

n
mi
bullet

8.6 cm
A
Fig. 3.1

(a) (i) Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy of the block and bullet.
al
fd
A

change = ............................................. J [2]

(ii) Show that the initial speed of the block and the bullet, after they began to move off
together, was 1.3 m s–1.
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

[1]

© UCLES 2005 9702/02/M/J/05

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 10

 Dynamics - Momentum 7 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(b) Using the information in (a)(ii) and the principle of conservation of momentum,
determine the speed of the bullet before the impact with the block.

speed = ....................................... m s–1 [2]

(c) (i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the bullet just before impact.

n
mi
A
kinetic energy = .............................................. J [2]

(ii) State and explain what can be deduced from your answers to (c)(i) and (a)(i) about
the type of collision between the bullet and the block.
al

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
fd

...............................................................................................................................[2]
A

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

© UCLES 2005 9702/02/M/J/05 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 11
 Dynamics - Momentum 8 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
3 Francium-208 is radioactive and emits α-particles with a kinetic energy of 1.07 × 10–12 J to
form nuclei of astatine, as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.

astatine
francium nucleus
nucleus
before decay

- particle

n
Fig. 3.1

mi
(a) State the nature of an α-particle.

..........................................................................................................................................
A
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Show that the initial speed of an α-particle after the decay of a francium nucleus is
approximately 1.8 × 107 m s–1.
al
fd
A

[2]

(c) (i) State the principle of conservation of linear momentum.

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2006 9702/02/O/N/06

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 12

 Dynamics - Momentum 9 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(ii) The Francium-208 nucleus is stationary before the decay. Estimate the speed of
the astatine nucleus immediately after the decay.

speed = ………………………… m s–1 [3]

n
mi
(d) Close examination of the decay of the francium nucleus indicates that the astatine
nucleus and the α-particle are not ejected exactly in opposite directions.

Suggest an explanation for this observation.

A
..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]
al
fd
A

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

© UCLES 2006 9702/02/O/N/06 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 13
 Dynamics - Momentum 5 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
2 A ball B of mass 1.2 kg travelling at constant velocity collides head-on with a stationary ball S
of mass 3.6 kg, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

ball B ball S

mass 1.2 kg mass 3.6 kg

Fig. 2.1

Frictional forces are negligible.

n
The variation with time t of the velocity v of ball B before, during and after colliding with ball S

mi
is shown in Fig. 2.2.

+4
A
+3
v / m s–1
+2

+1
al

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 t/s
fd

–1

–2
A

Fig. 2.2

(a) State the significance of positive and negative values for v in Fig. 2.2.

..........................................................................................................................................
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2009 9702/21/M/J/09 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 14
 Dynamics - Momentum 6 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(b) Use Fig. 2.2 to determine, for ball B during the collision with ball S,

(i) the change in momentum of ball B,

change in momentum = .......................................... N s [3]

n
(ii) the magnitude of the force acting on ball B.

mi
A
force = ............................................. N [3]
al

(c) Calculate the speed of ball S after the collision.

fd
A

speed = ....................................... m s–1 [2]

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

© UCLES 2009 9702/21/M/J/09

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 15

 Dynamics - Momentum 7 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(d) Using your answer in (c) and information from Fig. 2.2, deduce quantitatively whether
the collision is elastic or inelastic.

..........................................................................................................................................

n
.................................................................................................................................... [2]

mi
A
al
fd
A

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

© UCLES 2009 9702/21/M/J/09 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 16
 5
Dynamics - Momentum By: Mr. Afzal Amin
2 An experiment is conducted on the surface of the planet Mars.
A sphere of mass 0.78 kg is projected almost vertically upwards from the surface of the
planet. The variation with time t of the vertical velocity v in the upward direction is shown in
Fig. 2.1.

10

v /m s-1

0
0 1 2 3 4 t /s

n
mi
–5
A
–10

Fig. 2.1

The sphere lands on a small hill at time t = 4.0 s.

(a) State the time t at which the sphere reaches its maximum height above the planet’s
al

surface.
t = .............................................. s [1]
fd

(b) Determine the vertical height above the point of projection at which the sphere finally
comes to rest on the hill.
A

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

height = ............................................. m [3]

© UCLES 2009 9702/22/M/J/09 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 17

 Dynamics - Momentum 6 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(c) Calculate, for the first 3.5 s of the motion of the sphere,

(i) the change in momentum of the sphere,

change in momentum = ...........................................N s [2]

n
(ii) the force acting on the sphere.

mi
A
force = ..............................................N [2]
al

(d) Using your answer in (c)(ii),

(i) state the weight of the sphere,

fd

weight = ..............................................N [1]

A

(ii) determine the acceleration of free fall on the surface of Mars.

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

acceleration = ........................................ m s–2 [2]

© UCLES 2009 9702/22/M/J/09

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 18

 Dynamics - Momentum 8 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
3 A stationary nucleus of mass 220u undergoes radioactive decay to produce a nucleus D of
mass 216u and an α-particle of mass 4u, as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.

nucleus

before decay 220u

nucleus D α-particle

n
after decay 216u 4u
initial kinetic energy

mi
1.0 × 10–12 J

Fig. 3.1
A
The initial kinetic energy of the α-particle is 1.0 × 10–12 J.

(a) (i) State the law of conservation of linear momentum.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
al

............................................................................................................................ [2]
fd

(ii) Explain why the initial velocities of the nucleus D and the α-particle must be in
opposite directions.

..................................................................................................................................
A

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) (i) Show that the initial speed of the α-particle is 1.7 × 107 m s–1.
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

[2]

© UCLES 2009 9702/21/O/N/09

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 egyptigstudentroom.com

BY: MR. AFZAL Page 19
 Dynamics - Momentum 9 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(ii) Calculate the initial speed of nucleus D.

speed = ...................................... m s–1 [2]

(c) The range in air of the emitted α-particle is 4.5 cm.

n
Calculate the average deceleration of the α-particle as it is stopped by the air.

mi
A
deceleration = ...................................... m s–2 [2]
al
fd
A

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

© UCLES 2009 9702/21/O/N/09 [Turn over

egyptigstudentroom.com
AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 20
 Dynamics - Momentum 8 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
3 A small ball is thrown horizontally with a speed of 4.0 m s–1. It falls through a vertical height of
1.96 m before bouncing off a horizontal plate, as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.

4.0 m s–1

1.96 m

plate 0.98 m

n
Fig. 3.1

mi
Air resistance is negligible.

(a) For the ball, as it hits the horizontal plate,

A
(i) state the magnitude of the horizontal component of its velocity,

horizontal velocity = ....................................... m s–1 [1]

(ii) show that the vertical component of the velocity is 6.2 m s–1.
al
fd
A

[1]
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

© UCLES 2009 9702/22/O/N/09

egyptigstudentroom.com
AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 21
 Dynamics - Momentum 9 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(b) The components of the velocity in (a) are both vectors.

Complete Fig. 3.2 to draw a vector diagram, to scale, to determine the velocity of the
ball as it hits the horizontal plate.

n
mi
A
Fig. 3.2
al

velocity = .............................................m s–1]

fd

at ............................. ° to the vertical

[3]

(c) After bouncing on the plate, the ball rises to a vertical height of 0.98 m.
A

(i) Calculate the vertical component of the velocity of the ball as it leaves the plate.
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

vertical velocity = ....................................... m s–1 [2]

© UCLES 2009 9702/22/O/N/09 [Turn over

egyptigstudentroom.com
AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 22
 Dynamics - Momentum 10 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(ii) The ball of mass 34 g is in contact with the plate for a time of 0.12 s.

Use your answer in (c)(i) and the data in (a)(ii) to calculate, for the ball as it bounces
on the plate,

1. the change in momentum,

n
mi
change = ................................... kg m s–1 [3]

2. the magnitude of the average force exerted by the plate on the ball due to this
momentum change.
A
al
fd

force = ............................................. N [2]

A

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

© UCLES 2009 9702/22/O/N/09

egyptigstudentroom.com
AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 23
 Dynamics - Momentum 8 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
3 (a) (i) Define force.

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) State Newton’s third law of motion.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

n
(b) Two spheres approach one another along a line joining their centres, as illustrated in

mi
Fig. 3.1.

A
sphere sphere
A B

Fig. 3.1
al

When they collide, the average force acting on sphere A is FA and the average force
acting on sphere B is FB.
fd

The forces act for time tA on sphere A and time tB on sphere B.

(i) State the relationship between

A

1. FA and FB,

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

2. tA and tB.
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Use your answers in (i) to show that the change in momentum of sphere A is equal
in magnitude and opposite in direction to the change in momentum of sphere B.

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

© UCLES 2010 9702/22/M/J/10

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 egyptigstudentroom.com

BY: MR. AFZAL Page 24
 Dynamics - Momentum 9 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(c) For the spheres in (b), the variation with time of the momentum of sphere A before,
during and after the collision with sphere B is shown in Fig. 3.2.

15
momentum
to right / N s
10

sphere A
5

n
0
time

mi
sphere B
–-5
5
A
–10
-10
al

–15
-15

Fig. 3.2
fd

The momentum of sphere B before the collision is also shown on Fig. 3.2.

Complete Fig. 3.2 to show the variation with time of the momentum of sphere B during
A

and after the collision with sphere A. [3]

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

© UCLES 2010 9702/22/M/J/10 [Turn over

egyptigstudentroom.com
AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 25
 Dynamics - Momentum 8 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
3 (a) State the relation between force and momentum.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) A rigid bar of mass 450 g is held horizontally by two supports A and B, as shown in
Fig. 3.1.

ball

45 cm

C A

n
50 cm 25 cm

mi
Fig. 3.1

The support A is 45 cm from the centre of gravity C of the bar and support B is 25 cm
from C.
A
A ball of mass 140 g falls vertically onto the bar such that it hits the bar at a distance of
50 cm from C, as shown in Fig. 3.1.
The variation with time t of the velocity v of the ball before, during and after hitting the
bar is shown in Fig. 3.2.

6
al

4
fd

velocity
downwards
/ m s–1
A

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
time / s
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

–2

–4

–6

Fig. 3.2
© UCLES 2010 9702/21/O/N/10

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 egyptigstudentroom.com

BY: MR. AFZAL Page 26
 Dynamics - Momentum 9 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
For the time that the ball is in contact with the bar, use Fig. 3.2

(i) to determine the change in momentum of the ball,

change = .................................. kg m s–1 [2]

n
(ii) to show that the force exerted by the ball on the bar is 33 N.

mi
A
[1]

(c) For the time that the ball is in contact with the bar, use data from Fig. 3.1 and (b)(ii) to
al

calculate the force exerted on the bar by

(i) the support A,

fd
A

force = ............................................ N [3]

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

(ii) the support B.

force = ............................................ N [2]

© UCLES 2010 9702/21/O/N/10 [Turn over
egyptigstudentroom.com
AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 27
 Dynamics - Momentum 7 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
3 A ball is thrown against a vertical wall. The path of the ball is shown in Fig. 3.1.

15.0 m s–1

wall
60.0°
S F

n
6.15 m
9.95 m

mi
Fig. 3.1 (not to scale)

The ball is thrown from S with an initial velocity of 15.0 m s–1 at 60.0° to the horizontal.
A
Assume that air resistance is negligible.

(a) For the ball at S, calculate

(i) its horizontal component of velocity,

al

horizontal component of velocity = ........................................ m s–1 [1]

fd

(ii) its vertical component of velocity.

A

vertical component of velocity = ........................................ m s–1 [1]

(b) The horizontal distance from S to the wall is 9.95 m. The ball hits the wall at P with a
velocity that is at right angles to the wall. The ball rebounds to a point F that is 6.15 m
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

from the wall.

Using your answers in (a),

(i) calculate the vertical height gained by the ball when it travels from S to P,

height = ............................................. m [1]

© UCLES 2011 9702/21/O/N/11 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2egyptigstudentroom.com
BY: MR. AFZAL Page 28
 Dynamics - Momentum 8 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(ii) show that the time taken for the ball to travel from S to P is 1.33 s,

[1]

(iii) show that the velocity of the ball immediately after rebounding from the wall is about
4.6 m s–1.

n
mi
[1]

(c) The mass of the ball is 60 × 10–3 kg.

(i) Calculate the change in momentum of the ball as it rebounds from the wall.
A
al

change in momentum = ........................................... N s [2]

(ii) State and explain whether the collision is elastic or inelastic.

fd

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
A

............................................................................................................................. [1]
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

© UCLES 2011 9702/21/O/N/11

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 egyptigstudentroom.com

BY: MR. AFZAL Page 29
 Dynamics - Momentum 6 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
2 (a) State Newton’s second law.

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) A ball of mass 65 g hits a wall with a velocity of 5.2 m s–1 perpendicular to the wall. The
ball rebounds perpendicularly from the wall with a speed of 3.7 m s–1. The contact time
of the ball with the wall is 7.5 ms.

Calculate, for the ball hitting the wall,

(i) the change in momentum,

n
mi
change in momentum = ........................................... N s [2]

(ii) the magnitude of the average force.

A
force = ............................................. N [1]
al

(c) (i) For the collision in (b) between the ball and the wall, state how the following apply:
fd

1. Newton’s third law,

..................................................................................................................................
A

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

2. the law of conservation of momentum.

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) State, with a reason, whether the collision is elastic or inelastic.

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

© UCLES 2012 9702/22/O/N/12

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 egyptigstudentroom.com

BY: MR. AFZAL Page 30
 Dynamics - Momentum 6 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
2 (a) Define force.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) A resultant force F acts on an object of mass 2.4 kg. The variation with time t of F is
shown in Fig. 2.1.

10.0

8.0

F/N

n
6.0

mi
4.0
A
2.0
al

0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
t /s
fd

Fig. 2.1

The object starts from rest.

A

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

© UCLES 2013 9702/22/M/J/13

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 31

 Dynamics - Momentum 7 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(i) On Fig. 2.2, show quantitatively the variation with t of the acceleration a of the
object. Include appropriate values on the y-axis.

a / m s–2

n
0

mi
A
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
t /s

Fig. 2.2
[4]

(ii) On Fig. 2.3, show quantitatively the variation with t of the momentum p of the object.
al

Include appropriate values on the y-axis.

fd
A

p/Ns
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
t /s

Fig. 2.3

[5]
© UCLES 2013 9702/22/M/J/13 [Turn over
AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 32
 Dynamics - Momentum 10 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
3 (a) (i) State the principle of conservation of momentum.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) State the difference between an elastic and an inelastic collision.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) An object A of mass 4.2 kg and horizontal velocity 3.6 m s–1 moves towards object B as
shown in Fig. 3.1.

n
A B
3.6 m s–1 1.2 m s–1

mi
4.2 kg 1.5 kg before collision

Fig. 3.1
A
Object B of mass 1.5 kg is moving with a horizontal velocity of 1.2 m s–1 towards
object A.

The objects collide and then both move to the right, as shown in Fig. 3.2.

A B
3.0 m s–1
al

v
4.2 kg 1.5 kg after collision
fd

Fig. 3.2

Object A has velocity v and object B has velocity 3.0 m s–1.

A

(i) Calculate the velocity v of object A after the collision.

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

velocity = ........................................ m s–1 [3]

(ii) Determine whether the collision is elastic or inelastic.

[3]
© UCLES 2013 9702/23/M/J/13

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 33

 Dynamics - Momentum 8 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
4 (a) State the principle of conservation of momentum.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) A ball X and a ball Y are travelling along the same straight line in the same direction, as
shown in Fig. 4.1.

X Y

400 g 0.65 m s–1 600 g 0.45 m s–1

n
Fig. 4.1

Ball X has mass 400 g and horizontal velocity 0.65 m s–1.

mi
Ball Y has mass 600 g and horizontal velocity 0.45 m s–1.

Ball X catches up and collides with ball Y. After the collision, X has horizontal velocity 0.41 m s–1
and Y has horizontal velocity v, as shown in Fig. 4.2.
A
X Y

400 g 0.41 m s–1 600 g v

Fig. 4.2
al

Calculate

(i) the total initial momentum of the two balls,

fd
A

momentum = .................................................... N s [3]

(ii) the velocity v,

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

v = ................................................ m s–1 [2]

© UCLES 2014 9702/23/O/N/14

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 34

 Dynamics - Momentum 9 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(iii) the total initial kinetic energy of the two balls.

kinetic energy = ....................................................... J [3]

(c) Explain how you would check whether the collision is elastic.

...................................................................................................................................................

n
...............................................................................................................................................[1]

mi
(d) Use Newton’s third law to explain why, during the collision, the change in momentum of X is
equal and opposite to the change in momentum of Y.

...................................................................................................................................................
A
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]
al
fd
A

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

© UCLES 2014 9702/23/O/N/14 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 35
 Dynamics - Momentum 8 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
3 Two balls X and Y are supported by long strings, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

X Y

4.5 m s–1 2.8 m s–1

Fig. 3.1

n
The balls are each pulled back and pushed towards each other. When the balls collide at the
position shown in Fig. 3.1, the strings are vertical. The balls rebound in opposite directions.

mi
Fig. 3.2 shows data for X and Y during this collision.

ball mass velocity just before velocity just after

collision / m s–1 collision / m s–1
A
X 50 g +4.5 –1.8
Y M –2.8 +1.4

Fig. 3.2
al

The positive direction is horizontal and to the right.

(a) Use the conservation of linear momentum to determine the mass M of Y.

fd
A

M = ....................................................... g [3]
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

© UCLES 2015 9702/21/M/J/15

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 36

 Dynamics - Momentum 9 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(b) State and explain whether the collision is elastic.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Use Newton’s second and third laws to explain why the magnitude of the change in momentum
of each ball is the same.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

n
...................................................................................................................................................

mi
...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]
A
al
fd
A

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

© UCLES 2015 9702/21/M/J/15 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 37
 Dynamics - Momentum 11 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
4 (a) A gas molecule has a mass of 6.64 × 10−27 kg and a speed of 1250 m s−1. The molecule
collides normally with a flat surface and rebounds with the same speed, as shown in Fig. 4.1.

flat surface flat surface

molecule molecule

before collision after collision

Fig. 4.1

n
Calculate the change in momentum of the molecule.

mi
A
al

change in momentum = ................................................... N s [2]

(b) (i) Use the kinetic model to explain the pressure exerted by gases.
fd

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
A

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

...................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Explain the effect of an increase in density, at constant temperature, on the pressure of
a gas.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2015 9702/22/M/J/15 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 38
 Dynamics - Momentum 6 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
3 A ball of mass 150 g is at rest on a horizontal floor, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

ball

floor

Fig. 3.1

(a) (i) Calculate the magnitude of the normal contact force from the floor acting on the ball.

n
mi
force = ...................................................... N [1]

(ii) Explain your working in (i). A

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) The ball is now lifted above the floor and dropped so that it falls vertically, as illustrated in
Fig. 3.2.
al

ball
fd
A

6.2 m s–1 2.5 m s–1

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

just before contact just after losing contact

Fig. 3.2

Just before contact with the floor, the ball has velocity 6.2 m s–1 downwards. The ball bounces
from the floor and its velocity just after losing contact with the floor is 2.5 m s–1 upwards. The
ball is in contact with the floor for 0.12 s.

© UCLES 2016 9702/21/M/J/16

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 39

 Dynamics - Momentum 7 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(i) State Newton’s second law of motion.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Calculate the average resultant force on the ball when it is in contact with the floor.

n
magnitude of force = ........................................................... N

mi
direction of force ...............................................................
[3]

(iii)
A
State and explain whether linear momentum is conserved during the collision of the ball
with the floor.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
al

.......................................................................................................................................[2]
fd

[Total: 8]
A

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

© UCLES 2016 9702/21/M/J/16 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 40
 Dynamics - Momentum 10 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
5 (a) State the law of conservation of momentum.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Two particles A and B collide elastically, as illustrated in Fig. 5.1.

y-direction

vA

n
mi
A 60°
A B x-direction x-direction

500 m s–1 at rest 30°

B
A
vB

before collision after collision

Fig. 5.1
al

The initial velocity of A is 500 m s–1 in the x-direction and B is at rest.

The velocity of A after the collision is vA at 60° to the x-direction. The velocity of B after the
fd

collision is vB at 30° to the x-direction.

The mass m of each particle is 1.67 × 10–27 kg.

A

(i) Explain what is meant by the particles colliding elastically.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate the total initial momentum of A and B.

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

momentum = .....................................................N s [1]

© UCLES 2016 9702/23/M/J/16

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 41

 Dynamics - Momentum 11 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(iii) State an expression in terms of m, vA and vB for the total momentum of A and B after the
collision

1. in the x-direction,

...........................................................................................................................................

2. in the y-direction.

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iv) Calculate the magnitudes of the velocities vA and vB after the collision.

n
mi
A
al
fd

vA = ...................................................... m s–1

vB = ...................................................... m s–1
A

[3]

[Total: 9] MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

© UCLES 2016 9702/23/M/J/16 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 42
 Dynamics - Momentum 6 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
2 A ball of mass 0.030 kg moves along a curved track, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

ball
mass 0.030 kg speed
1.3 m s–1
A

wall
0.31 m

n
Fig. 2.1

mi
The speed of the ball is 1.3 m s–1 when it is at point A at a height of 0.31 m.
The ball moves down the track and collides with a vertical wall at point B. The ball then rebounds
back up the track. It may be assumed that frictional forces are negligible.
A
(a) Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy of the ball in moving from point A to
point B.
al
fd

change in gravitational potential energy = ....................................................... J [2]

(b) Show that the ball hits the wall at B with a speed of 2.8 m s–1.
A

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

[3]

© UCLES 2016 9702/22/O/N/16

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 43

 Dynamics - Momentum 7 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(c) The change in momentum of the ball due to the collision with the wall is 0.096 kg m s–1. The
ball is in contact with the wall for a time of 20 ms.

Determine, for the ball colliding with the wall,

(i) the speed immediately after the collision,

n
speed = ................................................. m s–1 [2]

mi
(ii) the magnitude of the average force on the ball.
A
force = ...................................................... N [2]
al

(d) State and explain whether the collision is elastic or inelastic.

...................................................................................................................................................
fd

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(e) In practice, frictional effects are significant so that the actual increase in kinetic energy of the
A

ball in moving from A to B is 76 mJ. The length of the track between A and B is 0.60 m.

Use your answer in (a) to determine the average frictional force acting on the ball as it moves
from A to B.
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

frictional force = ...................................................... N [2]

[Total: 12]

© UCLES 2016 9702/22/O/N/16 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 44
 Dynamics - Momentum 6 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
2 (a) State Newton’s second law of motion.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) A constant resultant force F acts on an object A. The variation with time t of the velocity v for
the motion of A is shown in Fig. 2.1.

9.0

v / m s–1

8.0

n
mi
7.0
A
6.0

5.0
al

4.0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
fd

t /s

Fig. 2.1
A

The mass of A is 840 g.

Calculate, for the time t = 0 to t = 4.0 s,

(i) the change in momentum of A,

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

change in momentum = ............................................. kg m s–1 [2]

(ii) the force F.

F = ....................................................... N [1]
© UCLES 2017 9702/23/M/J/17

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 45

 Dynamics - Momentum 7 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(c) The force F is removed at t = 4.0 s. Object A continues at constant velocity before colliding
with an object B, as illustrated in Fig. 2.2.

A B

840 g 730 g at rest

Fig. 2.2

Object B is initially at rest. The mass of B is 730 g.

The objects A and B join together and have a velocity of 4.7 m s–1.

(i) By calculation, show that the changes in momentum of A and of B during the collision are
equal and opposite.

n
mi
A
[2]

(ii) Explain how the answers obtained in (i) support Newton’s third law.
al

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
fd

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]
A

(iii) By reference to the speeds of A and B, explain whether the collision is elastic.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2017 9702/23/M/J/17 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 46
 Dynamics - Momentum 8 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
3 (a) State the principle of conservation of momentum.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Ball A moves with speed v along a horizontal frictionless surface towards a stationary ball B,
as shown in Fig. 3.1.

6.0 m s–1
4.0 kg A

n
v initial path θ
A B
of ball A 30°

mi
4.0 kg 12 kg
12 kg B
3.5 m s–1
before collision after collision
A
Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2 (not to scale)

Ball A has mass 4.0 kg and ball B has mass 12 kg.

The balls collide and then move apart as shown in Fig. 3.2.
Ball A has velocity 6.0 m s–1 at an angle of θ to the direction of its initial path.
Ball B has velocity 3.5 m s–1 at an angle of 30° to the direction of the initial path of ball A.
al

(i) By considering the components of momentum at right-angles to the direction of the initial
path of ball A, calculate θ.
fd
A

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

θ = ........................................................ ° [3]

© UCLES 2017 9702/23/O/N/17

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 47

 Dynamics - Momentum 9 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(ii) Use your answer in (i) to show that the initial speed v of ball A is 12 m s–1.
Explain your working.

[2]

(iii) By calculation of kinetic energies, state and explain whether the collision is elastic or
inelastic.

n
mi
A
...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

[Total: 10]
al
fd
A

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

© UCLES 2017 9702/23/O/N/17 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 48
 Dynamics - Momentum 10 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
3 (a) State what is meant by the mass of a body.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Two blocks travel directly towards each other along a horizontal, frictionless surface. The
blocks collide, as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.

0.40 m s–1 0.25 m s–1 0.20 m s–1 v

block A block B
mass mass mass mass
3M M 3M M

before after

n
Fig. 3.1

mi
Block A has mass 3M and block B has mass M.
Before the collision, block A moves to the right with speed 0.40 m s–1 and block B moves to
the left with speed 0.25 m s–1.
After the collision, block A moves to the right with speed 0.20 m s–1 and block B moves to the
A
right with speed v.

(i) Use Newton’s third law to explain why, during the collision, the change in momentum of
block A is equal and opposite to the change in momentum of block B.

...........................................................................................................................................
al

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
fd

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Determine speed v.

A

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

v = ................................................. m s–1 [3]

© UCLES 2018 9702/21/M/J/18

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 49

 Dynamics - Momentum 11 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(iii) Calculate, for the blocks,

1. the relative speed of approach,

relative speed of approach = ...................................................... m s–1

2. the relative speed of separation.

relative speed of separation = ...................................................... m s–1

[2]

n
(iv) Use your answers in (b)(iii) to state and explain whether the collision is elastic or

mi
inelastic.

...........................................................................................................................................
A
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 9]
al
fd
A

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

© UCLES 2018 9702/21/M/J/18 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 50
 Dynamics - Momentum 5 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
2 (a) State the principle of conservation of momentum.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) A stationary firework explodes into three different fragments that move in a horizontal plane,
as illustrated in Fig. 2.1.

7.0 m s–1

3.0M

n
A B
θ θ

mi
2.0M 1.5M

6.0 m s–1 8.0 m s–1

A Fig. 2.1

The fragment of mass 3.0M has a velocity of 7.0 m s–1 perpendicular to line AB.
The fragment of mass 2.0M has a velocity of 6.0 m s–1 at angle θ to line AB.
The fragment of mass 1.5M has a velocity of 8.0 m s–1 at angle θ to line AB.

(i) Use the principle of conservation of momentum to determine θ.

al
fd
A

θ = ........................................................ ° [3]

(ii) Calculate the ratio

kinetic energy of fragment of mass 2.0M .
kinetic energy of fragment of mass 1.5M
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

ratio = ...........................................................[2]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2018 9702/22/M/J/18 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 51
 Dynamics - Momentum 7 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
2 A wooden block moves along a horizontal frictionless surface, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

45 m s –1 2.0 m s –1 block
steel ball
mass 85 g
mass 4.0 g

horizontal
surface

Fig. 2.1

The block has mass 85 g and moves to the left with a velocity of 2.0 m s –1. A steel ball of mass
4.0 g is fired to the right. The steel ball, moving horizontally with a speed of 45 m s –1, collides
with the block and remains embedded in it. After the collision the block and steel ball both have
speed v.

n
(a) Calculate v.

mi
A
v = ................................................ m s –1 [2]

(b) (i) For the block and ball, state

al

1. the relative speed of approach before collision,

relative speed of approach = ...................................................... m s–1

fd

2. the relative speed of separation after collision.

relative speed of separation = ...................................................... m s–1

A

[1]

(ii) Use your answers in (i) to state and explain whether the collision is elastic or inelastic.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

(c) Use Newton’s third law to explain the relationship between the rate of change of momentum
of the ball and the rate of change of momentum of the block during the collision.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2018 9702/21/O/N/18 [Turn over
AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 52
 Dynamics - Momentum 8 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
3 (a) State the principle of conservation of momentum.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) The propulsion system of a toy car consists of a propeller attached to an electric motor, as
illustrated in Fig. 3.1.

propeller
moving air
0.045 m
speed 1.8 m s–1 electric motor of car

0.045 m body of car

n
ground

mi
Fig. 3.1
A
The car is on horizontal ground and is initially held at rest by its brakes. When the motor is
switched on, it rotates the propeller so that air is propelled horizontally to the left. The density
of the air is 1.3 kg m–3.

Assume that the air moves with a speed of 1.8 m s–1 in a uniform cylinder of radius 0.045 m.
Also assume that the air to the right of the propeller is stationary.
al

(i) Show that, in a time interval of 2.0 s, the mass of air propelled to the left is 0.030 kg.
fd
A

[2]
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

© UCLES 2018 9702/22/O/N/18

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 53

 Dynamics - Momentum 9 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(ii) Calculate

1. the increase in the momentum of the mass of air in (b)(i),

increase in momentum = ......................................................... N s

2. the force exerted on this mass of air by the propeller.

n
force = ........................................................... N

mi
[3]

(iii) Explain how Newton’s third law applies to the movement of the air by the propeller.

...........................................................................................................................................
A
...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(iv) The total mass of the car is 0.20 kg. The brakes of the car are released and the car
begins to move with an initial acceleration of 0.075 m s–2.
al

Determine the initial frictional force acting on the car.

fd
A

frictional force = ...................................................... N [2]

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2018 9702/22/O/N/18 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 54
 Dynamics - Momentum 8 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
3 (a) State Newton’s second law of motion.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) A toy rocket consists of a container of water and compressed air, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

container

compressed
air

n
mi
water
density 1000 kg m–3
nozzle
radius 7.5 mm
A
Fig. 3.1

Water is pushed vertically downwards through a nozzle by the compressed air. The rocket
moves vertically upwards.
al

The nozzle has a circular cross-section of radius 7.5 mm. The density of the water
is 1000 kg m–3. Assume that the water leaving the nozzle has the shape of a cylinder of radius
7.5 mm and has a constant speed of 13 m s–1 relative to the rocket.
fd

(i) Show that the mass of water leaving the nozzle in the first 0.20 s after the rocket launch
is 0.46 kg.
A

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

[2]

© UCLES 2018 9702/23/O/N/18

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 55

 Dynamics - Momentum 9 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(ii) Calculate

1. the change in the momentum of the mass of water in (b)(i) due to leaving the nozzle,

change in momentum = .......................................................... N s

2. the force exerted on this mass of water by the rocket.

force = ............................................................ N
[3]

n
(iii) State and explain how Newton’s third law applies to the movement of the rocket by the

mi
water.

...........................................................................................................................................
A
...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(iv) The container has a mass of 0.40 kg. The initial mass of water before the rocket is
launched is 0.70 kg. The mass of the compressed air in the rocket is negligible. Assume
that the resistive force on the rocket due to its motion is negligible.
al

For the rocket at a time of 0.20 s after launching,

1. show that its total mass is 0.64 kg,

fd
A

2. calculate its acceleration. MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

acceleration = ...................................................... m s–2

[3]

[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2018 9702/23/O/N/18 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 56
 Dynamics - Momentum 8 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
3 Two balls, X and Y, move along a horizontal frictionless surface, as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.

60°
3.0 m s–1
X
A B
9.6 m s–1

Y 2.5 kg

Fig. 3.1 (not to scale)

Ball X has an initial velocity of 3.0 m s–1 in a direction along line AB. Ball Y has a mass of 2.5 kg
and an initial velocity of 9.6 m s–1 in a direction at an angle of 60° to line AB.

n
The two balls collide at point B. The balls stick together and then travel along the horizontal surface

mi
in a direction at right-angles to the line AB, as shown in Fig. 3.2.

V
A
X
Y

A B
al

Fig. 3.2

(a) By considering the components of momentum in the direction from A to B, show that ball X
fd

has a mass of 4.0 kg.

A

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

[2]

© UCLES 2019 9702/22/F/M/19

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 57

 Dynamics - Momentum 9 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(b) Calculate the common speed V of the two balls after the collision.

V = ................................................. m s–1 [2]

n
(c) Determine the difference between the initial kinetic energy of ball X and the initial kinetic
energy of ball Y.

mi
A
al

difference in kinetic energy = ....................................................... J [2]

fd

[Total: 6]
A

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

© UCLES 2019 9702/22/F/M/19 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 58
 Dynamics - Momentum 6 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
2 A block X slides along a horizontal frictionless surface towards a stationary block Y, as illustrated
in Fig. 2.1.

momentum
0.40 kg m s–1

X Y
surface

Fig. 2.1

There are no resistive forces acting on block X as it moves towards block Y. At time t = 0, block X
has momentum 0.40 kg m s−1. A short time later, the blocks collide and then separate.

n
The variation with time t of the momentum of block Y is shown in Fig. 2.2.

mi
0.60

0.50 block Y
momentum / kg m s–1
A
0.40

0.30

0.20
al

0.10

0
fd

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 t / ms

– 0.10

– 0.20
A

– 0.30

– 0.40

– 0.50
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

– 0.60

Fig. 2.2

© UCLES 2019 9702/21/M/J/19

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 59

 Dynamics - Momentum 7 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(a) Define linear momentum.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Use Fig. 2.2 to:

(i) determine the time interval over which the blocks are in contact with each other

time interval = .................................................... ms [1]

(ii) describe, without calculation, the magnitude of the acceleration of block Y from:

1. time t = 80 ms to t = 100 ms

n
....................................................................................................................................

mi
2. time t = 100 ms to t = 120 ms.

....................................................................................................................................
[2]
A
(c) Use Fig. 2.2 to determine the magnitude of the force exerted by block X on block Y.
al
fd

force = ...................................................... N [2]

A

(d) On Fig. 2.2, sketch the variation of the momentum of block X with time t from t = 0 to
t = 160 ms. [3]

[Total: 9]
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

© UCLES 2019 9702/21/M/J/19 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 60
 Dynamics - Momentum 8 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
3 A small remote-controlled model aircraft has two propellers, each of diameter 16 cm.
Fig. 3.1 is a side view of the aircraft when hovering.

body of
16 cm 16 cm
aircraft
propeller propeller

air air
speed speed
7.6 m s–1 7.6 m s–1

Fig. 3.1

n
Air is propelled vertically downwards by each propeller so that the aircraft hovers at a fixed

mi
position. The density of the air is 1.2 kg m–3. Assume that the air from each propeller moves with
a constant speed of 7.6 m s–1 in a uniform cylinder of diameter 16 cm. Also assume that the air
above each propeller is stationary.
A
(a) Show that, in a time interval of 3.0 s, the mass of air propelled downwards by one propeller is
0.55 kg.
al
fd

[3]
A

(b) Calculate:

(i) the increase in momentum of the mass of air in (a) MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

increase in momentum = ................................................... N s [1]

(ii) the downward force exerted on this mass of air by the propeller.

force = ..................................................... N [1]

© UCLES 2019 9702/21/O/N/19

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 61

 Dynamics - Momentum 9 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(c) State:

(i) the upward force acting on one propeller

force = ..................................................... N [1]

(ii) the name of the law that explains the relationship between the force in (b)(ii) and the
force in (c)(i).

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Determine the mass of the aircraft.

n
mi
mass = .................................................... kg [1]
A
(e) In order for the aircraft to hover at a very high altitude (height), the propellers must propel the
air downwards with a greater speed than when the aircraft hovers at a low altitude. Suggest
the reason for this.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]
al

(f) When the aircraft is hovering at a high altitude, an electric fault causes the propellers to stop
rotating. The aircraft falls vertically downwards. When the aircraft reaches a constant speed
of 22 m s–1, it emits sound of frequency 3.0 kHz from an alarm. The speed of the sound in the
fd

air is 340 m s–1.

Determine the frequency of the sound heard by a person standing vertically below the falling
A

aircraft.
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

frequency = .................................................... Hz [2]

[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2019 9702/21/O/N/19 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 62
 Dynamics - Momentum 8 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
3 (a) State Newton’s third law of motion.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) A block X of mass mX slides in a straight line along a horizontal frictionless surface, as shown
in Fig. 3.1.

speed 5v speed v
mass mX mass mY

X Y X Y

n
mi
Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2

The block X, moving with speed 5v, collides head-on with a stationary block Y of mass mY.
The two blocks stick together and then move with common speed v, as shown in Fig. 3.2.
A
mY
(i) Use conservation of momentum to show that the ratio is equal to 4.
mx
al
fd

[2]

(ii) Calculate the ratio

A

total kinetic energy of X and Y after collision

.
total kinetic energy of X and Y before collision
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

ratio = ......................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2019 9702/22/O/N/19

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 63

 Dynamics - Momentum 9 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(iii) State the value of the ratio in (ii) for a perfectly elastic collision.

ratio = ......................................................... [1]

(c) The variation with time t of the momentum of block X in (b) is shown in Fig. 3.3.

momentum

n
mi
A
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
t / ms

Fig. 3.3

Block X makes contact with block Y at time t = 20 ms.

al

(i) Describe, qualitatively, the magnitude and direction of the resultant force, if any, acting
on block X in the time interval:
fd

1. t = 0 to t = 20 ms

...........................................................................................................................................
A

2. t = 20 ms to t = 40 ms.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

(ii) On Fig. 3.3, sketch the variation of the momentum of block Y with time t from
t = 0 to t = 60 ms. [3]

[Total: 14]

© UCLES 2019 9702/22/O/N/19 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 64
 Dynamics - Momentum 11 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
4 A ball X moves along a horizontal frictionless surface and collides with another ball Y, as illustrated
in Fig. 4.1.

X vX
0.300 kg

60.0°
A B A X Y B
60.0°

Y 6.00 m s–1
0.200 kg BEFORE COLLISION AFTER COLLISION

Fig. 4.1 (not to scale) Fig. 4.2 (not to scale)

n
Ball X has mass 0.300 kg and initial velocity vX at an angle of 60.0° to line AB.

mi
Ball Y has mass 0.200 kg and initial velocity 6.00 m s–1 at an angle of 60.0° to line AB.
The balls stick together during the collision and then travel along line AB, as illustrated in Fig. 4.2.

(a) (i) Calculate, to three significant figures, the component of the initial momentum of ball Y
A
that is perpendicular to line AB.
al

component of momentum = ............................................ kg m s–1 [2]

(ii) By considering the component of the initial momentum of each ball perpendicular to
line AB, calculate, to three significant figures, vX.
fd
A

vX = .................................................m s–1 [1]

(iii) Show that the speed of the two balls after the collision is 2.4 m s–1.
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

[2]

© UCLES 2019 9702/23/O/N/19 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 65
 Dynamics - Momentum 6 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows the velocity–time graph for an object moving in a straight line.

v
velocity

0
0 t time

Fig. 2.1

(i) Determine an expression, in terms of u, v and t, for the area under the graph.

n
mi
A
area = .......................................................... [1]

(ii) State the name of the quantity represented by the area under the graph.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
al

(b) A ball is kicked with a velocity of 15 m s–1 at an angle of 60° to horizontal ground. The ball
then strikes a vertical wall at the instant when the path of the ball becomes horizontal, as
shown in Fig. 2.2.
fd

path of
ball
vertical
A

velocity wall
15 m s–1
ball
60°
horizontal
ground
MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

Fig. 2.2 (not to scale)

Assume that air resistance is negligible.

© UCLES 2020 9702/22/M/J/20

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 66

 Dynamics - Momentum 7 By: Mr. Afzal Amin
(i) By considering the vertical motion of the ball, calculate the time it takes to reach the wall.

time = ...................................................... s [3]

(ii) Explain why the horizontal component of the velocity of the ball remains constant as it
moves to the wall.

n
...........................................................................................................................................

mi
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Show that the ball strikes the wall with a horizontal velocity of 7.5 m s–1.
A
[1]
al

(c) The mass of the ball in (b) is 0.40 kg. It is in contact with the wall for a time of 0.12 s and
rebounds horizontally with a speed of 4.3 m s–1.
fd

(i) Use the information from (b)(iii) to calculate the change in momentum of the ball due to
the collision.
A

change in momentum = ........................................... kg m s–1 [2]

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

(ii) Calculate the magnitude of the average force exerted on the ball by the wall.

average force = ..................................................... N [1]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2020 9702/22/M/J/20 [Turn over

AS PHYSICS PAPER: 2 BY: MR. AFZAL Page 67