The document discusses battery-electric automated guided vehicles (AGVs) used to transport containers in ports. It summarizes:
1) A government-funded research project tested two prototype battery-electric AGVs over 1,000 hours, finding they can operate over 16 hours on a single battery charge while emitting zero local emissions.
2) Battery-electric AGVs are more energy efficient and cost less to operate over time compared to diesel-electric AGVs, reducing total ownership costs by up to 51% for fuel and 41% for maintenance in a fleet of 60 vehicles.
3) Using battery-electric AGVs can cut a port's carbon dioxide emissions in half compared to diesel-electric models, helping
The document discusses battery-electric automated guided vehicles (AGVs) used to transport containers in ports. It summarizes:
1) A government-funded research project tested two prototype battery-electric AGVs over 1,000 hours, finding they can operate over 16 hours on a single battery charge while emitting zero local emissions.
2) Battery-electric AGVs are more energy efficient and cost less to operate over time compared to diesel-electric AGVs, reducing total ownership costs by up to 51% for fuel and 41% for maintenance in a fleet of 60 vehicles.
3) Using battery-electric AGVs can cut a port's carbon dioxide emissions in half compared to diesel-electric models, helping
The document discusses battery-electric automated guided vehicles (AGVs) used to transport containers in ports. It summarizes:
1) A government-funded research project tested two prototype battery-electric AGVs over 1,000 hours, finding they can operate over 16 hours on a single battery charge while emitting zero local emissions.
2) Battery-electric AGVs are more energy efficient and cost less to operate over time compared to diesel-electric AGVs, reducing total ownership costs by up to 51% for fuel and 41% for maintenance in a fleet of 60 vehicles.
3) Using battery-electric AGVs can cut a port's carbon dioxide emissions in half compared to diesel-electric models, helping
The document discusses battery-electric automated guided vehicles (AGVs) used to transport containers in ports. It summarizes:
1) A government-funded research project tested two prototype battery-electric AGVs over 1,000 hours, finding they can operate over 16 hours on a single battery charge while emitting zero local emissions.
2) Battery-electric AGVs are more energy efficient and cost less to operate over time compared to diesel-electric AGVs, reducing total ownership costs by up to 51% for fuel and 41% for maintenance in a fleet of 60 vehicles.
3) Using battery-electric AGVs can cut a port's carbon dioxide emissions in half compared to diesel-electric models, helping
Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV) are heavy duty vehicles for the automated transportation of containers within ports. AGVs are guided by a navigation and a fleet management system. High availability with up to 7 000 operating hours per year and vehicle, 24-7 operation.
stack
quay cranes Transport of containers with up to 40t (single lift) and 60t (twinlift 2x20’) between quay AGV apron cranes and container stacks. Average travel distance is approx. 800 m per move.
2 AGV Milestones
1988: diesel-hydraulic AGV (first prototype)
1991: diesel-hydraulic AGV (series-production) 2006: diesel-electric AGV (series-production) 2009: first battery-electric AGV test-vehicle batteries in container on AGV successful feasibility study
Government-funded research project “Battery-
AGV” to achieve implementation readiness. 3 Government-funded research project Battery-AGV
„Development of Battery Driven Container Transport Vehicles and Field Test at the Container Terminal Altenwerder in Hamburg“ Development of two Battery-AGV prototype vehicles Development of a fully automated battery changing and charging station Long term field test of the Battery-AGVs under real operating conditions 01.06.2010 until 30.09.2011 Funded by: Partners:
4 Public-funded research project B-AGV
Battery concept
Battery-AGV
9 x 80V Batteries
exchangeable battery (720V, 400Ah or 460Ah)
5 Public-funded research project B-AGV Battery Exchange and Charging Station
rack
rack feeder
Battery exchange & charging is fully
automatic Decoupling of driving and charging. No reduction of vehicle performance, only short downtime for battery change. Station is integrated in existing software battery system. telescopic platform
6 Public-funded research project B-AGV
Reconfiguration of powertrain
diesel-electric wheel DC-circuit diesel engine
AC/DC DC/AC electric
generator converter converter motor
diesel fuel tank
wheel battery-electric DC-circuit
DC/AC electric electricity battery converter motor switch
Simple system, small number of components inside vehicle
7 Public-funded research project B-AGV
Efficiencies of diesel-electric and battery-electric powertrains
electr. battery converter motor generator converter converter motor switch
diesel fuel tank
E-AGV (diesel-electric) Battery-AGV
Efficiencies: Efficiencies: • Diesel motor 35% • Battery 75% (average) incl. charger • Generator 92% • Converter 97% • Rectifier 97% • Electric motor 93% • Converter 97% • Axle 92% • Electric motor 93% • Add. dead weight 90% • Axle 92% hB-AGV 56% hE-AGV 26%
Additional energy savings of battery powered AGV during idling times!
8 Public-funded research project B-AGV
Advantages:
No local emissions: Future increase of emission regulations can
always be fulfilled. Reduced maintenance through omission of the diesel engine. Lower generation of noise. No start up time of the diesel engine => productivity increase. Independent from energy source (fossil fuels, nuclear power, water power, wind power, solar power, …). Independent of crude oil and diesel price trends and availability. Reduced global emissions.
9 Public-funded research project B-AGV Environmental Friendliness Global CO2-Savings
Diesel-Electric AGV: 23,2 kg CO2 per operating hour
Diesel fuel inclusive fabrication and AGV-drive
transportation, 3,13 kg CO2/Liter* 7,4 l / Oph
Battery-AGV:
11,7 kg CO2 per operating hour German energy mix Batterysystem AGV-drive 0,56 kg CO2/kWh* ηtot=75% 0,77 kg CO2/kWh 15 kWh / Oph
Operation of the battery AGV generates about 50% CO2 of the E-AGV 50% CO2-savings with the „German Energy Mix“! additional reduction of CO2 with the use of „green” energy *Quelle: Infozentrum UmweltWirtschaft, Bayrisches Landesamt für Umwelt 10 Public-funded research project B-AGV Results from Field Test
Successful integration of two battery AGVs into existing fleet.
Both Battery-AGVs with > 7.500 operating hours each. Operating time with one battery > 16 h (peak operation). Energy consumption per operational hour 15 kWh (battery output). Until today > 1000 automatic battery changes. Battery charging time ca. 7 h. Keep up operation during winter time, temperatures below 0°C. System is very reliable during 24/7 operation. Zero local exhaust emissions, reduced noise emissions.
11 Transportation System’s Total Cost of Ownership
TCO for a fleet size of 60 AGVs, includes
• Investment [+15%], • Fuel/energy [-51%], Total Costs Total Costs • Maintenance [-41%] 120% 120%
0% 0% 00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 12 Time [Years] Time [Years] Commercial Launch: Long Beach Container Terminal – Situation after 2018/2019
13 Commercial Launch: Maasvlakte II, Rotterdam
APMT: 37 Battery-Lift-AGVs
RWG: 59 Battery-Lift-AGVs
14 Commercial Launch: Maasvlakte II, Rotterdam
Due to 24/7 operation the fleet of 96 AGVs can be compared to a fleet of more than 3.000 passenger cars (~ same operational parameters (diesel consumption etc.)). This means that: Establishing a fleet of 96 Battery-AGVs is equal to a fleet of 3000 electric passenger cars (Netherlands 05.2012: 1750 electric cars). Global CO2-Emission are reduced by than ~7000tons/year with 96 B-AGVs compared to 96 Diesel AGVs. more than 3.000 passenger cars
(BESIC: Battery-Electric Heavy-Duty Vehicles in Intelligent Container-Terminals)
Increased B-AGV fleet
Battery Charging and Energy Management Test of Lithium-Ion Batteries
01.01.2013 – 31.12.2015
Partners:
16 Battery Charging and Energy Management
“Intelligent” Battery Charging & Changing
Battery Charging and Energy Management
Operating figures from
energy supply layer
Batteries will be charged when
required for operation. a surplus of („green“) energy is available. Advantages: Energy peak shaving. Operational Requirements Increased use of „green“ energy. Reduced energy costs. Batteries as part of a smart grid. 17 Selection of Battery-Type – Current Status
Lithium Lead-Acid Maturity of Battery has to „customized“ proven, fork lift battery Maturity of Charger not available? proven Load Cycles ? ~4x more cycles promised ~1200 cycles Complexity (multiple) BMS required „plug & play“ Spec. Energy (Wh/kg) ~3,5x higher Spec. Power (W/kg) ~2x higher Recharge Time *~5x faster * Durability (shocks etc.) ? has to be tested successful field tests Costs - Invest >10x lead-acid (battery sys) Costs - Operation ? better efficiency promised lower cost than diesel Costs - Maintenance ? maintenance free? refill of water etc. Recycling ? to be developed 99% recycling rate
* Recharge: Lithium-Batteries can be recharged much faster, but recharge time might be limited by equipment (e.g. cables – high currents!). Furthermore the whole charging concept has to be compared (e.g. battery exchange vs. loading battery in vehicle). 18 Vision – Full Electric Terminals
