SALT ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

SYSTAMATIC ANALYSE OF SIMPLE SALT -I

Preliminary tests
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Physical examination
a) Noted the colour of the White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ absent
1 salt
b) Noted the smell of the
Ammoniacal smell NH4+may be present.
salt
Dry Heating test
Heated a pinch of the salt
in a dry test tube and
noted the following
observations:
a) Gas evolved Characteristic smell.
Gives white fumes when
glass rod dipped in
NH4+ may be present.
dil.HCl is brought near
2
the mouth of the test
tube.
b) Sublimation Ammonium chloride, iodide
No sublimate formed
may be absent.
c) Decrepitation Lead nitrate, Barium nitrate
No sublimate formed
absent.
d)Colour of the residue
No colour of residue. Pb2+, Zn2+may be absent.

Flame test
Prepared a paste of the Ca2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Mn2+
3 No characteristic flame
salt with Conc.HCl and Ba2+may be absent.
performed flame test.

Ash test
Mixed a pinch of the salt
with Cobalt Nitrate and No Characteristic colour Pb2+, Zn2+, Mn2+may be
4
Con.HNO3 make a paste ash. absent.
dip in filter paper and
show in flame

Brisk effervescence with

Dil HCl Test
evolution of colourless,
5 A pich of salt is added Soluble carbonate confirmed.
odourless gas which lime
with dil.HCl
water turned milky.
 Identification of acid radical
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Diluted sulphuric acid Colourless, odourless gas
test Treated a pinch of the evolved with brisk
6 CO32- present.
salt With diluted H2SO4 effervescence, turned
and warmed. lime water milky.

Conc. sulphuric acid test

No reddish brown gas
7 Heated a pinch of the salt NO3- may be absent.
evolved
with Con sulphuric acid
KMnO4 test
To a pinch of the salt
Cl-, C2O42-, Fe2+may be
8 added diluted H2SO4 No decolourisation
absent.
warm and then a drop of
KMnO4 solution.
Copper chips test
Heated a pinch of the salt Cl-, NO3-, CH3COO- may be
9 with conc. sulphuric acid No gases evolve.
absent.
and a few copper chips.

MnO2 test
Heated a small quantity of
10 No greenish yellow gas Cl- absent.
the salt with solid
MnO2and Con H2SO4.
BaCl2 test
Boiled small amount of a
salt with dil.HCl in a test
11 tube. Filtered the contents No precipitate formed SO42-absent
and to the filtrate added
few drops of BaCl2
solution.

NaOH test
12 Heated a pinch of salt Ammonia gas evolved NH4+Present
with conc.NaOH solution

Confirmatory test for acid radical

(a) Shook a pinch of the
Soluble in water Soluble carbonate.
salt with water
(b) To the salt added Brisk effervescence with
dil. HCl evolution of colourless,
Soluble carbonate confirmed.
odourless gas which lime
water turned milky.
 C) Magnesium sulphate
Test
To the Salt solution add a White Precipitate Carbonate confirmed.
MgSO4

Chemical Equation :-

Magnesium sulphate Test

NH4CO3 +MgSO4 ---> MgCO3 ↓ +(NH4)2SO4

(white ppt)

Identification of basic radical

Preparation of original salt solution

Prepared original salt solution by dissolving a pinch of salt in 10 to15mL of distilled water
or dil.HCl or conc.HCl, cold or hot. Label it original solution (O.S).

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

Group separation
a) To a few drops of the
original solution added 1 Brown precipitate Group zero Present
13
mL of Nessler’s reagent formed (NH4+ Present)
and excess of NaOH
solution
14 b) To a few drops of the
Group I absent
original solution added No precipitate formed
(Pb2+absent)
2 mL of dil.HCl.
15 c) To a few drops of the
original solution added Group II absent
No precipitate formed
2 mL of dil.HCl and (Cu2+absent)
then passed H2S gas
16 d) To a few drops of the
original solution added1 Group III absent
No precipitate formed
mL of NH4Cl and 2ml of (Fe3+, Al3+absent)
NH4OH.
e) To a few drops of the
original solution added1
Group IV absent
mL of NH4Cl and 2mL of No precipitate formed
(Zn2+absent)
NH4OH and then
17 passedH2S gas.
 f) To a few drops of the
original solution added
1mL of NH4Cl, 2mL of Group V absent
No precipitate formed
NH4OH and 2mL of (Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+absent)
saturated solution of
18 (NH4)2CO3

g) To a few drops of the

original solution added1
Group VI absent
mL of NH4Cl, 2mL of No precipitate formed
(Mg2+ absent)
NH4OH and 2mL of
Na2HPO4 solution.
19
Confirmatory test for basic radical
To a few drops of the
Original solution, added
Brown precipitate
1mL of Nessler’s reagent NH4+confirmed
obtained
and excess of NaOH
solution.

Chemical Equation :-

NH4Cl +NaOH -------> NaCl +H2O + NH3↑

NH3 +HCl ------> NH4Cl

Nesseler’s Reagent Test :-

2K2[HgI4] +NH3 +3KOH ------> H2N. HgO.HgI ↓ +KI + 2H2O

Nesseler’s Reagent Brown ppt

Result:
The given simple salt is: Ammonium Carbonate ((NH4)2CO3)
Acid Radical:NH4+
Basic Radical:CO32-
 SYSMETIC ANALYSE OF SIMPLE SALT -II
Preliminary tests
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Physical examination
a) Noted the colour of the White
Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ absent
salt
1
b) Noted the smell of the
Ammoniacal smell NH4+may be present.
salt
Dry Heating test
Heated a pinch of the salt
in a dry test tube and
noted the following
observations:
a) Gas evolved Characteristic smell. gives
white fumes when glass rod
dipped in dil.HCl is NH4+ may be present.
2 brought near the mouth of
the test tube.
b) Sublimation
White sublimed NH4+may be present.
c) Decrepitation Lead nitrate, Barium nitrate
No sublimate formed
absent.
d)Colour of the residue
No colour of residue. Pb2+, Zn2+may be absent.
 Flame test
Prepared a paste of the Ca2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Mn2+
3 No characteristic flame
salt with Conc.HCl and Ba2+may be absent.
performed flame test.

Ash test
Mixed a pinch of the salt
with Cobalt Nitrate and No Characteristic colour Pb2+, Zn2+, Mn2+may be
4
Con.HNO3 make a paste ash. absent.
dip in filter paper and
show in flame

Dil HCl Test

5 A pinch of salt is added No Brisk effervescence CO32- absent
with dil.HCl

Identification of acid radical

S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Dil. sulphuric acid test
Treated a pinch of the salt
6 No gas evolved. CO32-, S2-absent.
with dil.H2SO4 and
warmed.
Colourless gas with
Con. sulphuric acid test pungent smell, white
7 Heated a pinch of the salt fumes with aqueous Cl- may be present..
with Con sulphuric acid ammonia, white ppt. with
AgNO3 solution.
KMnO4 test
To a pinch of the salt
Cl-, C2O42-, Fe2+may be
8 added dil.H2SO4 warm KMnO4 decolourised
present.
and then a drop of
KMnO4 solution.
Copper chips test
Heated a pinch of the salt No reddish brown gas
9 NO3- may be absent.
with conc. sulphuric acid evolved.
and a few copper chips.
MnO2 test
Greenish yellow gas
Heated a small quantity of
10 evolved which turn Cl- present.
the salt with solid
starch iodide paper blue.
MnO2and Con H2SO4.
BaCl2 test
Boiled small amount of a
salt with dil.HCl in a test
11 tube. Filtered the contents No precipitate formed SO42-absent
and to the filtrate added
few drops of BaCl2
solution.
NaOH test
12 Ammonia gas evolved NH4+Present
Heated a pinch of salt
 with conc.NaOH solution
Confirmatory test for acid radical
(a) Chromyl chloride
Test Red vapours evolved into
Mix a small quantity of the gas detector
the salt with a small containing NaOH
amount of powdered solution. To the yellow Cl- confirmed.
potassium dichromate. solution thus obtained,
Take the mixture in a test add dil. acetic acid and
tube and add conc.H2SO4. lead acetate solution
Heat the test tube
b) Silver nitrate test
Acidify a portion of
A white precipitate is
aqueous solution with
formed which is soluble Cl- confirmed.
conc. HNO3. Boil for
in ammonium hydroxide.
some time, cool and add
silver nitrate solution.
Chemical Equation :-

(a) Chromyl chloride test:-

4NaCl +K2Cr2O7+6H2SO4 --------> 4NaHSO4+2KHSO4+2CrO2Cl2 +3H2O

CrO2Cl2 +4NaOH -----> Na2CrO4 +2H2O +2NaCl

Na2CrO4 +(CH3COO)2Pb -----> PbCrO4 ↓ +2CH3COONa

(Yellow ppt)

(b) Silver Nitrate Test

NaCl + AgNO3 ----> AgCl + NaNO3

White ppt

AgCl + 2NH4OH -----> [Ag(NH3)2]Cl +2H2O

Soluble Complex

Identification of basic radical

Preparation of original salt solution
Prepared original salt solution by dissolving a pinch of salt in 10 to15mL of distilled water or
dil.HCl or conc.HCl, cold or hot. Label it original solution (O.S).

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

Group separation
a) To a few drops of the
original solution added Brown precipitate Group zero Present
13
1 mL of Nessler’s reagent formed (NH4+Present)
and excess of NaOH
solution
 14 b) To a few drops of the
Group I absent
original solution added No precipitate formed
(Pb2+absent)
2mL of dil.HCl.
15 c) To a few drops of the
original solution added Group II absent
No precipitate formed
2 mL of dil.HCl and (Cu2+absent)
then passed H2S gas
16
d) To a few drops of the
original solution added Group III absent
No precipitate formed
1mL of NH4Cl and 2ml of (Fe3+, Al3+absent)
NH4OH.

e) To a few drops of the

original solution added
Group IV absent
1mL of NH4Cl and 2mL No precipitate formed
(Zn2+absent)
of NH4OH and then
passedH2S gas.
17
f) To a few drops of the
original solution added
1mL of NH4Cl, 2mL of Group V absent
No precipitate formed
NH4OH and 2mL of (Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+absent)
saturated solution of
(NH4)2CO3
18

g) To a few drops of the

original solution added1
Group VI absent
mL of NH4Cl, 2mL of No precipitate formed
(Mg2+ absent)
NH4OH and 2mL of
Na2HPO4 solution.

Confirmatory test for basic radical

To a few drops of the
Original solution, added
Brown precipitate
1mL of Nessler’s reagent NH4+confirmed
obtained
and excess of NaOH
19 solution.

Chemical Equation :-

NH4Cl +NaOH -------> NaCl +H2O + NH3↑

NH3 +HCl ------> NH4Cl

Nesseler’s Reagent Test :-

2K2[HgI4] +NH3 +3KOH ------> H2N. HgO.HgI ↓ +KI + 2H2O

Nesseler’s Reagent Brown ppt

Result:
The given simple salt is: Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl)
Acid radical: Cl-
Basic radical: NH4+
 SYSMETIC ANALYSE OF SIMPLE SALT -III
Preliminary tests
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Physical examination
a) Noted the colour of the White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ absent
salt
1
b) Noted the smell of the
Vinegar like smell CH3COO- may be present.
salt
Dry Heating test
Heated a pinch of the salt
in a dry test tube and
noted the following
observations:
a) Gas evolved Characteristic vinegar
CH3COO- may be present.
like smell.
2
b) Sublimation Ammonium chloride, iodide
No sublimate formed.
may be absent.
c) Decrepitation No cracking sound Lead nitrate, Barium nitrate
observed absent.
d)Colour of the residue Brown when hot and
Pb2+may be present.
yellow when cold
Flame test
Prepared a paste of the
3 Dull bluish- white flame Pb2+may be present.
salt with Conc.HCl and
performed flame test.

Ash test
Mixed a pinch of the salt
with Cobalt Nitrate and No Characteristic colour Al3+, Zn2+, Mn2+may be
4
Con.HNO3 make a paste ash. absent.
dip in filter paper and
show in flame

Dil HCl Test

5 A pinch of salt is added No Brisk effervescence CO32- absent
with dil.HCl

Identification of acid radical

S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Dil sulphuric acid test
Treated a pinch of the salt
6 No gas evolved. CO32-, S2-absent.
With dil H2SO4 and
warmed.
 Con.Sulphuric acid test Colourless vapours with
7 Heated a pinch of the salt smell of vinegar, turns CH3COO- present.
with Con sulphuric acid blue litmus to red.
KMnO4 test
To a pinch of the salt
Pink colour of KMnO4
8 added dilH2SO4 warm and
was not discharged.
then a drop of KMnO4
solution. Cl-, C2O42-, Fe2+ absent.
Copper chips test
Heated a pinch of the salt No reddish brown gas
9 NO3- may be absent.
with conc. sulphuric acid evolved.
and a few copper chips.
MnO2 test
Heated a small quantity of
10 No greenish yellow gas. Cl-absent.
the salt with solid
MnO2and Con H2SO4.
BaCl2 test
Boiled small amount of a
salt with dil.HCl in a test
11 tube. Filtered the contents No precipitate formed SO42-absent
and to the filtrate added
few drops of BaCl2
solution.
NaOH test
12 Heated a pinch of salt No ammonia gas evolved NH4+ absent
with conc.NaOH solution
Confirmatory test for acid radical
a) Oxalic acid test
Take a small quantity of
the salt on a watch glass.
Mix it with solid oxalic Smell like that of vinegar CH3COO- confirmed
acid. Prepare paste of it
with a few drops of water.
Rub the paste and smell.
b) Ferric chloride test
Reddish coloured filtrate
Take water extract of the
salt. Add neutral ferric
chloride solution. Filter
and divided the filtrate
into two portions. CH3COO- confirmed
Reddish colour
i. To one part, add
disappears.
Dil.HCl.
ii. To second part, add
Reddish brown ppt.
water and boil.
C) Ester Test
Take asmall quantity of
the salt in a test tube. Add
con.H2SO4(2ml) and
Pleasant fruity smell. CH3COO- confirmed
heat. Now add ethyl
alcohol (1ml) . Shake and
pour the contents of the
tube in a beaker full of
 water. Stir.

Chemical Equation :-
(a)Oxalic acid test :-

COOH COONa
COOH + 2CH3COONa ---------------> COONa + 2CH3COOH
(Vinegar smell)

b) Ferric chloride test

2CH3COONa +FeCl3 ------------> (CH3COO)3Fe +NaCl

(CH3COO)3Fe + 2H2O ------------> (CH3COO) (OH)2Fe ↓ + 2CH3COOH

Reddish brown ppt.

(c)Ester Test

2CH3COONa +H2SO4 -------------> Na2SO4+ 2CH3COOH

CH3COOH +C2H5OH --------------> CH3COOC2H5 +H2O

Ethyl Acetate
(Fruity Smell)

Identification of basic radical

Preparation of original salt solution
Prepared original salt solution by dissolving a pinch of salt in 10 to15mL of distilled water or
dil.HCl or conc.HCl, cold or hot. Label it original solution (O.S).

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

Group separation
a) To a few drops of the
original solution added Brown precipitate Group zero absent
13
1mL of Nessler’s reagent formed (NH4+ absent)
and excess of NaOH
solution
b) To a few drops of the
Group I Present
original solution added No precipitate formed
(Pb2+ Present )
2mL of dil.HCl.

Confirmatory test for basic radical

 Boil white precipitate
with distilled water and
divide the solution into
two parts:
a) KI test Yellow precipitate is Pb2+confirmed
Add KI solution to one obtained.
part of above solution

b) Potassium chromate
test
Yellow precipitate is
Add potassium chromate Pb2+confirmed
obtained.
to the second part of
above solution.
Chemical Equation :-

a) KI test

Pb(NO3)2 +2KI ------> 2KNO3 +PbI2 ↑

b) Potassium chromate test

Pb(NO3)2 + K2CrO4 ---------> 2KNO3 +PbCrO4 ↓

Result:
The given simple salt is: Lead Acetate (Pb(CH3COO)2)
Acid radical: CH3COO-
Basic radical: Pb2+
 SYSMETIC ANALYSE OF SIMPLE SALT -IV
Preliminary tests
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Physical examination
a) Noted the colour of the White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ absent
salt
1
b) Noted the smell of the NH4+, S2-, CH3COO-
No specific odour Absent.
salt
Dry Heating test
Heated a pinch of the salt
in a dry test tube and noted
the following
observations:
a) Gas evolved A reddish brown gas
evolved which turned NO3- may be present.
2 FeSO4 solution black.
b) Sublimation Ammonium chloride, iodide
No sublimate formed.
may be absent.
c) Decrepitation Lead nitrate, Barium nitrate
Cracking sound observed may be present.
d)Colour of the residue Brown when hot and
Pb2+may be present.
yellow when cold
Flame test
Prepared a paste of the salt
3 Dull bluish- white flame Pb2+may be present.
with Conc.HCl and
performed flame test.

Ash test
Mixed a pinch of the salt
with Cobalt Nitrate and No Characteristic colour Al3+, Zn2+, Mn2+may be
4
Con.HNO3 make a paste ash. absent.
dip in filter paper and
show in flame

Dil HCl Test

5 A pinch of salt is added No Brisk effervescence CO32- absent
with dil.HCl
 Identification of acid radical
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Dil sulphuric acid test
Treated a pinch of the salt
6 No gas evolved. CO32-, S2- absent.
With dil.H2SO4 and
warmed.
Con sulphuric acid test
Heated a pinch of the salt A reddish brown gas
7 with Con sulphuric acid evolved which turned NO3- present.
FeSO4 solution black.
KMnO4 test
To a pinch of the salt
Pink colour of KMnO4
8 added dilH2SO4 warm and Cl-, C2O42-, Fe2+ absent.
was not discharged.
then a drop of KMnO4
solution.
Copper chips test
Heated a pinch of the salt Reddish brown gas
9 NO3- present.
with conc. sulphuric acid evolved.
and a few copper chips.
MnO2 test
Heated a small quantity of
10 No greenish yellow gas. Cl- absent.
the salt with solid
MnO2and Con H2SO4.
BaCl2 test Boiled small
amount of a salt with
dil.HCl in a test tube.
11 No precipitate formed SO42- absent
Filtered the contents and
to the filtrate added few
drops of BaCl2 solution.
NaOH test
12 Heated a pinch of salt with No ammonia gas evolved NH4+ absent
conc.NaOH solution
Confirmatory test for acid radical
a) Copper chips test
Heated a pinch of the salt Reddish brown gas
with conc. sulphuric acid NO3- confirmed
evolved.
and a few copper chips.
 b) Ring test
To 2-3 ml of the salt
solution, added freshly A dark brown ring formed
prepared FeSO4 solution. at the junction of the two NO3- confirmed
Now added conc.H2SO4 liquids
along the sides of the test
tube.

Chemical Equation :-

a) Copper chips test

2KNO3 +H2SO4 -------> K2SO4 +2HNO3

4HNO3 + Cu ---------> Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 +2H2O

b) Ring test

KNO3 +H2SO4 -------> KHSO4 +HNO3

6FeSO4 +3H2SO4 + 2HNO3 --------->3Fe2(SO4)3 +4H2O +2NO

FeSO4 +NO +5H2O ----------> [Fe (NO)(H2O)5]SO4

(Brown Ring)
Identification of basic radical
Preparation of original salt solution
Prepared original salt solution by dissolving a pinch of salt in 10 to15mL of distilled water or
dil.HCl or conc.HCl, cold or hot. Label it original solution (O.S).

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

Group separation
a) To a few drops of the
original solution added 1 Group zero Present
13 Brown precipitate formed
mL of Nessler’s reagent (NH4+ Present)
and excess of NaOH
solution
b) To a few drops of the
Group I absent
original solution added No precipitate formed
(Pb2+absent)
2mL of dil.HCl.

Confirmatory test for basic radical

Boil white precipitate with

distilled water and divide
the solution into two parts: Yellow precipitate is
Pb2+confirmed
a) KI test obtained.
Add KI solution to one
part of above solution
 b) Potassium chromate
test
Yellow precipitate is
Add potassium chromate Pb2+confirmed
obtained.
to the second part of above
solution.

Chemical Equation :-

b) KI test

Pb(NO3)2 +2KI ------> 2KNO3 +PbI2 ↑

b) Potassium chromate test

Pb(NO3)2 + K2CrO4 ---------> 2KNO3 +PbCrO4 ↓

Result:
The given simple salt is: Lead Nitrate (Pb(NO3)2)
Acid radical: NO3-
Basic radical: Pb2+
 SYSMETIC ANALYSE OF SIMPLE SALT -V
Preliminary tests
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Physical examination
a) Noted the colour of the White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ absent
salt
1
b) Noted the smell of the NH4+, S2-, CH3COO-
No specific odour Absent.
salt
Dry Heating test
Heated a pinch of the salt
in a dry test tube and noted
the following
observations:
a) Gas evolved Greenish yellow gas evolved
which turn starch iodide Cl- may be present.
2 paper blue.
b) Sublimation Ammonium chloride,
No sublimate formed.
iodide may be absent.
c) Decrepitation Lead nitrate, Barium
No cracking sound observed. nitrate absent.

d)Colour of the residue White residue, glows on Mg+2, Al+3, Ba2+, Ca2+
heating. may be present.
Flame test
Prepared a paste of the salt Ca2+, Zn2+, Ba2+may be
3 No characteristic flame
with Conc.HCl and absent.
performed flame test.

Ash test
Mixed a pinch of the salt
with Cobalt Nitrate and
4 Blue ash. May be Al3+Present
Con.HNO3 make a paste
dip in filter paper and
show in flame

Dil HCl Test

5 A pinch of salt is added No Brisk effervescence CO32- absent
with dil.HCl

Identification of acid radical

S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Dil sulphuric acid test
Treated a pinch of the
6 No gas evolved. CO32-, S2-absent.
saltWith dil H2SO4 and
warmed.
Con sulphuric acid test
Heated a pinch of the salt No reddish brown gas
7 NO3- may be absent.
with Con sulphuric acid evolved

KMnO4 test
To a pinch of the salt
Cl-, C2O42-, Fe+2may be
8 added dil.H2SO4 warm and KMnO4 decolourised
present.
then a drop of KMnO4
solution.
Copper chips test
Heated a pinch of the salt No reddish brown gas
9 with conc. sulphuric acid NO3- may be absent.
evolved.
and a few copper chips.

MnO2 test
Greenish yellow gas evolved
Heated a small quantity of
10 which turn starch iodide
the salt with solid Cl-present.
paper blue.
MnO2and Con H2SO4.
BaCl2 test
Boiled small amount of a
salt with dil.HCl in a test
11 tube. Filtered the contents No precipitate formed SO42-absent
and to the filtrate added
few drops of BaCl2
solution.

NaOH test
12 Heated a pinch of salt with No ammonia gas evolved NH4+ absent
conc.NaOH solution

Confirmatory test for acid radical

a) Chromyl chloride Test
Mix a small quantity of Red vapours evolved into
the salt with a small the gas detector containing
amount of powdered NaOH solution. To the
potassium dichromate. Cl- confirmed
yellow solution thus
Take the mixture in a test obtained, add dil. acetic acid
tube and add conc.H2SO4. and lead acetate solution
Heat the test tube
 b) Silver nitrate test
Acidify a portion of
aqueous solution with A white precipitate is
conc. HNO3. Boil for formed which is soluble in Cl- confirmed
some time, cool and add ammonium hydroxide.
silver nitrate solution.

Chemical Equation :-

A)Chromyl chloride test:-

4NaCl +K2Cr2O7+6H2SO4 --------> 4NaHSO4+2KHSO4+2CrO2Cl2 +3H2O

CrO2Cl2 +4NaOH -----> Na2CrO4 +2H2O +2NaCl

Na2CrO4 +(CH3COO)2Pb -----> PbCrO4 ↓ +2CH3COONa

(Yellow ppt)

B)Silver Nitrate Test

NaCl + AgNO3 ----> AgCl + NaNO3

White ppt

AgCl + 2NH4OH -----> [Ag(NH3)2]Cl +2H2O

Soluble Complex

Identification of basic radical

Preparation of original salt solution
Prepared original salt solution by dissolving a pinch of salt in 10 to15mL of distilled water or
dil.HCl or conc.HCl, cold or hot. Label it original solution (O.S).

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

Group separation
a) To a few drops of the
original solution added 1 No Brown precipitate Group zero absent
13
mL of Nessler’s reagent formed ( NH4+ absent)
and excess of NaOH
solution

b) To a few drops of the

Group I absent
original solution added No precipitate formed
(Pb2+absent)
2mL of dil.HCl.
 c) To a few drops of the
original solution added Group II absent
No precipitate formed
2mL of dilHCl and then (Cu2+absent)
passed H2S gas

d) To a few drops of the

original solution added Group III present.
White precipitate formed
1mL of NH4Cl and 2ml of (Al3+present)
NH4OH.

Confirmatory test for basic radical

a) Lake test
Dissolve the white
precipitate in dil.HCl. Add Blue precipitate is obtained
to it two drops of blue floating in the colourless Al3+confirmed
litmus solution. To this, solution.
add NH4OH drop wise till
blue colour develops.

b) Cobalt nitrate test

To the above the white
residue added a drop of Blue residue is obtained. Al3+confirmed
cobalt nitrate solution and
heated in oxidising flame.
Chemical Equation :-

A) Lake test:

Al(OH)3 +3HCl ---------> AlCl3 +3H2O

AlCl3 +3NH4OH ---------> 3NH4Cl + Al(OH)3↓

Blue colour adsorbs n the ppt.

Result:

The given simple salt is : Aluminium Chloride(AlCl3)

Acid Radical : Cl-
Basic Radical : Al3+

Preliminary tests
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Physical examination
a) Noted the colour of the White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ absent
salt
1
b) Noted the smell of the NH4+, S2-, CH3COO-
No specific odour
salt Absent.
 Dry Heating test
Heated a pinch of the salt
in a dry test tube and noted
the following
observations:
a) Gas evolved
Greenish yellow gas
evolved which turn Cl- may be present.
starch iodide paper blue.
2
b) Sublimation Ammonium chloride,
No sublimate formed.
iodide may be absent.
c) Decrepitation No cracking sound Lead nitrate, Barium
observed. nitrate absent.
d)Colour of the residue
White residue, glows on Mg+2, Al+3, Ba2+, Ca2+ may
heating. be present.

Dil HCl Test

3 A pinch of salt is added No Brisk effervescence CO32- absent
with dil.HCl

Flame test
Prepared a paste of the salt Ca2+, Zn2+, Ba2+may be
4 No characteristic flame
with Conc.HCl and absent.
performed flame test.

Ash test
Mixed a pinch of the salt
with Cobalt Nitrate and
5 Blue ash. Al3+ present.
Con.HNO3 make a paste
dip in filter paper and
show in flame

Identification of acid radical

S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Dil sulphuric acid test
Treated a pinch of the
6 No gas evolved. CO32-, S2-absent.
saltWith dil H2SO4 and
warmed.
 Con sulphuric acid test
Heated a pinch of the salt No reddish brown gas
7 NO3- may be absent.
with Con sulphuric acid evolved

KMnO4 test
To a pinch of the salt
Cl-, C2O42-, Fe+2 may be
8 added dilH2SO4 warm and No decolourisation
absent.
then a drop of KMnO4
solution.
Copper chips test
Heated a pinch of the salt
with conc. sulphuric acid No reddish brown gas
9 NO3- may be absent.
and a few copper chips. evolved.

MnO2 test
Heated a small quantity of
10 No greenish yellow gas Cl- absent.
the salt with solid MnO2
and Con H2SO4.
BaCl2 test
Boiled small amount of a
salt with dil.HCl in a test
White precipitate formed
11 tube. Filtered the contents SO42- confirmed
insoluble in dil.HCl
and to the filtrate added
few drops of BaCl2
solution.
Confirmatory test for acid radical
BaCl2 test
Boiled small amount of a
salt with dil.HCl in a test
White precipitate formed
tube. Filtered the contents SO42- confirmed
insoluble in dil.HCl
and to the filtrate added
few drops of BaCl2
solution.

Lead Acetate Test

A White Ppt is formed
To a Part aqueous solution
which is soluble in SO42- confirmed
of the
excess of hot

Chemical Equation :-

BaCl2 test

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 -------> BaSO4 ↓ + 2NaCl

White

Lead Acetate Test

Na2SO4 +Pb(CH3COO)2 ------->PbSO4 ↓ + 2CH3COONa

 Identification of basic radical
NaOH test
12 Heated a pinch of salt with No ammonia gas evolved NH4+ absent
conc.NaOH solution

Preparation of original salt solution

Prepared original salt solution by dissolving a pinch of salt in 10 to15mL of distilled water or
dil.HCl or conc.HCl, cold or hot. Label it original solution (O.S).

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

Group separation
a) To a few drops of the
original solution added No Brown precipitate Group zero absent
13
1mL of Nessler’s reagent formed (NH4+absent)
and excess of NaOH
solution
b) To a few drops of the
Group I absent
original solution added No precipitate formed
(Pb2+absent)
2mL of dil.HCl.

c) To a few drops of the

original solution added Group II absent
No precipitate formed
2mL of dil.HCl and then (Cu2+absent)
passed H2S gas

d) To a few drops of the

original solution added Group III present.
White precipitate formed
1mL of NH4Cl and 2ml of (Al3+present)
NH4OH.

Confirmatory test for basic radical

a) Lake test
Dissolve the white
precipitate in dil.HCl. Add Blue precipitate is
to it two drops of blue obtained floating in the Al3+ confirmed
litmus solution. To this, colourless solution.
add NH4OH drop wise till
blue colour develops.

b) Cobalt nitrate test

To the above the white
residue added a drop of Blue residue is obtained. Al3+ confirmed
cobalt nitrate solution and
heated in oxidising flame.
Chemical Equation :-

B) Lake test:

Al(OH)3 +3HCl ---------> AlCl3 +3H2O

AlCl3 +3NH4OH ---------> 3NH4Cl + Al(OH)3

Result:
The given simple salt is : Aluminium Sulphate (Al2(SO4)3)

Acid radical: SO42-

Basic radical: Al3+
 SYSMETIC ANALYSE OF SIMPLE SALT -VI
Preliminary tests
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Physical examination
a) Noted the colour of the White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ absent
salt
1
b) Noted the smell of the NH4+, S2-, CH3COO-
No specific odour Absent.
salt
Dry Heating test
Heated a pinch of the salt
in a dry test tube and noted
the following
observations:
a) Gas evolved
No gas evolved. C2O42-, CO32-, NO3- absent.
2
b) Sublimation Ammonium chloride,
No sublimate formed.
iodide may be absent.
c) Decrepitation No cracking sound Lead nitrate, Barium
observed. nitrate absent.
d)Colour of the residue
Yellow when hot and
Zn2+may be present.
white when cold

Flame test
Prepared a paste of the salt Green flashes seen with
3 Zn2+may be present.
with Conc.HCl and naked eye
performed flame test.

Ash test
Mixed a pinch of the salt
with Cobalt Nitrate and
4 Green ash Zn2+may be present.
Con.HNO3 make a paste
dip in filter paper and
show in flame

Cobalt nitrate test

To the above the white
Greenish residue is
5 residue added a drop of Zn2+ present.
obtained.
cobalt nitrate solution and
heated in oxidising flame.

Identification of acid radical

S.No Experiment Observation Inference
 Dil sulphuric acid test
Treated a pinch of the
6 No gas evolved. CO32-, S2-absent.
saltWith dil H2SO4 and
warmed.
Con sulphuric acid test
Heated a pinch of the salt No reddish brown gas
7 with Con sulphuric acid NO3- may be absent.
evolved

KMnO4 test
To a pinch of the salt
Cl-, C2O42-, Fe+2may be
8 added dilH2SO4 warm and No decolourisation
absent.
then a drop of KMnO4
solution.
Copper chips test
Heated a pinch of the salt No reddish brown gas
9 with conc. sulphuric acid NO3- may be absent.
evolved.
and a few copper chips.

MnO2 test
Heated a small quantity of
10 No greenish yellow gas Cl- absent.
the salt with solid
MnO2and Con H2SO4.
BaCl2 test
Boiled small amount of a
salt with dil.HCl in a test
White precipitate formed
11 tube. Filtered the contents SO42- confirmed
insoluble in dil.HCl
and to the filtrate added
few drops of BaCl2
solution.
Confirmatory test for acid radical
BaCl2 test
Boiled small amount of a
salt with dil.HCl in a test
White precipitate formed
tube. Filtered the contents SO42- confirmed
insoluble in dil.HCl
and to the filtrate added
few drops of BaCl2
solution.

Lead Acetate Test

A White Ppt is formed
To a Part aqueous solution
which is soluble in SO42- confirmed
of the
excess of hot
Chemical Equation :-

BaCl2 test

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 -------> BaSO4 ↓ + 2NaCl

White

Lead Acetate Test

Na2SO4 +Pb(CH3COO)2 ------->PbSO4 ↓ + 2CH3COONa

Identification of basic radical

NaOH test
12 Heated a pinch of salt with No ammonia gas evolved NH4+ absent
conc.NaOH solution

Preparation of original salt solution

Prepared original salt solution by dissolving a pinch of salt in 10 to15mL of distilled water or
dil.HCl or conc.HCl, cold or hot. Label it original solution (O.S).

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

Group separation
a) To a few drops of the
original solution added No Brown precipitate Group zero absent
13
1mL of Nessler’s reagent formed (NH4+ absent)
and excess of NaOH
solution
b) To a few drops of the
Group I absent
original solution added No precipitate formed
(Pb2+absent)
2mL of dil.HCl.

c) To a few drops of the

original solution added Group II absent
No precipitate formed
2mL of dilHCl and then (Cu2+absent)
passed H2S gas

d) To a few drops of the

original solution Group III absent.
No precipitate formed
added1mL of NH4Cl and (Al3+absent)
2ml of NH4OH.

e) To a few drops of the

original solution added1
Dull white precipitate Group IV present
mL of NH4Cl and 2mL of
formed (Zn2+ present)
NH4OH and then
passedH2S gas.

Confirmatory test for basic radical

 A)NaOH Test
Dissolved the above dull
white precipitate in dil.
White precipitate formed,
HCl. Boils off H2S. Zn2+confirmed
soluble in excess of
Divided the solution into
NaOH
two parts
a) To one part added
NaOH solution drop wise.
c) Pottasium
ferrocynanide test
To another part, added Bluish white Zn2+confirmed
potassium Ferrocyanide
solution.

Chemical Equation :-
The Precipitate of ZnS obtained in Group IV is white.
The white ppt. Of ZnS dissolves in dil.HCl and H2S is boiled off.

ZnS+ 2HCl -------> ZnCl2 +H2S ↑

A) NaOH Test

ZnCl2 +2NaOH ------> Zn(OH)2 ↓ +2NaCl

White ppt
Zn(OH)2 +2NaOH -------> Na2ZnO2 +2H2O
Soluble

B)Pottasium ferrocynanide test

2ZnCl2 +K4[FeCN)6] -----------> Zn2[Fe(CN)6] ↓ +4KCl

White or Bluish white ppt

Result:
The given simple salt is : Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4)
Acid radical: SO42-
Basic radical: Zn2+
SYSMETIC ANALYSE OF SIMPLE SALT -VII
Preliminary tests
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Physical examination
a) Noted the colour of the White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ absent
salt
1
b) Noted the smell of the Smell like that of rotten
S2- may be present.
salt eggs.
2 Dry Heating test
 Heated a pinch of the salt
in a dry test tube and noted
the following
observations:
a) Gas evolved C2O42-, CO32-, NO3-
No gas evolved.
absent.
b) Sublimation Ammonium chloride,
No sublimate formed.
iodide may be absent.
c) Decrepitation No cracking sound Lead nitrate, Barium
observed. nitrate absent.
d)Colour of the residue Yellow when hot and white
Zn2+may be present.
when cold
Flame test
Prepared a paste of the salt Green flashes seen with
3 Zn2+may be present.
with Conc.HCl and naked eye
performed flame test.

Ash test
Mixed a pinch of the salt
with Cobalt Nitrate and
4 Green Ash Zn2+may be present.
Con.HNO3 make a paste
dip in filter paper and
show in flame

Dil HCl Test

5 A pinch of salt is added No Brisk effervescence CO32- absent
with dil.HCl

Identification of acid radical

S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Dil sulphuric acid test Colourless gas with smell
Treated a pinch of the salt like that of rotten eggs
6 S2- present.
With dil H2SO4 and which turns lead acetate
warmed. paper black.
Con sulphuric acid test
Heated a pinch of the salt No reddish brown gas
7 NO3- may be absent.
with Con sulphuric acid evolved
KMnO4 test
To a pinch of the salt
Cl-, C2O42-, Fe+2may be
8 added dilH2SO4 warm and No decolourisation
absent.
then a drop of KMnO4
solution.
Copper chips test
Heated a pinch of the salt No reddish brown gas
9 with conc. sulphuric acid NO3- may be absent.
evolved.
and a few copper chips.
 MnO2 test
Heated a small quantity of
10 No greenish yellow gas Cl- absent.
the salt with solid
MnO2and Con H2SO4.
BaCl2 test
Boiled small amount of a
salt with dil.HCl in a test
No white precipitate
11 tube. Filtered the contents SO42- absent
formed
and to the filtrate added
few drops of BaCl2
solution.
Confirmatory test for acid radical
Lead acetate test
To a portion of aqueous
solution acidified with Black precipitate is formed S2-confirmed
dil.Acetic acid add lead
acetate solution.
Chemical Equation:-
Lead acetate test

Na2S+ (CH3COO)2Pb --------> PbS +2CH3COONa

Identification of basic radical

NaOH test
12 Heated a pinch of salt with No ammonia gas evolved NH4+ absent
conc.NaOH solution

Preparation of original salt solution

Prepared original salt solution by dissolving a pinch of salt in 10 to15mL of distilled water or
dil.HCl or conc.HCl, cold or hot. Label it original solution (O.S).

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

Group separation
a) To a few drops of the
original solution added No Brown precipitate Group zero absent
13
1mL of Nessler’s reagent formed (NH4+ absent)
and excess of NaOH
solution
b) To a few drops of the
Group I absent
original solution added No precipitate formed
(Pb2+absent)
2mL of dil.HCl.

c) To a few drops of the

original solution added Group II absent
No precipitate formed
2mL of dilHCl and then (Cu2+absent)
passed H2S gas
 d)To a few drops of the
original solution added Group III absent.
No precipitate formed
1mL of NH4Cl and 2ml of (Al3+absent)
NH4OH.
e) To a few drops of the
original solution added
Dull white precipitate Group IV present
1mL of NH4Cl and 2mL of
formed (Zn2+ present)
NH4OH and then
passedH2S gas.
Confirmatory test for basic radical
Dissolved the above dull
white precipitate in dil.
HCl. Boils off H2S.
White precipitate formed,
Divided the solution into Zn2+confirmed
soluble in excess of NaOH
two parts
a) To one part added
NaOH solution dropwise.
b) To another part, added
potassium ferrocyanide Bluish white Zn2+confirmed
solution.
Chemical Equation :-
The Precipitate of ZnS obtained in Group IV is white.
The white ppt. Of ZnS dissolves in dil.HCl and H2S is boiled off.

ZnS+ 2HCl -------> ZnCl2 +H2S ↑

B) NaOH Test

ZnCl2 +2NaOH ------> Zn(OH)2 ↓ +2NaCl

White ppt
Zn(OH)2 +2NaOH -------> Na2ZnO2 +2H2O
Soluble

B)Pottasium ferrocynanide test

2ZnCl2 +K4[FeCN)6] -----------> Zn2[Fe(CN)6] ↓ +4KCl

White or Bluish white ppt

Result:
The given simple salt is : Zinc Sulphide (ZnS)
Acid radical: S2-
Basic radical: Zn2+
 SYSMETIC ANALYSE OF SIMPLE SALT -VIII
Preliminary tests
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Physical examination
a) Noted the colour of the White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ absent
salt
1
b) Noted the smell of the NH4+, S2-, CH3COO-
No specific odour Absent.
salt
Dry Heating test
Heated a pinch of the salt in
a dry test tube and noted
the following observations:

a) Gas evolved
Greenish yellow gas
evolved which turn starch Cl- may be present.
iodide paper blue
2
b) Sublimation Ammonium chloride, iodide
No sublimate formed.
may be absent.
c) Decrepitation No cracking sound Lead nitrate, Barium nitrate
observed. absent.
d)Colour of the residue
White residue, glows on
Ba2+, Mg2+ may be present.
heating

Flame test
Persistent grassy green
Prepared a paste of the salt
3 flame On prolonged
with Conc.HCl and Ba2+ present.
heating.
performed flame test.

Dil HCl Test

4 A pinch of salt is added No Brisk effervescence CO32- absent
with dil.HCl

Ash test
Mixed a pinch of the salt
with Cobalt Nitrate and No characteristic coloured Zn2+, Mg2+, Al3+ may be
5
Con.HNO3 make a paste ash. absent
dip in filter paper and show
in flame
 Identification of acid radical
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Dil sulphuric acid test
Treated a pinch of the
6 No gas evolved CO32-,S2-absent.
saltWith dil H2SO4 and
warmed.
Con sulphuric acid test
No reddish brown gas
7 Heated a pinch of the salt NO3- may be absent.
evolved
with Con sulphuric acid
KMnO4 test
To a pinch of the salt added Cl-, C2O42-, Fe+2 may be
8 KMnO4 decolourised
dil.H2SO4 warm and then a present..
drop of KMnO4 solution.
Copper chips test
Heated a pinch of the salt No reddish brown gas
9 NO3- may be absent.
with conc. sulphuric acid evolved.
and a few copper chips.
MnO2 test
Greenish yellow gas
Heated a small quantity of
10 evolved which turn starch Cl-present.
the salt with solid MnO2and
iodide paper blue.
Con H2SO4.
BaCl2 test
Boiled small amount of a
salt with dil.HCl in a test No white precipitate
11 SO42-absent
tube. Filtered the contents formed
and to the filtrate added few
drops of BaCl2 solution.
Confirmatory test for acid radical
a) Chromyl chloride Test
Mix a small quantity of the Red vapours evolved into
salt with a small amount of the gas detector containing
powdered potassium NaOH solution. To the
dichromate. Take the yellow solution thus Cl- confirmed
mixture in a test tube and obtained, add dil. acetic
add conc.H2SO4. Heat the acid and lead acetate
test tube solution

b) Silver nitrate test

Acidify a portion of
A white precipitate is
aqueous solution with conc.
formed which is soluble in Cl- confirmed
HNO3. Boil for some time,
ammonium hydroxide.
cool and add silver nitrate
solution.
Chemical Equation :-

(c) Chromakey chloride test:-

4NaCl +K2Cr2O7+6H2SO4 --------> 4NaHSO4+2KHSO4+2CrO2Cl2 +3H2O

CrO2Cl2 +4NaOH -----> Na2CrO4 +2H2O +2NaCl

Na2CrO4 +(CH3COO)2Pb -----> PbCrO4 ↓ +2CH3COONa

(Yellow ppt)

(d) Silver Nitrate Test

NaCl + AgNO3 ----> AgCl + NaNO3

White ppt

AgCl + 2NH4OH -----> [Ag(NH3)2]Cl +2H2O

Soluble Complex

Identification of basic radical

NaOH test
12 Heated a pinch of salt with No ammonia gas evolved NH4+ absent
conc.NaOH solution

Preparation of original salt solution

Prepared original salt solution by dissolving a pinch of salt in 10 to15mL of distilled water or
dil.HCl or conc.HCl, cold or hot. Label it original solution (O.S).

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

Group separation
a) To a few drops of the
original solution added 1 No Brown precipitate Group zero absent
13
mL of Nessler’s reagent formed ( NH4+ absent)
and excess of NaOH
solution
b) To a few drops of the
Group I absent
original solution added No precipitate formed
(Pb2+absent)
2mL of dil.HCl.
c) To a few drops of the
original solution added Group II absent
No precipitate formed
2mL of dil.HCl and then (Cu2+absent)
passed H2S gas
d) To a few drops of the
original solution added Group III absent.
No precipitate formed
1mL of NH4Cl and 2ml of (Al3+absent)
NH4OH.
e) To a few drops of the
original solution added Group IV absent
1mL of NH4Cl and 2mL of No precipitate formed (Zn2+absent)
NH4OH and then
passedH2S gas.
 f) To a few drops of the
original solution added
1mL of NH4Cl, 2mL of Group V present
White precipitate formed
NH4OH and 2mL of (Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ present)
saturated solution of
(NH4)2CO3
Confirmatory test for basic radical
a) Potassium chromate
test
To a few drops of the
Yellow precipitate obtained Ba2+confirmed
original solution added 2 to
3 drops of potassium
chromate solution.
b) Flame test
Persistent grassy green
Prepared a paste of the salt
flame On prolonged Ba2+confirmed
with Conc.HCl and
heating.
performed flame test.
Chemical Equation :-

White ppt .of Barium carbonate dissolves in hot dilute acetic acid.

BaCO3 +2CH3COOH -------------> (CH3COO)2Ba +CO2 +H2O

a) Potassium chromate test

(CH3COO)2Ba +K2CrO4 ----------> 2CH3COOK +BaCrO4 ↓

Yellow ppt.

Result:
The given simple salt is : Barium chloride (BaCl2)
Acid radical: Cl-

Basic radical: Ba2+

 SYSMETIC ANALYSE OF SIMPLE SALT -IX

Preliminary tests
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Physical examination
a) Noted the colour of the White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ absent
salt
1
b) Noted the smell of the NH4+, S2-, CH3COO-
No specific odour Absent.
salt
Dry Heating test
Heated a pinch of the salt in
a dry test tube and noted
the following observations:

a) Gas evolved
A colourless, odourless gas
evolved which turned lime CO32-may be present.
water milky.
2
b) Sublimation Ammonium chloride, iodide
No sublimate formed.
may be absent.
c) Decrepitation No cracking sound Lead nitrate, Barium nitrate
observed. absent.
d)Colour of the residue
White residue, glows on
Ca2+, Mg2+ may be present.
heating

Flame test
Prepared a paste of the salt
3 Brick red flame Ca2+present
with Conc.HCl and
performed flame test.

Dil HCl Test

4 A pinch of salt is added Brisk effervescence CO32- may be present
with dil.HCl
 Ash test
Mixed a pinch of the salt
with Cobalt Nitrate and No characteristic coloured Zn2+, Mg2+, Al3+ may be
5
Con.HNO3 make a paste ash. absent
dip in filter paper and show
in flame

Identification of acid radical

S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Dil sulphuric acid test Colourless, odourless gas
Treated a pinch of the salt evolved with brisk
6 CO32- present.
With dil H2SO4 and effervescence, turned lime
warmed. water milky.
Con sulphuric acid test
Heated a pinch of the salt No reddish brown gas
7 NO3- may be absent.
with Con sulphuric acid evolved

KMnO4 test
To a pinch of the salt added Cl-, C2O42-, Fe2+may be
8 No decolourisation
dilH2SO4 warm and then a absent.
drop of KMnO4 solution.
Copper chips test
Heated a pinch of the salt No reddish brown gas
9 with conc. sulphuric acid NO3- may be absent.
evolved.
and a few copper chips.

MnO2 test
Heated a small quantity of
10 No greenish yellow gas Cl- absent.
the salt with solid MnO2and
Con H2SO4.
BaCl2 test
Boiled small amount of a
salt with dil.HCl in a test No white precipitate
11 SO42-absent
tube. Filtered the contents formed
and to the filtrate added few
drops of BaCl2 solution.

Confirmatory test for acid radical

(a) Shook a pinch of the Insoluble carbonate
Salt did not dissolve.
salt with water indicated.
 (b) To the salt added Brisk effervescence with
dil.HCl evolution of colourless, Insoluble carbonate
odourless gas which lime confirmed.
water turned milky.

Chemical Reaction :-

CaCO3 +2HCl ---------> CaCl2 +CO2 +H2O

Ca(OH)2 +CO2 ----------> CaCO3 + H2O

Lime water Milkiness

Identification of basic radical

NaOH test
12 Heated a pinch of salt with No ammonia gas evolved NH4+ absent
conc.NaOH solution

Preparation of original salt solution

Prepared original salt solution by dissolving a pinch of salt in 10 to15mL of distilled water or
dil.HCl or conc.HCl, cold or hot. Label it original solution (O.S).

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

Group separation
a) To a few drops of the
original solution added No Brown precipitate Group zero absent
13
1mL of Nessler’s reagent formed ( NH4+ absent)
and excess of NaOH
solution
b) To a few drops of the
Group I absent
original solution added No precipitate formed
(Pb2+absent)
2mL of dil.HCl.
c) To a few drops of the
original solution added Group II absent
No precipitate formed
2mL of dilHCl and then (Cu2+absent)
passed H2S gas
d) To a few drops of the
original solution added Group III absent.
No precipitate formed
1mL of NH4Cl and 2ml of (Al3+absent)
NH4OH.
e) To a few drops of the
original solution added Group IV absent
1mL of NH4Cl and 2mL of No precipitate formed (Zn2+absent)
NH4OH and then
passedH2S gas.
 f) To a few drops of the
original solution added
1mL of NH4Cl,2mL of Group V present
White precipitate formed
NH4OH and 2mL of (Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ present)
saturated solution of
(NH4)2CO3

Confirmatory test for basic radical

a) Ammonium oxalate test
To a few drops of the
original solution added 2
to 3 drops of Ammonium Ca2+confirmed
oxalate solution. Add a White precipitate obtained
little ammonium hydroxide
to it and scratch the sides
b) Flame test
Prepared a paste of the salt
Brick red flame Ca2+confirmed
with Conc.HCl and
performed flame test.

Chemical Reaction :-

White ppt. Of calcium carbonate dissolves in hot dil.acetic acid.

CaCO3 + 2CH3COOH ---------> (CH3COO)2Ca +CO2 ↑ +H2O

Ammnium oxalate Test:

(CH3COO)2Ca +(NH4)2C2O4 -------->2CH3COONH4 +CaC2O4 ↓

Result:
The given simple salt is : Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
Acid radical: CO32-
Basic radical: Ca2+