0% found this document useful (0 votes)
71 views16 pagesChap8 Binomial Theorem
Uploaded by
Manli RanCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
71 views16 pagesChap8 Binomial Theorem
Uploaded by
Manli RanCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 16
The binomial
theorem
Contents: A_ Binomial expansions
B The binomial theorem for n € Z+
€ The binomial theorem for n € Q 194 THE BINOMIAL THEOREM (Chapter §)
OPENING PROBLEM
‘The cube alongside has sides of length (a+b) em. Its
volume is (a +b)* em,
The cube has been subdivided into smaller blocks by
making 3 cuts parallel to the eube’s surfaces as shown.
‘Things to think about:
a How many blocks have been created?
b How many blocks are:
I abyabya
Hi abyabyb
iii aby bbyd
b by b by b?
© By adding the volumes of the blocks, can you write an expression which is equivalent to
(a+b)?
ANIMATION
The sum a@ +b is called a binomial as it contains two terms.
‘Any expression of the form (a+ 6)” is called a power of a binomial.
We are already familiar with the perfect square expansion (a +)® =a? +2ab+ 6%,
In this Chapter we study how (a +)" is expanded for other powers.
SIONS
The following algebraic expansion for (a-+5)* should confirm your result from the Opening Problem:
(a+b)? = (a+b)(a +b)?
= (a+b)(a*+2ab +0) — {pefect square expansion}
a + 20% + ab?
+ ab + 2ab? + b8
+3a7b+3ab? +65 {collecting like terms}
‘The binomial expansion of (a + b)® is a® + 3a + 3ab? +b%.
INVESTIGATION 1
What to do:
1 Expand (a+b)! using (a +)! = (a +0)(a+0)*.
2 Hence expand (a-+6)° using (a+6)° =(a+b)(a+b)4. ‘THE BINOMIAL THEOREM (Chapter 8) __ 195
3 The cubie expansion (a +})® = a3 + 3a7b + 3ab? +08 contains 4 terms. They are written in
order so that the powers of a decrease. We observe that their coefficients are: 1 3 3° 1
‘@ With the terms written in this order, what happens to the powers of b?
b Does the pattern in a continue for the expansions of (a+)* and (a+)?
€ Use your results to continue this
pattern of coefficients up to the
case n= 5.
‘4 The triangle of numbers we are considering is called Paseal’s triangle.
a How can each row of Pascal's triangle be predicted from the previous one?
& Predict the elements of the 6th row of Pascal’s triangle.
¢ Hence write down the binomial expansion of (a + b)°®
Check your result algebraically using (a +6)° = (a +6)(a+0)°.
From the Investigation, you should have observed that in Bae row 1
Pascal's triangle: 121 row 2
‘the values on the end of each row are always 1 1 3 1 row 3
‘each of the remaining values is found by adding the rissa? uey teuay eiaert row 4
two values diagonally above NANNY NY
1 ‘sid 1's 1 rows
‘You should have also found that (a + 6)! = a + 4a*b + 6a7b? + 4ab* + b4
= ab? + 403d! + Gab? + ald? + ab!
Notice that:
‘* As we look from left to right across the expansion, the powers of a decrease by 1, while the powers
of b increase by 1.
© The sum of the powers of a and 6 in each term of the expansion is 4.
* The number of terms in the expansion is 4+1=65.
‘* The coefficients of the terms are row 4 of Pascal’s triangle.
For the binomial expansion of (a +5)" where n © N:
‘* As we look from left to right across the expansion, the powers of a decrease by 1, while the
powers of b increase by 1.
‘© The sum of the powers of a and b in each term of the expansion is n.
‘© The number of terms in the expansion is n +1.
‘The coefficients of the terms are row n of Pascal’s triangle. Btu Cats
Use (a +b)® =a + 302+ 3ab? + 6° to find the binomial expansion of
(27 +3) (2-5)
In the expansion of (a +8)° we substitute a = (2r) and b= (3).
(2x + 3)5 = (2x) + 3(2x)?(3) + 3(2x)*(3)? + (3)°
= 82° + 3627 + 54x + 27
We substitute a= (z) and b= (—5).
(a —5)* = (2)® + 3(@)?(—5) + 3()(—5)? + (5)?
a — 15a? + 75x — 125 re eee
Grce DRTC
Find the:
A 2
5th row of Pascal’s triangle binomial expansion of (= = =)
iil the Ist row, for (a+b)!
fee
Tiers eS
14641
1 5 10 10 5 1+— the 5th row, for (a+b)®
Using the coefficients obtained in a, (a +6)° = a5 + 5a%b + 10a°b? + 10070 + Sab* + BP
Letting @
EXERCISE 8A
Use the binomial expansion of (a +b)* to expand and simplify:
(+ay* (r+
(2+2)5 (4-2) (3e -1)8
(2x + 5)8 @-13 (2a —b)*
wen! (o-3) (3) ‘THE BINOMIAL THEOREM (Chapter 8) 197
2
a
d
9
2 a
Use (a +b)" =a! +4a%b + 6076? + 4ab* +0! to expand and simplify:
(te)! b (x-2/! « (3-2)!
(1+ 22)4 e (2c~3)! f (20 +b)*
(e+4) h (xr-4)' 1 @+yat
Expand and simplify:
i (ay? ii (a0)!
Compare the expansions in a with those of (a+)® and (a +6)‘. Discuss the signs of the
corresponding terms.
Write down the 5th row of Pascal’s triangle,
Hence copy and complete: (a +5)° =
Find the binomial expansion of:
i (+2) i (w@—2y)® ii (1+22)°
5 @ Write down the 6th row of Pascal's triangle.
b Hence copy and complete: (a + b)° =
© Find the binomial expansion of:
16
i (@w+2° li Qe-1)6 iii («+4)
6 Expand and simplify:
a (1+v2)* & (v5+2)' « (-v3)°
7a Expand (2+2)8 b Hence find the value of (2.01).
8 Expand and simplify (2x +3)(x + 1)4
9 Find the coefficient of:
2 ab? in the expansion of (32+ b)® bab in the expansion of (20+ 36)°
ACTIVITY
Suppose “shallow diagonals” are drawn on Pascal’s
triangle as shown alongside:
by your answers to 1? Can you explain why this
occurs?
What to do: —
1. Find the sum of the numbers in each diagonal, ce
2 Do you recognise the sequence of numbers formed 15 w 10
16 1 20 1 6 198 THE BINOMIAL THEOREM (Chapter 8)
(E) THE BIWoMiaL THEOREM FoR n <7
For higher powers of a binomial, generating rows of Pascal’s triangle by hand is very tedious. To
efficiently expand (a +0)", we need a general formula for each term of the expansion.
INVESTIGATION 2
Consider the expansion of (a +8)" = (a +6)(a+8)(a+6)...(a+6).
What to do:
1. Suppose you expanded the brackets completely without simplifying “like” terms, How many
terms would there be?
2 Each of these terms is generated by selecting one term, either a or b, from each of the n sets of
brackets.
a Ifb is chosen r times, how many times is a chosen’?
In how many ways could b be chosen r times from the n sets of brackets?
¢ When you collect the “like” terms, how many terms of the form a”~"b” will there be?
@)
3 a Evaluate this triangle of numbers: (ca
@ @ @ @ @) &)
© Copy and complete: The rth number in the nth row of Pascal’ triangle #8...
From the Investigation, you should have found that:
Pe
# In the expansion of (a-+ 8)", the coefficient of w""by is () = Ty.
(”) is hence called the binomial coefficient.
© (") is the rth number of the nth row of Pascal’s triangle, for ne Zt, reN, r (")(-1)"a"—"" ELL DSi
we
In the expansion of (+4) i.
the coefficient of 2° the constant term.
a=(e), 6= (4), nt n=12
the general term | T;.1 = (72) (2?)!2-" (y
= (2 )a 4
= (22) anata
If 24—3r If 24-3r=0
then 3r = 18 then 3r=24
r r=8
Tr = (2) 4828 Ty = (12)482°
the coefficient of ° is the constant term is
(72) 48 = 3784704. (3)48 = 32440320.
Consider the expansion of (ar + 2)8
Write down the general term of the expansion, Find the coefficient of
Consider the expansion of (xr +b)"
Write down the general term of the expansion,
Find b given that the coefficient of a‘ is —280.
r+a)”
Write down the general term of the expansion,
Find the coefficient of:
2 a a
Consider the expansion of (3
Find the constant term in the expansion of:
(3) (3)
Find the coefficient of:
(@-3)
el” in the expansion of (3+ 2x2) 2° in the expansion of (207
12
ay? in the expansion of (22? — 3y)® !2 in the expansion of (202 - +)
Consider the expression (22y ~ 2y?)®. Find the term in which « and y are raised to the same
power.
The third term of (1+.r)" is 362%. Find n, and hence find the fourth term. ‘THE BINOMIAL THEOREM (Chapter) 201
"
13
4
Find the value of a given:
a the coefficient of xx® in the expansion of (2x +a)® is 448
ve a
the coefficient of 4 in the expansion of (v = £) is 1792
© the fourth term in the expansion of (ax + v2)" is 3027
0
the coefficient of 2" in the expansion of (@ + 4) is 15.
EL | +) Self Tutor |
Find the coefficient of 2° in the expansion of (x +3)(2r— 1).
(w+3)(2x—1)®
= (e+ 3)[(22)° + ({)(22)*(1) + (§) 22)? + --]
= (p+ 3)(2%a8 — (7) 254 + (9) 244 —
t 5 $
So, the terms containing x° are ()2*x° from (1)
and —3(%)2%x° from (2)
the coefficient of x° is ($)24—3({)2° =
Find:
a the coefficient of x in the expansion of (sr + 4)(« —3)°
b the term containing ° in the expansion of (2—<)(3e +1)?
© the coefficient of « in the expansion of @+a(2 22)
the coefficient of 2? in the expansion of (a — 2)?(1— 2x)
6
© the coefficient of ~? in the expansion of («+ 1)* (Z 7 2)
rica
fhe constant em nthe expansion of (22+ 1)" (2-2)
If (1+ kar)" = 1-128 +600? —...., n€ Z+, find the values of k and n.
a Write down the first 5 rows of Pascal’s triangle.
& Find the sum of the numbers in:
i rowl ii row 2 row 3 iv row4d W row 5.
© Copy and complete: “The sum of the numbers in row n of Pascal’s triangle is .
Show that (L+a)"= (5) + ({)at (S)a? +o t (0) amt + (2) a
@ Hence deduce that:
1 ()+G) +) t+ Gs) +) =
(5) — (1) + (2) -G) ++ ae (Q) <0
CSD ECT) ACP tnt Cae
By considering the binomial expansion of (1 +r)", find Src ) 202 _THE BINOMIAL THEOREM _ (Chapter 8)
15 a Write down the first four and last two terms of the binomial expansion (3 +r)"
b Hence simplify 3" + (71) 3" + (3) 3-2 + (4) 3°84 + Bn 41
16 Expand (1+ 2 ~2?)° in ascending powers of « as far as the term containing ar,
17. Prove Pascal’s rule (") +(,",) = (1) forall neZt+, reN, r (")a"-rb"
n(w=1)(n=2)...dn—= 7+ 1)
+ is the binomial coefficient for n wir'
=
ite geometric sequence, we now
have the binomial coefficient (,”,) which varies with each term. However, just as the infinite geometric
nomi be
sequence converges for |r| <1, the binomial expansion converges for || <1
Most importantly, for the series to converge, the terms must become smaller in size as k increases. This,
means that we can approximate the binomial expansion by truncating it at a finite number of terms. Brooes Cats
Consider the binomial expansion of
L
vite
Write down the first 4 terms of the expansion.
State the interval of convergence for the complete expansion,
1
Use the expansion to estimate Check your answer by direct calculation,
The series converges provided |2| <1, which is the interval —2
