Choice of Electrical Drives The choice of electrical drives depends on a number of factors, Some of the important factors are; 1. Steady state operation requirements Nature of speed torque charucteristies, speed regulation, speed range, efficiency, duty cycle, quadrant of operation, speed fluctuation if any, ratings ete. ii, Transient operation requirements Values of acceleration and deceleration, starting, breaking, and reverse performance. ili. Requirements related to the source Type of source and its capacity, magnitude of voltage, voltage fluctuations, power factor, harmonics and their effect on the load, and ability to accept regenerated power. iv. Capital and running costs, maintenance needs, life, ete. v. Space and weight restrictions if any. Vi. Environment and location, vii. Reliability Duty Cyele Duty cyeles encompass the frequency and duration of typical operations. Duty of a motor will indicate load on the motor ineluding no load, rest, and de-energized period. Reviewing these operations helps determine the effeet on motor temperature This informs whether the selected motor suits the application, needs additional cooling like forced ventilation, or requires replacement. The classification of duties on the motor is done in IS standard IS; 325-1970 as follows; i. Continuous Duty ($1) Operation of the motor at constant load to reach steady state temperature* 0 Continuous Duty (S1) Short Time Duty ($2) Operation of the motor at constant load for a short period followed by rest to cool down to the original starting temperature. Short-time duty timings are generally 10, 30, 60, and 90 minutes nt Short Time Duty (S2)*nt Periodic Duty ($3) ‘nee of identical duty cycles each of a constant load and rest. period. The duration ¥y cycle is 10 minutes, Recommer 25, 40, and 60% of the du rnded values of cyclic duration factors are 15, ° Intermiuent Periodie Duty (S3) iv. Intermittent Periodic Duty with Starting (S4) | consist of starting period, constant load period and rest period. The operating and rest Periods are too short to attain thermal equilibrium of motor in one duty cycle ° tS Intermitiens Periodic Dusp with Starting (Sd)¥-_Intermittent Periodie Duty with Starting and Braking (SS) This duty eycle consists of a sequence of idemtical duty cycles each consisting of period of starting, a petiod of operation at constant load, a period of braking. and rest period. Thermal equilibrium isnot reached in none duty cycle. Braking is done electrically and is rapid. = Antermitten: Periodic Duty with Starting and Braking (SS) vi. Continuous Duty with Intermittent Periodic Loading ($6) This is a sequence of identical duty cycles cach consisting of a period of operation at constant load and a period of operation at no load. Thermal equilibrium is not reached in one duty cycle. Cycle duration factors are 15, 25, 40, and 60%. vii. Continuous Duty with Starting and Braking (S7) This consists of a period of operation at constant load and a period of electric braking. No rest period viii. Continuous Duty with Periodic Speed Change (S8) This is a sequence of identical duty cycles each consisting of a period of operation at a constant load corresponding to a determined speed of rotation, followed immediately by aPeriod of ©Peration at another load corresponding to a different speed of rotation. There is ho rest period. Types of Loads While selectin, f mi Tecting suitable motors for industrial application, a general understanding of the mechanical and elec elemer ni f racteri chanical and electrical elements and a knowledge of load and motor characteristics is essential, There are two basic considerations in getting the motor drive load started ~ the speed-torque characteristics of both load and motor and Wk*. Many loads need variable torque, while others Tequire constant torque or constant power. Some loads can be started unloaded while others must be started on full load. W have high Wk* characteristics. or inertia problem will be lacking in some loads while some loads will To select the correct type of motor for a particular application, information on the following points must be available i. The inertia of the connected load referred to the motor shaft. ii, Kw of the load and the length of time required for each period of running. iii, Time-consuming in standing idle iv. Number of starts, stops, reversals, etc. diagram of duty cycle v. Type of braking used for stopping vi. Relation between load torque and speed vii, Other requirements such as high torque, space limitations, high ambient temperature, etc. Classification of Loads with Respect to Time The loads are classified with respect to time as follows. i. Continuous and constant loads The loads on the motor operate for a long time under the same conditions. Ex: fan, compressors, conveyors. centrifugal pumps. ete. ii, Continuous and variable loads The load on the motor operates repetitively for a longer duration but varies continuously over a period, Ex: metal cutting lathes, hoist winches, conveyors, ete, iii, Pulsating loadsThe load on He lon an the motor can he viewed us cemstan! Hanae np A VAtinT Haren wipperiinprawed ty pulsations $7 tile looms, recipes LOCATE PUMPS, COHN LypieN af lente With coMkehutle, Frame wv, 21 iy Impact ton The load on the Had on the motor haw reyular and repetitive land pranka en pulies, be the lead were 11 maximum evel muddenty, Hx rolling nnifia, showing mnehines, ele V. Short-time intermittent loads The load on the mo he Joad on the motor occurs periodically in an ideation! duty cycle, em b duty «yee bwin, a period of application of load and reat Hx Heller tntinn, erin, heating ries hanes, ee Mi. Short-time loads The load on the motor occurs periodically remaine constant for a short tine and then ernton is, ned fut remains idle or off for a longer time. Fae servemnotors, motor ye charging batteries, drilling machines, ote Classification of Loads with Respect to Duty Cycle There are three basic classifications of dutics of an cleetric motor ‘They are: i. Continuous duty eyele ii, Short-time duty eyele. iii, Intermittent duty cycle. Continuous Duty Cycle Continuous duty is the duty when the on-period is so Fong that the motor attains a steatly-sate ) withwtand momentary overload capacity temperature rise, The motor so selected should be abl uve it will be operating almost at its full load and This type of motor will have high efficieney becau also have a good power factor. ‘There are mainly two types of continuous duly cycle. They are: i. Continuous duty at constant load cycle ii, Continuous duty at variable load eyele In continuous duty with a constant load cyele, the inst time for continuous duty iy shown in a figure below foad torque remains constant for a sufficiently Jonger period, ‘The variation of torque agiTime —> Continuous duty load Continuous Duty with Constant Load tc. in which continuous duty at constant load occurs. Ex: Conveyors, compressors, fans, the load on the motor is not constant, but it has In continuous duty with a variable load cycle, several phases in one cycle. The variation of load against time for the variable load cycle is shown, ina figure below. The selection of a motor for this type of duty involves thermal calculation, which is a difficult task. The motors operating for such type of duties will have poor efficiency and also poor power factor. — E35 Tm? ——— Continuous duty with variable load “The selection of motor for this type of duty may be based on average power or average current method.Short-time Duty In this type of duty, the load occurs on the motor during a small interval and remains idle for a Jong time to re-e cc: r me time Lo re-establish the equality of temperature with the cooling medium, The variation of the load against time for short-time duty is shown in a figure below. Load cycle for short-time duty Usually, such type of short-time duty occurs in bridges, lock gates, and some other household appliances such as mixes. Intermittent Duty The duty in which load on the motor varics periodically in a sequence of identical cycles shown ina figure below, in which the motor is loaded for sometimes ‘ton’ and shut off for a period of ‘off phe Load Teco} Torr n we +— dutyee ——-+] + Time Load cycle for intermittent dutyMotor heats during ‘on* ton® NNN “OR” period ‘ton’ und cools down during ‘of period ‘tof, The rato of ‘on’ {0 (ton + t0fF is known as duty ratio Duty falio = a (tty) The maximum temperature attained with intermittent loading can be obtained by using the temperature rise and cooling equations of the motor and is given as follows. Let 0h, @n 1, Oh 2, ...8h n=1 be the temperature rise and be the fall in temperature for ‘n’ times intermitteney. Let 1 be the duration of heating in seconds, 2 be the duration of cooling in seconds, tm be the heating time constant in seeonds. xC be the cooling time constant in seconds, and Of be the maximum permissible temperature raise of motor. Classification of Loads with Respect to Torque Torque can be either active or passive The active torques are due to gravitational force or deformation in elastic bodies, The active torques continue to act in the same direction even alter the direction of the drive or motion is reversed. The examples of active torques ure due to gravitation pull in the case of lifts and traction Jocomotives running up the gradient These passive torques are due to friction or due to shear and deformation in inelastic bodies. Passive torques always oppose motion even if the direction of the drive changes. When the direction of motion changes, the sense of this type of torque also changes. The example of passive torques is due to friction while lifting up und lowering the weight Load Torques Varying with Time i. Constant continuous load; Loads operating continuously for the sume loading conditions for a long time{1 Continuous, variable foods; The loads vary and have a duty cycle 4th, Pulsating loads; Loads of machines with crunkshatte Impact loads; Regular repetitive load peu Shor-time intermittent loads, e y. cranes Short time loads; Loads occurring for a short time uch as in rolling mills, forging hammers, ete Load Torques Varying with Speed i, Load torques that are independent of speed; e.g. cranes ji, Load torques that are proportional to the speed? ‘ih, Load torques which are proportional to speed or inversely proportional to speed ~ iv Load torques that are proportional to speed - ‘5 Speed torque charscteristies of the load must be known to calculate acceleration time accurately and to select the proper type of motor to suit the load qT ‘