INDEX 1, CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE 2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3. AIM OF PROJECT 4. INTRODUCTION 5. THEORY 6 7 8 9 _ APPARATUS REQUIRED . PROCEDURE FOLLOWED . USES OF TRANSFORMERS . CONCLUSION 10. PRECAUTIONS 11, SOURCES OF ERROR 12. BIBILIOGRAPHYCERTIFICATE This is Certify that Snehasish Mondal a Student of Class XII has completed the research on the mentioned below project under the guidance of Ramkrishna Patra( subject teacher) during the year 2023-24. During the partiall fulfilment of physics practical Examination Signature of External examiner Signature of Physics teacherACKNOWLEDGEMENT Primarily | would like to thanks our subject teacher for giving us such a wonderful project. Then | would like to thanks my parents and friends who have helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been helpful in various phases of the completion of the project. Snehasish MondalAIM OF THE PROJECT To investigate the relation between the ratio of — 1. Input and output voltage. 2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made transformer.INTRODUCTI The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa. A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.fis induced in the neighboring coil. A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low and high current circuit. As such transformers. are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size may be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones. In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts, A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step- up transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer. Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low current circuits.THEORY When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and dip / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this instant, we have Ep = -Np dqb/dt (1) and Es =-Ns dip/dt (2) Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get Fs / Ep =-Ns/Np (3) As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil isdue to the difference (E - Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance 0, p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by Ip=E-Ep/Rp E-Ep=IpRp Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f Hence equation 3 can be written as Es/Ep=Es/E = output e.m.f/ input e.m.f =Ns/Np=K Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio. =2-4 STEP UP TRANSFORMER Es > Eso K > 1, hence Ns > Np As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip . Current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is higher. Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio. Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio. Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & step down transformer steps up the current.EPPICIEMY Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power. ie. 1 = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses. nei But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than one. 2k, + W losses input V cost, efficiency = 1 - LR, Ww q=1- 1. Vicosb, Vi I,cost, differentiating above equation with respect to I an R, dl,” “Vic0s a 1 will be maximum at =z 0 Hence efficiency 9 will be maximum at R Ww Vics, Vi Acos IR, Ww Virco, Virco) 12R, = WENERGY LOSSES Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer: 1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting wires, 2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores. 3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations, Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of $182 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2. 4, Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it. 5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformerILLUSTRATION Step Up Transformer Primary Soconamry WA "S aun 4 Step up Iron transformer core \y Electricity Primary Secondary Electricity in —> Call Col —> out (input) (outpat)PROCEDURE FOLLOWED 1.Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer. 2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down transformer. 3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively. 4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through sland s2. 5, Now connect sland s2to A.C main and again measure voltage and current through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer. 6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.USES OF TRANSFORMERS 1. In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner, etc. 2. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes. 3. A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current. 4. A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and NEON advertisement. 5. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power supplies. 6. Transformers are used in the transmi: distances. ions of a.c. over long 7. Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etcLUSIO) 1, The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage 2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage 3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.PRECAUTIONS 1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage. 2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should remain constant. SOURCES OF ERROR 1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect. 2. Eddy current can change the readings.BIBILIOGRAPHY 1) NCERT textbook class 12 2) NCERT physics lab Manuel 3) INTERNET 4) www.yahoo.com 5) www.scribd.com 6) www.google.com