Bernie” Ve
4
Aefmlon of cenlionuum bern Contin fd
Flo) clustily « o
9—by clement? Vm Gn &
Of tui! Beano Y Vara bl
Cont nuyen density
b= Chulatid clendilh Yerewo
Og te elena} Vine
Flat 9 Cer
"fal
FX wre thowd the Limilr
MheyeSeopre Un cerlaini
Moclardeopre
Lancrhi
XN
whee Ke clanily on enlealodtis! frm — 0?
anileclay moo rm sth 3 4 PV Vilame Sy o>
pleted Vir bus the arco Va ahead een fol
vilume Sf bel cahrel omndbenlbre Variations mou, be
wwpelael” and chore prhich oggngate vei along rare be
waperliok Te oli SF a Hlisel Obed cbstind ac
Sa hi om
Syoof Sv Theseore athe ganallust chore 4 Ax thet pevomits, meecroscep
propely Se Py Meee eco perforn some
¥ arithencké to que the ovclw oh Ca a % ay.
a an ensemble 4h, \o* ox omore erlov | onolecules
les
YW Cony clucd pui teble fo" lef inry omaevo $Copre prop
2 S&S oy
S average ov more then
Ponaero
milion aterm | mollis.
“The once four aty man unos moral temp 9 pra. n
aroun — Jy mismo. Venton, m a cule Volume J),
-%
of 3
10 “enon X10 Pmm KIO mm, Hen woulslhe [eoxioorled = 10 °oms
armmbleenles
=> ay xy jo Tan’ for aly unda. Normal T, p
# Typ ca for Liquitls the mean Aree pate VS small thon
thet 4or ta and ay” aN A even smally fron
VO? nar ines the macro propuvti 4 can be lef incl al each point a
the space occu pee by the flusil, pois lence be 4 torlenous
olistri bulion h mac TOScop ie pre pais ina dhe fle
A Treatment a duu aha collective & continous olistribuilion
ON aot vO ee WB veferrecl Took fre concept 4, lonkimvwm .
Validity A the continvom concept .
The valictily othe comtinoom comer sls onan fact whet
the Size dy the Venibiry emcemble AY 1s small enough
qo be dreatol gaa point -
This mm deer clepencls on
1) The oneany free fa aN
2) The ghyseal sine dytht system umaba caniiclerabion
TT
conn gy fa 1B mm* ayn
Orolmm—| k Knudsen Numb: .
‘(nhego) A e Men nek ie
é Sytlem chow: dimension
Fluic particle: The point Ble, Lenidiiy ensemnlele of atoms fale
that 4 employt be dip ine the onacyos cope propati
aa =a
uae
Applyiry Newtons 2° Law ft dud mat ( shown hetehel)
USY dhe KYZ drome.
& —bR as +((i (43 ov = (fs (Frye * a,
Pop = a
tsa + haga
= {cubs aa
ot (uy (-# + fee
Gime limits oe arbitnory = Ra
An inn poston! fons dy % O that isobaric suvfaus
AN net | tothe: body force, bid “to <}
Now body free dus to gravity ' fb = “gk
Theft (-gh-*)
peer body fore.
Choosny the XYZ, puck treat @ hs im one ofthe
Coorcli nate aia
a » i
G= On +AU
ae Sh t(-gh -ect -eck )
Se ara eats Geez k)
eae ace ab
me ae? a > bere)
Ob =e (an
& 2 -$ (a. +4)
SP = Gy ae
Ob j
Ineo, Se) =
=>) bez) = = ta, ( y Surf Rs
ys
Slope of fru swipe cary Nobario suvface)
GOR = ob ynre oh
dp ‘ ie
dz. “Hox
|
eee eee)
he
b
- Bh
Se $(aa+q)
Tb. dv =o ee
Z
Doronal tothe
oar fa
tangent Veeder tothe
Ho bart surface
drow ef
Fos inolig fr serfs (Lohan sxfpet
Wh.dy =o
‘
b
Beeler 2-24 8
od 2p q 29
ee v
a 9 prs hols Ry
Atbitnory Rotation Ars.
iB
OF Hut Wrtainel In 4 Oealeol container,
me
horeti
OP RLS can be aybitmri ly orlentcol. 4 2
: 1
~Vb4 tr: sfoxi xn] <0) x y
.,% re,
TU 7 Bs wot e\emik —C2) %
XR = (ils wy] s wek)y (yds Yj +2k)
= Yu, k ~ w2) ~Xwyk +2) +X we) -Yuab
> (Zwy-Yu,)t (ia Ben) } +(Y¥ toy - Xwy) 263)
HER) = (Lay h hyde wah i= to)
5 (Xere iy —Zawe)k ~ (Yua,d ~Xedetoy)?
+(Ya, Wy — X boy» 2
fs
x
k ~
k
+ (2 wy ty ~ Yeo)
)
)
~(Z ay?~ Ywy ds)
\p = Cub oe
= = [Xue ee) + Yor, + Zw, wa ]L Ee
[Xeaty —V (ae rag) + Zloyure] ) +
ee + Yay we 14
From (1) ama (4)
Ub = 6G~a)
S SLX (uy +02) - Yu
+ SLY (cox? +04 )- X
alt ~4FE (ue +
4 Rotation axrs RS
Vb= Sfxue]2+¢[Yurlf +$f-g?k -(
db
ee ser ae Dae us
vs ws) oy Sac e) a. 5 (8)
PS Seas gaya) — 1
2
* S ¥ £Yoy era
aT 2s SYiant +402) =I
a ob 3 Rey ee
qa) = -8gE te — (13)
RON N ; gh (X24) ees Con ¢ eis
i. Shun.
Nevoned Sayers
Gzlt /§f
S20 S4
Shear Sres¢
t- oh)
Suse \ 5h
2 Sokck vs Fluid.
L Molec Stracliere
2, Behavior i the presence of exlamel
Opp lied fora- C Shean fore).
Be Concept A Corlinuyom -
L Contino dist bution % flat propattics,
“4 mas; mo emplip sprees.
2. Propectics abteidnet aif ieee lek ance.
engembls Quemae oie she. “Reasling Us
Ch kh. sie fuel 0s a continuum:
3. Val’ olity Of Certinvym concept
Kn eee
Kmuclser Nor- L
M man. fre pai? ava. cliglancex
Molecule travels between suecacive collision
Li Size ap tre system unclr consiokasthion
Kn < o-0l
i
Continuo Comeepta holed 500A
(
Km 710 taut for Ste
al mecha mic -
<4 Revefred! 9148
Note: Ustrg Stati Kent [Austen mechanics
Pies propaties an he olerivedl-
thes
Ey ihn level Course ( Lyrsch bev). QO)
4. Thane olyrenic Prop ertua a 4 fll -(Reaclery)
at)
Feogume (P) emt ($) 3. Temperature (T)
Pate ee Pricer -thovm
Velo cite(v) Variabla.
1
S Geb GEviseesily , 4. Trumal andwestévity (k)
Nore; \ i
2 Au ofthe above Plusich Propestat are Cconmalerel
ata peint.or at a Limni'ty Volume - (inne Cort: Lb)
: 4
f= Seo
Sy Wala
Sy Viscos ty.
LS fhe V6 umole stoned when fluid K | omatian
3, taken fla clomenl onove with ite Velo
they fel yesistone
BX TE vignstoene ax die shea shes, 6.
Newton's Lars of Wisco thy
SivTscae Newlen (i¢a7)
ee Cd rene ew ¢
Shean Sdrarion rte -
ao hide ze
Cc x &© S
5 —
tam SO= du ob
/ 9)
( 7
Use are lengty Yelation
a
Allerralivelye,
S= 6 thi =
cone
Useol -
Wa
oy So, Sudtand by Tobe infin tsmay VL
$ Sonat
Vine daz duds oy dO = ay
80/5 : 8 a wt. e
$0) Dime
Tw eae 2
ei
Yount =H Mis the constant 4 Propoitiona lly.
J y
We, Fla ich flo eho veltin an
Cluck Neddontan Fluiols . é Com mm ent about M:
A= a (PT)
> Ha
Be fee teal by
=>
eer AffeIHl by
Fe TT.
r : Hos t ra ne
Mun
Tel 1
aa ec eras of wher.
by Mole clan momentum extheres
FS Li, mele euler msiion 6 lod Yipee
As, ral ) mmole cuter cohenen ||
—> For es. amole wlan onsen mere care
aan mo ute, mohor t Ainaan “Transport Lawss .
Ams mae flaw Veter. &
/ Gn = Kan VE HVC concanthchion grackient
> aa
2 a> —* VT; Y head flue Vector» =
Bo Cz Adu i
By
# Omy the 1 olmi valine 0 deb fone generalised conambailkon 4 ppeact an RS
Th é etcnen tramsport 8 carrieel cud by molecular provicel, ni which
length scala (say, meen draw pat) Ore Teo Small Te PL the coy valiant) the
Copreeede . Ali tee men meee dorms Imyslony hiphe pews, VC de
mot appr Tad es exputedl for Srroll yalus 4 IC only.
FP Hithoug. mbay ace Seales bul dui fie ace verter Bud dort 4,
Px UB veeter 4 oe i tener « Moving plate
Toitegrettey Oboe, ay
(45 ey
Me a+ by
Using ro ep ies
u>
} ye
=a) yeh
uzVyo or Kav
co eS
Dynamic Visco Sibet f=
ees visco say Yr
omy,
&
Dynamic viseoety K the fore p~ unk ara require!
of unit velocity .
te meepe Procue a relative ordliar] berturcen doo
ee A ae by umit diglence
FE Mithouph 20/4 he 4encbonsy Ba date to ditto eon,
ea A olébe mintal by 2. tubes Y= Ani m/e 4
Aven Shaft: A= 26mm
pe tostanipaet fas 1014 Im |
= OrsmMmm:
Lenginay, bears zosm-
: Feo ve amy, Feeble, He
A 2S mon sha i bet Pallet throwyh 0 hear fila oie
Lae eae Nes TEP bls Whe bearny andthe shaft 3 Berm
Amel dhe, hear a O.5m larg Lubricant , D= x10 * mh
amc §= NO keg fon,
Timo tne force ecesorry To pull the shaft tovourh
tthe Beariny at Sone.
Assumptions) s
| @) Lubricant vy rewtenien flutel.
5) Velo Prefile intne gap is Linear:
c) No -skip Bo atte coh bounclants.
oe
q arias 1a. Ss i) ae L_.uzd
aa , mk
oa
| Shaft (Bole
U 20 Ws> Bamlg
uy. Yb Uy
Shed re
Use AS ty, teE/p Als area Bshaft In beawty.
Sees a (dora) Final unto F22
oS
2 Fz QnRLgy Ubous
hh,
4S 68 an Verges a be applica to
gt 0, }
dy = dE yh Y
~ SAY a
rele: se
i ee Km dyiy :
tele cos |
‘a
iF R aor
; ( 2] eeP Flucel Statics: -
dhe ise hips of for ad ow 8 flute ean
Ss) "Bosh force; Tisnibuieauentcron mere OF Vo fume.
i; (pane
dR = HV p cheebyete: S —V pd
Tote fores an tthe flute! clement -
dF = diz + din = (Vp +54) dy
= = pt?
a)
oY
From Neokmt Secarcl laws, F s&dm= & gait.
Fora glaht fluidl or diviel at Veco, P2d n°
Net Pr eve Aolame +. Bodly fore Nolume aa
ata point. ata point
Above e4. va Vector e4- fo component oy.
~ ee +, 20 mld
ae ee
~ BE 4% HO aa
Tare chown G@orelinale sys- Gravity fore “ abtsned
alang With % ome -
=> oes FO EH (Zig +s upmerds )
ou Sy? eu G
Sr at 2- (Stee pdepends on m only so
me nid i pri cepeine)
Sate flucel
Gravity Sire onby Fe
Pressure © ZK velit dupwarch.
leva
BL
Bye
2 Esy Imeomprrnble Ha. dno B changes.
(95 = comstornt + ®
(#=(-%
mi BaP = § (z\~22.))
Easy te remem hen -
Paown = rani & (az)
Appl cations .
1
Mev cry Rare metir. Cae pr)
2.
Mendomeirn ( Diff. pe)
pee rr aE
a uu
\se8 THyabre stale force ondPlere Serf
He On a Hort reyrtol Surface: (Submergeel ?
Free Liguiel Sugface
F > p= Say et
Rogaine alee = Yh
72ye- \ |
meh aL ASS
2 Ow a Subenurged Valical cee
fem Free, Upuel Sergece -
SE Pressure Varies) top to batten .
Conte stare ob area old ata YY es
ckgin Ob
gga
Feessure on smrip= Sy 4 ‘i
Pressure foree on snip |
aia pase Sy aa eo ne plane
Total pressure force, ccs as
for (‘yeh= fa
(yea = arennend Of the surface about the foray Miyuid surface.
Arca Pitre Serface X olistinet Sb Sg from free L-sorg.
A pe
= G Ay ws)
Ge, ye)
Gard a Rrcgsure: The point a4 appl cation oh the latal Pr force
Om the Surcface
Fer Fimehy the location ef (xepiyep) we Find the Sum Rohe
Trem ents OTN elemental Aerex (faydlk) amnal equate it Tevhe
mend ah the eset tant force -
Pressone. force on strips olF = % yea
Moment about fre Wy. sorgs = Gaye xy > Gyrdlh
: Paya 4 = SI.
= Sum Oh memerils = (9 ‘ell = §5 (‘eld ee
x “Beat [yeas WEratia 0) dhe Surface (entire) about ands =o
A
NS Racveat clue To ve gerd tant fore ©)= S4hy Yep
Equaty tre above dwo ey.
Spare rzep= GFo ps Te
= Aye
From Paral Aris Rea
Tos Tet ay> Tes PT chet ud passnty
a Hrceigh, Controiel
Yep= ae = de + fe
Ye Me
Jerk 2 ds
Aye
Ge tes
oo Centred pr. LY belons cembratl ag Tyg 6 tye.
Zh Jee W met a function o, Siig
Lame gor lk Lywich -
XZ. be Yepu U4)
STO nelonecel pene:
Fone. on Clemenitel area at)
ars fpyal reek °
= 4 Isinad
Eas i Biol view
“tom ene surfave opin
F lis g § sina (CAR Arcdoy strip
Nero ech
Ne keno from before, F Sree] Novel views
frdaz Ab fe
pa Sq sine A = % Aye= Pr. at cerchoiel X Area Gort)
Nott Fonce (F) wi inclepenclantl ofthe inekimalion angle:
For indy CP location we take moment 2 botathe
elemental ane vesulient frforee chout ansy 0-0’. anol
would equsle tern by inlegesh{ the elemental mromuit «
exe oe (af xe
% Ay,x Lep = (Gy aan€ = e gonfent”
ee = Gstng to [ Abe, T= Ter Ad
a le bs NER ol a) Ne
Grvrde ee: 2 Gorm[t “ae | peo 3 ez Ke
Sing Simo
ors Nep= a tye
fe.
Geile ama lyena for ep => Se Fawn. On Curvedl Sup perc.
re
Compl catione, -
Br farce Yb mormral Lore senfare a6, att cach phe
Each
clemevital area poulet polit olifferent alirechion. S .
i: ‘ i . oh
Imlegration woul be (oR tmeten q, dA.
Vector %
Pessuveton dn
>
oF = —pdA
ee, aa
SIGN shows fore acs opporite f
Ts -anca mormal .
“TRe sealtant fore:
= >
Frit A
R if pel
Aho,
Curved! Submerged
Be Fes Fey +f Fag a as
\
Urn tte ey ae
y i
Fey, 8 Fat= fart = ~(raree 2 {pale
ohne, dh, = projection yan on aplane % ares.
“For Fag Fey [ omagijeat§
D Wea Newest fore amet it locaton are de tomme as for an
imaginary vertical plane Surrfaee ihe came projeckd ana.
Jere qv
cs
U4 Volume (IE)
1
cf i | Fr Qe
Fores on curved Seminal Sunelace -
—
With atm. pr. a The free suvauw and on tthe otha colt o
The curevecl Storfpee Tra nth Vertical farce
ac een Oh fluted chivectly above the sewfact.
= f Pelay. Buh pe Gb
= ( Grdte, = (Ga
Sg wine wet: & dhe dlilferential ey timclw 2 ia, above the
Clem db surfaw aren dA, , etlimdbing a abi'stence: h ie
We curveel suncface bo the fren Surfan -
Fve= [Sohn “a Sadie 2 Sat
Tema | A a
Whe, Peo clen ane The pr
at the entre add the area ip
The yutieal plone: < yy
B the Volume @ the Fluiet abo ye
Tee curved surface dagen Asse’ builvion is Mata body enckon «
‘ Mail bel MON Con
| be broken imto Pure -ramclation
Pore rotation.
; ee Tn exem
Tere we wit stuaby we dan.
don't use
adbrovittior
nithout ivr
omencla jure
Fest i
Alreacly Jono yaat the fers due to pr A aravit
mare on a ftuial particle ) volume A, ane Fivendy.
Fs Ype $e) chy
or dF = — Vp + ee
a ae ia
From Newtons aa
dP: adm a a aly age @
Oral pure cons tint poration:
Awe
Vp + SF a"
me for @ tele constant
oy —Vp+ Fegr0 7a ee
V:Imp!- Above ey: 8 0 proof thd Lowy of cons por
Wil le | te the divection aren Foy &20, Fayed
Iobreh girs us the eof Prey Ma uiol surfaae. eye,
wore @ onothuonal cot preef ay Ta Shope a 2 dreoly
Sterol bis, setae Sn AeeTongulen worclinila the Compornnt eg. are
~2
oo + Stn = Sax w-cW.
~OP + 4ay = :
= i 2 Soe a
- OR 4 44,5 faz, alan
ror
Frollem. .
ea Nfoulwentcs transfert a gtsh mk wicte back eur can.
plu piel vi Dal nai vaca aap eseee eT ee you
eave mene tenke anol be reasonably Suro that SF will ne} spilt
OV cluviny tre drop?
Assumption: . Neg lect gloghy olut te jerks.
Find, Shape free Suma Unelin
Corst- ancem-
2) Allowable waln oleprth ol, b avoid
Spiny as a fumestion h anf
tem ovierteion
Optronum Berk orientalis anol reLommunclee! palin cloth .
Be
Gy =Vp + R= ee
~ (892 +128 + £2 ) +6(ta,*ay7 ta) = 6(La,tla,+ka)
ince PH#nlz). OPAy=0, Ate, 4.24.20, 9y274-
Oy = 2 =0
aD
= Re
il
ly
os
“ye
~i GF g
A
“The comport uy © are.
OP = ~f4~_ 7
ax K4
of « Se |
oy |
Since P= pexy) |
Op = OF ele +P ay® < =
ox Nd
—
Pz congtt ralong the Ere suorfaLt , 8 clp 3d
Lae = fade = Sey
dy
gy nae
a) .
From vee 15.
e> btm = b (25)
a 2 du
tna we wart €,toho ¢mallut fora givenax, tthe Bank
Should he aliyniol dotrat b id Small. “Thucfore, chete
b=
ID tn. bnsteasd ef Duin.
eT e= 6am In,
t
We, €=la—dim, | hte damier ttm),
w n-gage Sa w aeas,2 2-6ex (2)
Ragiot bocly motion with combi. arqulan Speist
Problem). A
at
ey Lind cal contac portray filial volt Lay ¥ roletal
We The Wquisl rotate yy ith the Cas rel scl aeee
Acyral Gooly DeTu mine thu shape Oy tre fru, Suc(au -
by
fOVOLINY, ear
Usy Uylindmcal coovelirate System «14,2
4 Fe? i 92H
Ake, deza, =,
Crem,
- —(& OP +46:9P +f de) = -Aurve +f
Gi oe +813 fae) FEET kG
The 2™rPoment 29. ares.
op oP pea
See iia 8
Sina p# PO) but p= p(x,R).
dp= oP dP] de.
@ i a ae
Then dp= (worrdr ~ fq dx
To obtaindne Pr OUR. ests eon reference pte (4,2
Whinw pr. wk Pi,
)
pr wp.
amal the Cog Pt. (12) wha
Wo Inkqrak . [ee > io Surely ~ ie 4qdz. Pe Pas $i Commi € (2-2)
a
Taken, the re
erenK Bt. on Wb. aur ot fren Surface.
He ae ieee nelle
Ton.
Stree dhe, PY A const. at fren Senda, (P=Ptm) oral our
Objective ito ctimel SH hse bree surface.
OF Sur ~ $4 (xh)
a
Oe &
hi + (wx)*
=
Ne con oho fina Ip, rides & ho.
Usny te fact that
the Ug. volume tee ae ae
Me ai = a Totes
aoe Shea R
™R® ho a fof WW relroly Al 2AZrcly
oh 0
R
= ( an( hve aor on,
0 24
R
= Onl hiv al
| a & to
o ERYhy = [hare Ty Mesto)
Ag ‘G
Ake, b= by loa)hy tar?
z= bo a
Wma Such thet M70; =
= 2lghe /e uh Mote i pn
® biked! LO. ard has constr!
SEL Gen The eH yf, sucfauu 2G,
Whe olestn of wat % Ys 4m.
F tno! Fa, Mequiredl to moun tum dre gale ”
nye : |
CH. Worl um, UY the vi. Gh the gate wa relat
Eon ene) Delon.
Sy Gserfew wry Plane nee azlim.
ae Y
| =
> / fer ageele
i ‘Fv
a ied a
he
b) Null flustel force, OD Flutel force -
@) Syctom Fay
en Cqusyalodt System O, & 46). 6 Sugser tel m Hy: W4e).
“The one. 4 location of Fv vi ore given by de wetgtt Grok location
Aire Abele! a jhe duel above You gate, Shmi'landy doy Pa ame
qiven boy ‘thal Of tne forw On am eur valoit vorbical flat par.
foverming 65. FurRA i y's% +Te
AN
Te2 bo = a A= bw » Tez wd¥2.
Fa= fea = @heA = GRow =
= ae ie 2X Co Sen = KN
} Pre & ide walir ca. Dg (2)
YowrTe =P Yr D ad
Me OS, 3
For Fy, We final wt dh watw above. For thd we coriicha
a A lferental Volume (p-y) wala .
1h ra
Fy: G¥> + (Pay) wea = gn "hy Rota
‘0
5 2 994 x76 XS x © x
Bi-
261 kN-
Foy fimoling 2! (cg of wat abovegate)
ERE f3 ee
= fawd®
D%
x (dy)wely = Gnf (o- a*) dy,
loar
azar SqnoS - 3De - 2m
loe-Fu 0
Foy ime Fa we take mom about O.
Mo = — [Fa + x/Fy + (D-y!) Fy 20
or Fa = alae + ()-y) Ful
+ [2 ¥ 261x108 + (4-267) x 3420109],
a
y
(67 KN Frelo. Lia comerete Hh pourrecl tala the darn shinsr>
&
(R= Vom MPS
= OBISom) . Widlth is 4:26 marrreb te cbigs ae Le
F}ind Fy and ih lime oh action. ee
daze
tee
Ps Bib Ahsind
4 acoso
SL aNKe
Fy= (Fam) = (% holécina 5 dA= uw Rela
> R-y»y 2 K- in iy g
e "ih te rc a
=* tve E &5 R(i-sina) sina w Re = % et eica
= GRw('-%) a 4 E 2Sxloeoxtg
coment.
aries
x/Py zalfs Rw (“ave sto 8 / Rete
= Gem ™ Gnsexs-sintocase) J8 ee % ne [so gi] ™
x fv = G ew [4 4] Syed
a
x= O13" Dimmmioral Anaya -
Steps List at climemenonal parerndlias Mnvolyeel
F = J(6V, Dal Co
glF sy, b) =O Buckinghem’ amethoel
(14)
Step2. Celect a wth dunclarvitel UJpimany elim. MyL,t or Plt
Steps. Leet te lam all parametin -
oe a ex Arerntetomsl paranndls chat imeluck alithe
primary olion «
S¥PS> ey Up imeniy orak ey. Comboton the parsonelins ey ue aye
Step 4, sittin each of tre otter Persmnely mlurn «te form
limiengton Ws qe:
Step. Cheek To feo jg each Jroup YB alirrenpon ih «
ORE Vana yc
Cie aa
@ FV ® gs pm
fee ee
qt vs out
(4) By
CSD TS ECS (“ en
a 7 (BY Gy ea) ener
tt
Ti. > 2
' ENED wn
nie Foy en > (Hy (+) (L) oe meL't
ee
leg ;
2 ¢ fore e Olepenela on Niramelis Ca eels 2,
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