WEEK No. 10 No.

OF HOURS 3
TITLE Method of Partial Fractions

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the topic, the student should be able to:
1. Use the Method of Partial Fractions to integrate quotients.

 Integrand is a quotient
 No formula is applicable

A. DISTINCT LINEAR FACTOR (DLF)

Denominator of the integrand is factorable into distinct, and linear factors.

ILLUSTRATION:
Evaluate the integral of the product of (2t + 1) and the reciprocal of (t 2 + 4t – 5)
with respect to t.
GIVEN:
2𝑡 + 1
𝑓 (𝑡 ) = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 + 4𝑡 − 5
UNKNOWN:
f(t)
SOLUTION:
Since the denominator is factorable…
t2 + 4t – 5 = (t – 1)(t + 5)………………..all distinct and linear
2𝑡 + 1 2𝑡 + 1
𝑓 (𝑡 ) = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 + 4𝑡 − 5 (𝑡 − 1)(𝑡 + 5)
𝐴 𝐵
= ∫( + ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑡−1 𝑡+5
2𝑡 + 1 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝑡 − 1)(𝑡 + 5) 𝑡 − 1 𝑡 + 5
2𝑡 + 1 𝐴 𝐵
[ = + ] (𝑡 − 1)(𝑡 + 5)
(𝑡 − 1)(𝑡 + 5) 𝑡 − 1 𝑡 + 5
2𝑡 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑡 + 5) + 𝐵(𝑡 − 1)
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡 = 1:
2(1) + 1 = 𝐴(1 + 5) + 0
3 = 6𝐴
1
𝐴=
2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡 = −5:
2(−5) + 1 = 0 + 𝐵(−5 − 1)
−9 = −6𝐵
3
𝐵=
2
1 3
2 2
𝑓 (𝑡 ) = ∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑡−1 𝑡+5
1 𝑑𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡
= ∫ + ∫
2 𝑡−1 2 𝑡+5
1 3
𝑓(𝑡) = 2 𝑙𝑛(𝑡 − 1) + 2 𝑙𝑛(𝑡 + 5) + 𝐶 ANSWER

TRY THESE:
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1. ∫ 2
, 𝐴𝑁𝑆𝑊𝐸𝑅: 𝑙𝑛 +𝐶
2𝑥 + 𝑥 2𝑥 + 1

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 3𝑑𝑥 3 2𝑥 − 1
2. ∫ , 𝐴𝑁𝑆𝑊𝐸𝑅: 𝑙𝑛 +𝐶
2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2 5 𝑥+2

B. REPEATED LINEAR FACTOR (RLF)

Denominator of the integrand is factorable into repeated linear factors. Integrand maybe
rewritten as…
𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3 𝐴𝑛
= + + +⋯+
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑛 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 3 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛
ILLUSTRATION No. 1:
GIVEN:
5𝑧 + 1
𝐹 (𝑧 ) = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑧
4𝑧 + 4𝑧 + 1
UNKNOWN:
F(z)
SOL’N:
5𝑧+1 𝐴 𝐵
Since 4z2 + 4z + 1 = (2z + 1)2, then 4𝑧 2 +4𝑧+1 = 2𝑧+1 + (2𝑧+1)2
Multiplying both sides by (2z + 1)2:
5z + 1 = A(2z + 1) + B
1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = −
2
1
5 (− ) + 1 = 0 + 𝐵
2
3
𝐵=−
2
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠:
5𝑧 + 1 = 2𝐴𝑧 + 𝐴 + 𝐵
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑧:
5 = 2𝐴
5
𝐴=
2
5 3
2 2
𝐹 (𝑧 ) = ∫ [ − ] 𝑑𝑧
2𝑧 + 1 (2𝑧 + 1)2
5 𝑑𝑧 3 𝑑𝑧
= ∫ − ∫
2 2𝑧 + 1 2 (2𝑧 + 1)2
5 1 2𝑑𝑧 3
= ( )∫ − ∫(2𝑧 + 1)−2 𝑑𝑧
2 2 2𝑧 + 1 2
5 3 1
= 𝑙𝑛(2𝑧 + 1) − ( ) ∫(2𝑧 + 1)−2 (2𝑑𝑧) + 𝐶1
4 2 2
5 3 (2𝑧 + 1)−1
= 𝑙𝑛(2𝑧 + 1) − [ ]+𝐶
4 4 −1
5 3
𝐹(𝑧) = 4 𝑙𝑛(2𝑧 + 1) + 4(2𝑧+1) + 𝐶 ANSWER
ILLUSTRATION No. 2:
GIVEN:
3𝑥 + 2
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 − 10𝑥 2 + 25𝑥
UNKNOWN:
F(x)
SOL’N:
x3 – 10x2 + 25x = x(x2 – 10x + 25) = x(x – 5)2, where x is DLF and (x – 5) is RLF

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 3𝑥 + 2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐷
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [ + + ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 2
− 10𝑥 + 25𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 − 5 (𝑥 − 5)2
3𝑥+2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐷
= 𝑥 + 𝑥−5 + (𝑥−5)2 , 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 (𝑥 − 5)2
𝑥 3 −10𝑥 2+25𝑥
3𝑥 + 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 5)2 + 𝐵𝑥 (𝑥 − 5) + 𝐷𝑥
Let x = 0:
2 = A(-5)2
2
𝐴=
25
Let x = 5:
3(5) + 2 = D(5)
17 = 5D
17
𝐷=
5
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠:
3x + 2 = A(x – 5)2 + Bx(x – 5) + Dx
3x + 2 = A(x2 – 10x + 25) + Bx2 – 5Bx + Dx
3x + 2 = Ax2 – 10Ax + 25A + Bx2 – 5Bx + Dx
3x + 2 = (Ax2 + Bx2) + (– 10Ax – 5Bx + Dx) + 25A
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2 :
0=𝐴+𝐵
2
0= +𝐵
25
2
𝐵=−
25
3𝑥 + 2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐷
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [ + + ] 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 25𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 − 5 (𝑥 − 5)2
2 2 17
25 25 5
= ∫[ − + ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥−5 (𝑥 − 5)2
2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 17
= ∫ − ∫ + ∫(𝑥 − 5)−2 𝑑𝑥
25 𝑥 25 𝑥 − 5 5
2 2 17 (𝑥 − 5)−1
= ln 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 − 5) + [ ]+𝐶
25 25 5 −1
2 17
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 25 [ln 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 − 5)] − 5(𝑥−5) + 𝐶 ANSWER
2 𝑥 17
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 25 𝑙𝑛 𝑥−5 − 5(𝑥−5) + 𝐶 ANSWER

TRY THESE:
3−𝑥 1 3 5 1
1. ∫ 𝑥2 (𝑥2 −4) 𝑑𝑥, 𝐴𝑁𝑆𝑊𝐸𝑅: 4 ln 𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 16 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + 2) + 16 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐶
4𝑥 −4 4
2. ∫ (𝑥+2)3 𝑑𝑥, 𝐴𝑁𝑆𝑊𝐸𝑅: 𝑥+2 + (𝑥+2)2 + 𝐶

C. QUADRATIC FACTOR (QF)

For a factor in the denominator of the form…
ax2 + bx + c
with b – 4ac < 0, (meaning, negative) assume the partial fraction…
2

𝐴(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝐵
+
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

ILLUSTRATION:
GIVEN:
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 10
𝑦=∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥

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 UNKNOWN:
y
SOL’N:
x3 + 2x2 + 5x = x(x2 + 2x + 5), where x is DLF, x2 + 2x + 5 maybe tested as…
b2 – 4ac = 22 – 4(1)(5)
b2 – 4ac = -16, since b2 – 4ac < 0, then x2 + 2x + 5 is a QF
2
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 10 𝐴 𝐵 (2𝑥 + 2) 𝐷
𝑦=∫ 3 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [ + 2 + 2 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5
𝑥 2 +4𝑥+10 𝐴 𝐵(2𝑥+2) 𝐷
= 𝑥 + 𝑥2 +2𝑥+5 + 𝑥2 +2𝑥+5 , 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5)
𝑥(𝑥 2 +2𝑥+5)
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 10 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5) + 𝐵𝑥 (2𝑥 + 2) + 𝐷𝑥
2

Let x = 0:
10 = A(5)
A=2
Equate coefficients:
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 10 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 2𝐴𝑥 + 5𝐴 + 2𝐵𝑥 2 + 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 10 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 2𝐵𝑥 2 + 2𝐴𝑥 + 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 + 5𝐴
Equate coefficients of x2:
1 = A + 2B
1 = 2 + 2B
1
𝐵=−
2
Equate coefficients of x:
4 = 2A + 2B + D
1
4 = 2(2) + 2(− 2) + D
D=1
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 10 𝐴 𝐵 (2𝑥 + 2) 𝐷
𝑦=∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [ + + ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5
1
2 (2𝑥 + 2) 1
= ∫ [ − 22 + 2 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5
𝑑𝑥 1 2𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥
= 2∫ − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2
𝑥 2 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5
1 𝑑𝑥
= 2 ln 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5) + ∫ 2 + 𝐶1
2 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 4
1 𝑑𝑥
= 2 ln 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5) + ∫ 2 + 𝐶1
2 (𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 4
1 𝑑𝑥
= 2 ln 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5) + ∫ + 𝐶1
2 (𝑥 + 1)2 + 4
1 𝑑𝑥
= 2 ln 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5) + ∫ (𝑥+1)2 4 + 𝐶1
2 4[ + ]
4 4
1 1 𝑑𝑥
= 2 ln 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5) + ∫ (𝑥+1)2 + 𝐶1
2 4 +122
1 1 𝑑𝑥
= 2 ln 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5) + ∫ + 𝐶1
2 4 𝑥+1 2
( ) +1
2
𝑥+1 1
𝑑( ) = 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1
1 1 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑦 = 2 ln 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5) + (2) ∫ + 𝐶1
2 4 𝑥+1 2
( 2 ) +1
1 𝑥+1
𝑦 = ln 𝑥 2 − ln √𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5 + 2 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝐶 ANSWER
2

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 𝑥2 1 𝑥+1
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 √𝑥2 + 2 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝐶 ANSWER
+2𝑥+5 2

ASSIGNMENT No. 7:
Integrate the following;
(4𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 2
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 20
𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2. ∫ 2
𝑡 + 6𝑡 + 13

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