15

Determine the integrals of some

algebraic, exponential, logarithmic and
COURSE trigonometric functions through basic
OUTCOME: rules or other appropriate techniques and
use integrals to solve applied problems.

Recall, distinguish various rules of integration

and determine the indefinite integral
Integrate exponential, logarithmic,
trigonometric and inverse trigonometric
functions
Identify the suitable substitution (i.e u and
du) to be used in the integration
Choose the correct u and dv in using by part
method
Decompose partial fraction and apply it in the
integration.
Analyze the integrals and apply the suitable
technique to determine the result of
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integration
 Standard
Integration
RULES OF polynomial

INTEGRATION rational
natural log
Integration of
functions exponent

trigonometry
TECHNIQUES OF
INTEGRATION

Partial
Substitution By Part
Fraction

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 y = f(x)
If we differentiate both sides with respect to x
dy
f (x)
dx
When we integrate both sides with respect to x
dy
dx dx f ( x)dx
y = f ( x)dx (indefinite integral)

y = f(x) + c , c - constant
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 reverse process of differentiation

f x dx
integrand
Integral
sign
Indefinite integral

f x dx F x c
Integration
Definite integral
b

f x dx F b F a
a
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 derivative

F(x) f(x)

anti-derivative

F x x 2 x anti-derivative of f x
5

d
F x 5 x 4 2
dx
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 1. k dx = kx + C
n+1
x
; n 1
n
2. x dx = +C
n +1

3. kf x dx = k f x dx
4. af x bg x dx a f x dx b g x dx
where a, b, k are constants and C is an arbitrary constant
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 1) [f(x)g(x)] dx f(x) dx g(x) dx
2)
[f(x)g(x)] dx f(x) g(x) dx

f(x)
f(x) dx
3) dx
g(x)

g(x) dx

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 a1x a2 x an dx
n n1
1.

a1xndx a2 xn1dx andx

Integrate term by term

n1
ax b
ax b dx n 1 a
n
2*. C ; n 1

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 1)
3x 5 2x 3 x 1 dx

3x5 dx 2x 3 dx x dx 1dx
x6 x4 x2
3 c1 2 c2 c3 x c 4
6 4 2

6 4 2
x x x
xC
2 2 2 simply can be written as

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 2 3x
4
2) dx

1

1 4x 2
3) 9

dx

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 Exercises:
1. Find the antiderivative, F(x) of f ( x ) 3
x
that satisfies F(1) = 2.
2. Evaluate the following integrals.

3x
2 x 7 x 5 dx
6 2
a)

7 3 y 3 y dy
b) 34
y
2
c)
x 5 2x 2 1
x4
dx d) e 2t 5 dt
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 k ax b
k
ax b
1. dx C
d
dx ax b ln k

ax b
k
C
a ln k

eax b
2. eax b dx
a
C

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 3e
x
1. dx
3
1 4 x 2
4. 3 e dx
1
2. 3e 4x 1
dx
21 2 x
2x
5. 5
dx
3. e 2x
e
e x
dx
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 1 ln ax b
1. ax b
dx
d
C

dx
ax b

1
ln ax b C
a
1
2. x
dx ln x C

f 'x
*3. dx ln f x C
f(x)
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 2
1.
1
3x
dx 3. 2x
dx

3x
2x
2. 4x 1
dx 4. 2
dx

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 3x 2 e 22 x 1 dx
2 3 x 1

2
2x 2
dx e dx
3 x
dx
3 2 x 1

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 1. 3 x e3 x 1 dx
4.
5
3 10 x
dx

2. x
2
3 2 6x dx 5.
6x
dx
2
3

2 x
1 3x 2
44 x 1
e
2
3. 2 x
3e dx 6. 3
x 6
3
dx

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 cos ax b
1.
sin ax b dx a
C

sin ax b
2. cos ax b dx a
C

tan ax b
3.
sec ax b dx C
2
a
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 1
1) cos x dx
4

2) 3 cos 3 x dx
4

3) 2 sec 2 (5 x 3) dx

1
4) cos2 5 x dx
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 1 sin1 ax
1. dx C
1 ax a
2

1 cos1 ax
2. dx C
1 ax a
2

1 tan 1
ax C
3. 1 ax 2 dx a
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 4 1
dx 4 dx
1 4x 1 2x
2 2

cos 1 2 x
4 c
2
1
2 cos 2 x c

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sin2 x

e
1. dx 4. dx
1 cos x 4 9x 2

3 sin 2 3 y 2 3 y dy

3
2. 5.
3
dx
2x 1
2

1

x 2 8x 2
3. cos sec d
2
6. dx
2

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 - Some of integral cannot be solved using
direct method.

Substitution Parts Partial Fraction

Integrand in the Integrand involves polynomial

form of composite product of polynomial
dx
function functions

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 f g xg ' x dx
Steps:
1. Assume g(x) = u
2. Diff u wrt x
du/dx = g(x) dx = du/g(x)
3. Substitute in the integrand

f u g ' x
du
g ' x
f u du

4. Integrate w.r.t u
5. Substitute back u.
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 (4x 3)(2x 3x 5) dx
2 3
Find

du
let u 2 x 3x 5
2
4x 3
dx

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 ln x 3

x
dx

let u ln x
du 1
dx xdu
dx x
ln x 3
x
dx

u3

xxdu

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 1 1
Find x3 x 2
sin dx

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 x3
x2 2
dx using substitution of u = x2 2.

du du
u x 2 2
2 x dx
dx 2x
x2 u 2
x3 1 x2
x2 2
dx
2 u
du

x 3 du 1 u2

u 2x

2 u
du

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 x e
2 x3
1) dx

sin t
2) cos2 t dt

sin2 x
3) 1 cos x
dx

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 u dv uv v du
Integrand can be written as two parts; u and dv.
dv term consists of the term dx.
choice of u and dv:
u easy to differentiate
dv easy to integrate
Try this. LoPet Lo Logarithm
P Polynomial
e Exponential
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t trigonometric
 Find:

1. x x 1dx

3 xe
2 x 4
2. dx

3. ln x dx
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 1) x x 1dx
dv
Let u = x and x 1
dx
du 2
1 v ( x 1) 32
dx 3

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 3xe
2 x 4
dx

dv
Let u = 3x and e 2 x 4
dx

3 2 x 4 3 2 x 4
xe e c
2 4
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 ln x dx
u ln x and dv dx

x ln x x c

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 Find :
x
4
a) ln xdx

x
2 x
b) e dx

x
c) x 3 dx

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 3
x
Fractions
2
x 2

3 2 5x 6 single
+ = fraction
x x 2 x x 2

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 conversely

5x 6 3 2
= +
x x 2 x x 2

Partial Fractions

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 P x
Dx

deg P(x) < deg D(x) deg P(x) deg D(x)

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 CASE 1: CASE 2:
Proper fractions Improper fractions

Linear Quadratic
factor factor
Long
Repeated Repeated Division
Linear Quadratic
factor factor
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 P x
1)
a1x b1 a2 x b2 ... an x bn
A B N

a1x b1 a2 x b2 an x b n
P x A B C
2)
ax b
n
ax b ax b 2
ax b
n

P x Ax B
3) 2
ax bx c ax bx c
2

P x Ax B C
4)
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a1x b1x c a2 x b2 a1x b1x c a2 x b2
2 2

 P x
D x

identify proper or improper p.f

apply rules of p.f based on D(x)

multiply both sides with D(x) -

cancellation

substitute appropriate values to determine A, B, C,...

(or compare coefficents)

rewrite complete answer

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 2x 3
Express in partial fractions.
3x 2x 1
2x 3 A B

3x 2x 1 3x 2 x 1

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 x 1
Decompose into partial fractions
x 2
3x 5
x 1 A B C
2
x 3x 5 x x
2
3x 5

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 1 x2
Express in partial fractions
1 x
2 2

1 x 2
Ax B Cx D

1 x
2 2
1 x 2

1 x 2 2

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 Reduce the following expression into partial
fractions.

x x 5x
3 2

x 3x 2
2

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 Express the following in partial fractions

3x 1 x 3
1. 3.
x 2
9 x 2
1 x x2
2

4x 1
x 3 2x 1
2.
x 1 x 2
1 4.
x 3 3x

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 P x
Dx dx
deg P(x) < deg D(x) deg P(x) deg D(x)

Long division
Decompose into P.F
Division algorithm

Integrate term by term Partial fractions

Integrate(division algorithm after P.F)

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 3x 2
x 2 2 x 24 dx
3x 2 3x 2 A B

x 2 x 24 x 4x 6 x 4 x 6
2

(show all the workings)

x6 20 10 B B 2
x 4 10 10 A A 1
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 3x 2 1 2
x 2 2 x 24 dx x 4 x 6 dx

x4
ln c
x 6 2

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 6x 7
Evaluate ( x 2) 2 dx

6x 7 A B

( x 2) 2
x 2 ( x 2) 2

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 2 x3 4 x 2 x 3
Evaluate x 2 2 x 3 dx

2x 4x x 3
3 2
5x 3
2x 2
x 2x 3
2
x 2x 3

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 Integrate:
6
1) 2 dx
x 4x 3

x x 5
2
2) x x2
dx

x 4x 3x 4
3 2
3) x 4x 3
2
dx
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