IGCSE Mathematics (0580) Prepared by Teacher Lee Shuk Mee

Contents

Chapter Topic Page

1 Number and language 2
2 Accuracy 5
3 Calculations and order 6
4 Integers, fractions, decimals and percentages 7
5 Further percentages 8
6 Ratio and proportion 8
7 Indices and standard form 8
8 Money and finance 9
9 Time 10
10 Set notation and Venn diagrams 10
11 Algebraic representation and manipulation 11
12 Algebraic indices 11
13 Equations and inequalities 11
14 Linear programming 12
15 Sequences 12
16 Proportion (Variation) 13
17 Graphs in practical situations 13
18 Graphs of functions 14
19 Differentiation and gradient function 16
20 Functions 17
21 Straight line graphs 18
22 Geometrical vocabulary and construction 20
23 Similarity and congruence 24
24 Symmetry 25
25 Angle properties, Polygon and circle theorems 27
26 Measures 32
27 Perimeter, area and volume 33
28 Bearings 37
29 Trigonometry 37
30 Vectors 39
31 Transformations 41
32 Probability 42
33 Statistics 43
Test Yourself Corner: Formula Test 47

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IGCSE Mathematics (0580) Prepared by Teacher Lee Shuk Mee
Chapter 1 Number and language

 Odd number
 number that cannot divisible by 2
 example: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9…

 Even number
 number that can divisible by 2
 example: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10…

 Prime number
 number that divisible by itself and 1
 1 is not a prime number because ALL the numbers can be divided by 1
 2 is one and the only one even number which is a prime number
 example: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11…

 Natural number
 counting number start from 1
 example: 1, 2, 3, 4….

 Integer
 whole number included negative, zero and positive number
 example: -2, -1, 0, 1, 2…

 Rational number
 can be written in fraction form,

 included whole numbers, fractions, terminating decimals and recurring decimals

 example: 2, √ , 0.3= , . ̇ =

 Irrational number
 number that cannot be written in fraction form.
 example: , √ , √

 Square number
 number that can form a square
 number that can be squared root to get a whole number
 example: 1, 4, 9, 16, 25…

 Cube number
 number that can form a cube
 number that can be cubed root to get a whole number
 example: 1, 8, 27, 64, 125…

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 Reciprocal number
 turn the number upside down
 power of -1 of the number itself
 example: reciprocal of 2 is , reciprocal of . is

 Factors
 example: factors of 20 are 1, 2, 4, 5 and 20

 Prime factors
 factors with prime numbers
 example: prime factors of 20 are 2 and 5

 Square numbers and square roots

 numbers that can form a square / numbers that can be squared root

 Cube numbers and cube roots

 numbers that can form a cube / numbers that can be cubed root

 Highest Common Factors (HCF)

 Multiples and LCM

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 Product of the prime factors
Example:

 Directed numbers
(+) × (+) = (+) (+) × (−) = (−) (−) × (+) = (−) (−) × (−) = (+)
(+) ÷ (+) = (+) (+) ÷ (−) = (−) (−) ÷ (+) = (−) (−) ÷ (−) = (+)

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Chapter 2 Accuracy

 Rounding: Significant figures

 Decimal numbers:
Example:
non-zero 9.2 (2 s.f)
zero in front: 0.00153 (3 s.f)
zero in the middle 20.019 (5 s.f) 0.0105 (3 s.f)
zero behind 9.20 (3 s.f) 0.010 (2 s.f)

 Whole numbers:
Example:
non-zero 1234 (4 s.f)
zero in front:
zero in the middle 10023 (5 s.f)
zero behind 71600 (3 s.f) 70610 (4 s.f)

 Upper and lower bounds

Upper bound Lower bound

+ + +

× × ×

− − −

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Chapter 3 Calculations and order

 Ordering and represent inequalities on number lines

> more than < less than ≤ less than or equal to ≥ more than or equal to

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Chapter 4 Integers, fractions, decimals and percentages

 Fractions, decimals and percentages conversions

 Convert fraction/decimal to percentage: ×
 Convert percentage to fraction: ÷

 Operations of fractions
 BIDMAS rule
B = bracket
I = indices
D=division
M=multiplication
A=addition
S=subtraction

 Recurring decimals
 One recurring digit: Multiply by 10
 Two recurring digits: Multiply by 100
 Three recurring digits: Multiply by 1000

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Chapter 5 Further percentages

 Percentages of increases and decreases

= × %

= × %

 Reverse percentages (to find original value/cost price)

( + )
× =

( − )
× =

× =

Chapter 6 Ratio and proportion

 Increase and decrease by a given ratio

 Increase/decrease N given a: b => ×

Chapter 7 Indices and standard form

 Law of indices

× = ÷ =

=1 1
=

× =( )
=

( ) =
= √

= √ = √

 Solving exponential equation

 Change both indices to the same base, then compare the power on both sides to find the .

 Standard form
× 10
where 1 ≤ < 10, means the smallest value of A is 1 and the biggest value of A is 9.99…

Example:
0.00568 = 5.68 × 10 568000 = 5.68 × 10

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Chapter 8 Money and finance

 Profit and loss

Profit = selling price – cost price
Loss = cost price – selling price

 Percentage profit and loss

= × %

= × %

 Simple interest

 Compound interest

 Exponential growth/decay
Population increased: Population decreased/car depreciation:

= + = −

where where
A = amount/population after t years A = amount/population after t years
P = initial amount/population P = initial amount/population
r = percentage of increase r = percentage of decrease
t = time in year t = time in year

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Chapter 9 Time

 Speed, distance and time  Density  Population density

Chapter 10 Set notation and Venn diagrams

 Sets notation

 Operation of sets
 ∩ intersection of A and B

 ∪ union of A or B

 ⊂ A is a proper subset of B

 Complement of A

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Topic 2 Algebra and graphs
Chapter 11 Algebraic representation and manipulation

 Double brackets expansion

( + ) = +2 +
( − ) = −2 +

 Factorisation
Four types of factorisation:
 Simple factorising (factorise the common factors)
 Factorisation by grouping
 Difference of two square numbers factorization: − = ( + )( − )

 Quadratic factorisation

Chapter 12 Algebraic indices

 Simplifying algebraic indices

× = ÷ =

=1 1
=

× =( )
=

( ) =
= √

= √ = √

Chapter 13 Equations and inequalities

 Solve quadratic equations by quadratic formula

 Express quadratic expressions in the form of completing the square

If = 1, then If ≠ 1, then

+ + = + − + Method 1: Use + + = + − +
2 2
Method 2:
 Factorise to make the coefficient of is always +1
 Apply CTS formula:

+ + = + − +
2 2

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Chapter 14 Linear programming

 Linear programming (given lines, shade UNWANTED the region)

Symbol Type of line Wanted Region

≥ solid line above the line
≤ solid line below the line
> dashed line above the line
< dashed line below the line

Chapter 15 Sequences

 Arithmetic sequences (linear)

term: = +( − )

 Quadratic sequences
: = + +
1 2 3
Term + +
1st Difference +
2nd Difference

 Cubic sequences
term: = + + +
1 2 3 4
Term + + +
1st Difference + +
2nd Difference +
3rd Difference

 Geometric sequences
: =

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Chapter 16 Proportion

 Direct proportion
 y varies directly proportional as x:
∝
=

 Inverse proportion
 y varies inversely as x:
1
∝

Chapter 17 Graphs in practical situations

 Distance-Time graphs

 Speed = gradient =

 Distance = final distance – initial distance

 Average speed = =

 Speed-Time graphs

 Rate of change of speed(acceleration/deceleration) = gradient =

 Total distance = area under a graph

 Average speed = =

 Area of trapezium = × ( )×

 Area of triangle = × ×

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 Non-linear travel graphs

Chapter 18 Graphs of functions

 Linear functions: = +

 Quadratic functions: = + + = ( + ) +

Positive : “HAPPY” FACE Negative : “SAD” FACE

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 Cubic functions: = ( − )( − )( − ) = ( − )( − )

 Reciprocal functions: = =

is positive is negative

 Exponential functions

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Chapter 19 Differentiation and the gradient function

 Simple differentiation, : To find the gradient of the curve

= =

= = ( )

 Stationary points (turning points)

Method 1: Completing the square
A quadratic function can be expressed in the form
( )= ( + ) +

 If >0  If <0

The corresponding value of =− The corresponding value of =−

Minimum value (or coordinates of ) = q Maximum value (or coordinates of ) = q
Minimum point = (− , ) Maximum point = (− , )
Equation of axis of symmetry, =− Equation of axis of symmetry, =−

Method 2: Differentiation
1. Given the equation of the curve,
2. Find

3. Let = 0, find coordinates of the turning points

4. Substitute the coordinates into the equation of the curve to find the coordinates
5. Two turning points are ( , ) and ( , )

 Second derivative : To determine the nature of the turning points

> ; <

 Given equation of the curve, to find the gradient of a curve at a point: =

 Equation of tangent
 Find gradient to the curve, =

 Use m and a point to form an equation: = +

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 Equation of normal (perpendicular line)
 Find gradient to the curve, =

 Use × = −1, find gradient of normal,

 Use and a point to form an equation = +

Chapter 20 Functions

 Simple functions
 ( ) : substitute value given into ( ) to replace the

 Inverse functions ( )

 An inverse function exists if the function is of one to one.

 Step 1: Let = ( )
Step 2: Rearrange to make x as a subject
Step 3: Change to ( ) and change y to .
Step 4: Write the final answer as ( ) = ........

 Composite functions
 ( ): substitute ( ) into ( ) to replace the

 ( ): substitute ( ) into g( ) to replace the

 ( ): substitute ( ) into ( ) to replace the

 ( ): substitute ( ) into ( ) to replace the

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Topic 3 Coordinate geometry
Chapter 21 Straight line graphs

 Drawing straight line graphs

 Four types of straight line graphs:

 Length of a line segment (Distance)

= ( − ) +( − )

 Midpoint
+ +
midpoint = ,
2 2

 Gradient of a straight line

 Given the straight line graph:

 Given two points, ( , ) and ( , )

−
=
−

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 Given an equation:
Make y as the subject

= + = , =

 How to form equation of a straight line? (make sure you have at least 1 point and gradient)
 Given gradient and a point:
Use the m and a point, form an equation by using = +

 Given two points ( , ) and ( , ):

−
=
−
Use the m and one of the point to form an equation by using = +

 Form equation of parallel lines

 Let both gradients equal to each other

 Use the m and the point to form an equation by using = +

 Form equation of perpendicular lines

 Use × = −1 to find

 Use and the point to form an equation by using = +

 Form equation of perpendicular bisector

 Use × = −1 to find

 Find midpoint
+ +
= ,
2 2
 Use and the midpoint to form an equation by using = +

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Topic 4 Geometry
Chapter 22 Geometrical vocabulary and construction

 Properties of triangles

 Properties of quadrilaterals

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 Constructions
 Perpendicular bisector

 Perpendicular line to a straight line

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 Perpendicular line passing through a point P

 Parallel lines

 Angle bisector

 Construct °

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 Construct angle bisector of °, ° °

 Constructing triangles

 Scale drawings (construct and calculate)

 1: n means 1 cm on the map (drawing) represents n cm on the actual distance
Example:
Map scale 1 cm: 5 km
Area of map scale: 1 cm2 : 25 km2

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Chapter 23 Similarity and congruence

 Concepts of similarity
 Two objects are similar if:
 the corresponding sides are proportional
 the corresponding angles are equal.

 Type of similar shapes

 Type 1: Length of similar shapes ( cm, m)

 Type 2: Area of similar shapes ( , )

 To find area of similar shape, square the lengths

 To find length of similar shape, square root areas

 Type 3: Volume of similar shapes ( , , , , , )

 To find volume of similar shape, cube the lengths

 To find length of similar shape, cube root the volumes

 Type 4: Area and volume of similar shapes mix

 Given areas, to find volume, square root and cube the areas
 Given volume, to find area, cube root and square the volumes

 Concepts of congruence
 Two shapes are congruent if they have the same shape, corresponding angles and corresponding sides
are exactly the same

 Criterion:
SSS: All three pairs of corresponding sides are equal
ASA: Two pairs of corresponding angles are equal, along with one pair of corresponding sides
SAS: Two pairs of corresponding sides are equal, along with the corresponding included angles (V shape)
RHS: The hypotenuse are equal in length, along with one pair of corresponding sides

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Chapter 24 Symmetry

 Planes of symmetry

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 Order of rotational symmetry:

 How many times it can be rotated around a full circle and still look the same.

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Chapter 25 Angle properties
 Type of angles

 Angles within parallel lines:

 Corresponding angles:  Alternate angles:  Align / co-interior angles:
F angles Z angles C angles

 Vertically opposite angles ( X angles)

 Angles in a triangle:
 Total interior angles = 180°

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 Angles in a quadrilateral:
 Total interior angles = 360°

 Angles in an irregular polygon:

 Total interior angles = (n-2) x 180°

 Angles in a regular polygon

 Types of polygons

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 Interior and exterior angle in a regular polygon

 Circle Theorems
 Theorem 1: Angle at a circle is twice of the angle at the circumference

 Theorem 2: Angle in the semicircle is always °

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 Theorem 3: Angles on the same arc are equal

 Theorem 4: Angles with the same length of the arcs are equal
Angles with the same length of the arcs are the same.

 Theorem 5: Opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral add up to °

 Theorem 6: Line OM is a perpendiculator bisector of the chord AB

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 Theorem 7: Angle between radius and tangent to a circle is always °

 Theorem 8: Alternate segment theorem

 Theorem 9: Angles on the common tangents

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Topic 5 Mensuration
Chapter 26 Measures
 Length units conversions

 Mass units conversions

 Time units conversions

 Capacity units conversions

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 Area units conversions

 Volume units conversions

Chapter 27 Perimeter, area and volume

 Two dimensional shapes

Shape Formula
Triangle
 Perimeter = total length of 3 sides

 Area = × ×ℎ ℎ Ch

 Area =

Square
 Perimeter = 4 x length

 Area = length x length

Rectangle
 Perimeter = (2 x length) + (2 x width)

 Area = length x width

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Trapezium
 Area = ×( + )×ℎ

Parallelogram
 Area = base x height

Kite
 Area = × ℎ × ℎ

Or split it into two triangles, use formula of area of triangle =

 Area = area of first triangle + area of second triangle

 Parts of circle

Circle
 Circumference = 2 or

 Area =

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Semicircle
 Circumference =
1 2
 Area =
2

 Perimeter = +2

Quarter
 Circumference =

1 2
 Area =
4

 Perimeter = +2

Sector
 Arc length = ×2
360°

 Perimeter = arc length + 2r = ×2 +2

°

2
 Area of sector = ×
360°

 Area of segment

= area of sector – area of triangle

= × −
°

 Three dimensional shapes

Shape Net Formula

Cube
 Total surface area = 6 ×

 Volume = side

Cuboid
 Total surface area
= 2 (length × width) + 2(length ×
height) + 2 (width × height)

 Volume = length × width × height

Cylinder
 Total surface area = 2 +2 ℎ

 Area of open cylinder = +2 ℎ

 Curved surface area = 2 ℎ

 Volume = ℎ

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Prism
 Total surface area = area of 2 cross
sections + area of each rectangle

 Volume = area of cross section ×

ℎ

Cone
 Total surface area = +

 Area of curved surface =

 Volume = ℎ

 Height of the cone = √ −

Pyramid
 Total surface area = base area +
area of each slant face

 Volume = × ×ℎ ℎ

Sphere
 Surface area = 4

 Volume =

Hemisphere
 Curve surface area (hollow) = 2

 Curve surface area = 3

2 3
 Volume =
3

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Topic 6 Trigonometry
Chapter 28 Bearings
 Bearings

 Start from the NORTH

 CLOCKWISE direction

 Answer in THREE DIGITS FORM


Chapter 29 Trigonometry

 Concepts of SOH, CAH, TOA

= (SOH)

= (CAH)

= (TOA)

 Pythagoras’ theorem

 To find hypotenuse

= +
 To find side or b

= −

= −

 Angles of elevation and depression

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 Graphs of trigonometry

 Solve trigonometric equations for ° ≤ ≤ °

Let

 Sine rule
 To find the side:  To find the angle:
sin sin
= =
sin sin

 Used when given:

 2 sides and a non-included angle (2 pairs)
 2 angles and 1 side (2 pairs)

 Cosine rule
 To find the side:  To find the angle:
= + −2 cos + −
cos =
2
 Used when given:
 2 sides and a included angle (SAS-“V” shape)
 3 sides (SSS)

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 Area of triangle
 Given SAS (“V” shape)
1
∆ = sin
2

 The shortest distance from a point to a line

 Method 1: Use SOH, CAH, TOA

 Method 2: Equal both area of triangle formula

× × =

Topic 7 Vectors and transformations

Chapter 30 Vectors

 Column vectors

 Move units to the left/right, then follow by y units up/down

 Addition and subtraction of vectors

 Multiplying a vector by a scalar

 Magnitude of a vector
 Given = , magnitude of , | | = +

 Position vector of a point

 Given A(x, ), position vector of A, ⃑=

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 Vector geometry

 Two vectors and are parallel if =λ

 To prove that 3 points A, B and C are collinear (three points on the same straight line) if

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Chapter 31 Transformations
 Translation
 translation

 Reflection:
 reflection in the line ??? (write the equation of the mirror line)

 Rotation:
 Rotation, clockwise/anticlockwise rotation of 90° , centre ( , )

 Enlargement (positive and negative scale factor):

 Enlargement, scale factor of ???, centre ( , )

Scale factor =

 Scale factor positive: object and image in the same direction

 Scale factor negative: centre of the enlargement in between object and image
 Scale factor is a whole number: image > object
 Scale factor is a fraction: image < object

 Combination of transformations
 Transformation AB means transformation B followed by transformation A

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Topic 8 Probability
Chapter 32 Probability

 Simple probability

 Conditional probability
 Probability A given B:

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Topic 9 Statistics
Chapter 33 Statistics

Mean, median, mode and range

 Ungrouped data
 Mode: the number appears more often
 Median: the number in the middle after rearrange in ascending order
 Range = the biggest value – the smallest value
 Mean =

 Grouped data
 Modal class: the class with the highest frequency
( × )
 Mean =

Collecting and displaying data

 Bar chart Stacked bar chart Dual bar chart

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Stem and leaf diagrams Back-to-back stem and leaf diagrams

 Pie charts

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 Scatter diagrams
 Types of correlation
Positive correlation Negative correlation No correlation

 Histograms and frequency density

 Frequency density =

Cumulative frequency and box-plots


 Quartiles, interquartile range and percentile

 = number of the data after rearranged in ascending order

 = number of the data after rearranged in ascending order

 Interquartile range = −

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 Cumulative frequency graph

 Box-and-whisker plots

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Name: ........................................ Formula Test Marks: ................

 Upper and lower bounds

Upper bound Lower bound
+

 Law of indices

× = ÷ =

= =

× =
=

( ) =
=

 Simple interest formula

Interest earned = Total amount =

 Compound interest
Total amount = Interest earned =

 Quadratic formula

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 Express quadratic expressions + + in the form of completing the square
If = , then

 Arithmetic sequences (linear)

term:…………………………..

 Quadratic sequences
: = + +

1 2 3
Term
1st Difference
2nd Difference

 Cubic sequences
term: = + + +

1 2 3 4
Term
1st Difference
2nd Difference
3rd Difference

 Geometric sequences
: ………………………………….

 Given y varies directly proportional as x, express y in terms of x: …………………………….

 Given y varies inversely as x, express y in terms of x: ……………………………

 In a distance-time graph

 what does speed represents? ………………………………………………………………..

 how to find total distance travelled? …………………………………………………………………………..

 average speed formula? ………………………………………………………………………

 In a speed-time graph

 what does acceleration represents? ………………………………………………………………..

 what does deceleration represents? ………………………………………………………………..

 how to find total distance travelled? …………………………………………………………………………..

 average speed formula? ………………………………………………………………………………………

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IGCSE Mathematics (0580) Prepared by Teacher Lee Shuk Mee
 Sketching linear functions

= − =− + = =

=− = + = + =

 Sketching quadratic functions

= =− = + =− +3

=( − ) − = −( − ) − =( + ) + = −( + ) +

 Sketching cubic functions

= =− = + =− +3

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IGCSE Mathematics (0580) Prepared by Teacher Lee Shuk Mee
= ( − )( + )( − ) = −( − )( + )( − ) =( − ) ( − ) = −( + ) ( − )

 Sketching reciprocal functions  Sketching exponential functions

2 =2 1
= =
= 2

 Differentiate =

 How to find the turning point(s)? Give an example and solve it to find the turning point(s).

 How to determine the nature of the turning point(s)?

 Length of a line segment (Distance) formula

=

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IGCSE Mathematics (0580) Prepared by Teacher Lee Shuk Mee
 Midpoint =

 Gradient of a straight line

 Given two points, ( , ) and ( , )
=

 Given an equation, how to find the gradient of a straight line ?

 If two lines are parallel to each other, what happen to their gradients? ……………………………………………

 If two lines are perpendicular to each other, how to find the gradient of the perpendicular line?

 How to form equation of perpendicular bisector?

Use m1 or m2 ? …………………………………… Use which point to substitute? ……………………………………

 List types of the criteria of congruence: (a). …………… , (b) …………………(c) ……………….. (d) …………… .

 Name the properties of the angles.

Angle a = angle c because

………………………………………………………………………..…..
Angle a + angle d = 180° because

………………………………………………………………………….…
Angle a=angle b because

…………………………………………………………………………….
Angle b=angle c because

…………………………………………………………………………….
Angle b + angle d = 180° because

……………………………………………………………………………….

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IGCSE Mathematics (0580) Prepared by Teacher Lee Shuk Mee

 Regular polygons

Number of sides Name of Polygon Total interior angles =

3

4 Each interior angle =

5
Total exterior angles =
6

7
Each exterior angle =
8

10

 Write a reason for each circle theorem:

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IGCSE Mathematics (0580) Prepared by Teacher Lee Shuk Mee

Two dimensional shapes Three dimensional shapes

Triangle Cube

Given base and height, area = Total surface area =

Given SAS, area = Volume =

Square Cuboid

Area = Total surface area =

Volume =

Rectangle Cylinder

Area = Total surface area =

Area of open cylinder =

Area of curved surface =

Volume =

Area of a trapezium = Volume of prism =

Circle Sphere

Circumference = ......................or ........................... Surface area =

Area = ................................... Volume =

Semicircle Hemisphere

Circumference = Total surface area of a hollow hemisphere

=
Area =

Perimeter = Total surface area of a hemisphere

=

Volume =

Sector Cone

Arc length = Total surface area =

Perimeter = Area of curved surface =

Volume =
Area of sector =
Height of the cone =

Area of segment =

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IGCSE Mathematics (0580) Prepared by Teacher Lee Shuk Mee
 Concepts of SOH, CAH, TOA

 Pythagoras’ theorem

 To find hypotenuse
=
 To find side or b
=

 Sketching trigonometry graphs

= = =

 Sine rule
To find the side: To find the angle:

 Cosine rule
To find the side: To find the angle:

 Area of triangle
 Given “V” shape

∆ =

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IGCSE Mathematics (0580) Prepared by Teacher Lee Shuk Mee

 Find magnitude of a vector, given a=

 For vectors, how to prove that three points are on the same straight line? ………………………………………

 For vectors, how to prove that vector a and b are parallel to each other?………………………………………

 How to describe

 Translation? ...........................................................................................................................................................

 Reflection? .............................................................................................................................................................

 Rotation? ...............................................................................................................................................................

 Enlargement? .........................................................................................................................................................

 What is mode? …………………………………………………………………………

 What is median? …………………………………………………………………………………

 How to find range? ………………………………………………………………………………..

 How to find mean for ungrouped data?

 How to find mean for group data?

 Interquartile range =

 Frequency density =

 List types of correlations: (a) ………………………..(b) ………………………. (c) ………………………………

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