UNIX /Linux Overview
Unix/IP Preparation Course May 23, 2010 Kigali, Rwanda
UNIX History
FreeBSD Timeline
Image courtesy of Wikipedia
Unix vs. Linux
Are they the same?
Yes, at least in terms of operating system interfaces Linux was developed independently from Unix Unix is much older (1969 vs. 1991) Both scale very well and work well under heavy load (this is an understatement ) Both emphasize small, interchangeable components Remote logins rather than GUI Scripting is integral Due to modular design has a reasonable security model Linux and its applications are not without blame
Scalability and reliability Flexibility
Manageability Security
The Unix System
Kernel
The "core" of the operating system Device drivers
communicate with your hardware block devices, character devices, network devices, pseudo devices
Filesystems
organise block devices into files and directories
Memory management Timeslicing (multitasking) Networking stacks - esp. TCP/IP Enforces security model
Shells
Command line interface for executing programs
DOS/Windows equivalent: command.com or command.exe
Also programming languages for scripting
DOS/Windows equivalent: batch files
Choice of similar but slightly different shells
sh: the "Bourne Shell". Standardised in POSIX csh: the "C Shell". Not standard, but includes command history bash: the "Bourne-Again Shell". Combines POSIX standard with command history. Others: ksh, tcsh, zsh
User processes
The programs that you choose to run Frequently-used programs tend to have short cryptic names
"ls" = list files "cp" = copy file "rm" = remove (delete) file
Lots of stuff included in most base systems
editors, compilers, system admin tools
Lots more stuff available to install too
Using the Debian/Ubuntu repositories
System processes
Programs that run in the background; also known as "daemons" ==> Examples:
cron: executes programs at certain times of day syslogd: takes log messages and writes them to files inetd: accepts incoming TCP/IP connections and starts programs for each one sshd: accepts incoming logins sendmail (other MTA daemon like Exim): accepts incoming mail
Security model
Numeric IDs
user id (uid 0 = "root", the superuser) group id supplementary groups
Mapped to names
/etc/passwd, /etc/group (plain text files)
Suitable security rules enforced
e.g. you cannot kill a process running as a different user, unless you are "root"
Any questions?
Core directory refresher
/ /var /usr /tmp
(/boot, /bin, /sbin, /etc, maybe /tmp) (Log files, spool, maybe user mail) (Installed software packages) (May reside under /)
Don't confuse the the root account (/root) with the root (/) partition.
Auto Defaults Partition
During FreeBSD installation you can choose this option. It creates the following: / Small Root partition
- this will contain everything not in another partition /bin, /sbin, /usr etc.
A swap partition for virtual memory /var for variable files, such as logs, mail spools, etc. /tmp
- Where temporary files are located
/usr
- /usr/home contains user directories. This is the largest partition created.
Partitioning Issues
/var may not be big enough /usr contains OS utilites, third-party software /usr/home contains your own important data
If you reinstall from scratch and erase /home, you will lose your own data
Everything in / is now more common due to RAID. Why? Valid? /tmp? Others? How much swap should you define?
Note...
Partitioning is just a logical division If your hard drive dies, most likely everything will be lost. If you want data security, then you need to set up mirroring with a separate drive.
Another reason to keep your data on a separate partition, e.g. /u Remember, rm -rf on a mirror works very well.
Or, as always Data Security <==> Backup
Any questions?
Software Installation
Software management in FreeBSD
Install from source Install from binary Compile from source using a port Use a wrapper tool, such as portinstall. Install pre-built FreeBSD packages using pkg_*
You can keep the source tree local and up-to-date. This is known as the ports collections. A number of tools to do this, including portsnap.
System Startup
Startup scripts in FreeBSD
/etc/rc.d system startup scripts /usr/local/etc/rc.d third-party startup scripts
Controlling services
In /etc/defaults/rc.conf initial defaults /etc/rc.conf override settings here
Administration
The use of the root account is discouraged and the sudo program should be used to access root privileges from your own account instead. You can do a buildworld to move between major and minor releases.
Important Reads
There's More
The FreeBSD Handbook
http://www.freebsd.org/handbook/
Some Web Resources
http://www.freebsd.org http://forums.freebsd.org http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=freebsd http://www.freshports.org/ http://wiki.freebsd.org http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD
GIYF (Google Is Your Friend)
Packages & Exercises
We'll reinforce some of these concepts using exercises...
