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Basic Electronics

The document discusses various electrical concepts and components including units, notations, wires, connectors, switches, fuses, circuit breakers, resistors, batteries, cells, direct and alternating current, and sources of electricity. It provides definitions and explanations of these topics.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
141 views5 pages

Basic Electronics

The document discusses various electrical concepts and components including units, notations, wires, connectors, switches, fuses, circuit breakers, resistors, batteries, cells, direct and alternating current, and sources of electricity. It provides definitions and explanations of these topics.

Uploaded by

j
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BE REVIEWER

Conversion of notations: Laws of Exponent Facts:


The standards american wire gage is Circular
Zero Exponent Law: a^0 = 1
mil.
Standard - TRUE Value Product Law: a^m × a^n = a^(m+n)
Scientific - Derivation of Standard notation Quotient Law: a^m / a^n = a^(m-n)
with a rule that the base should only range Negative Exponents Law: a^-m = 1/a^m
Power of a Power: (a^m)^n = a^(mn)
from 1-9 and must be multiplied to 10 and
raised to the power.
Engineering - Derivation of Standard
notation with a rule that the base should
range from 1-999, multiplied by 10 and the
power should only be a multiple of 3.

EXAMPLE
Standard - 3000
Scientific - 3 x 10^3
Engineering - 3 X 10^3

Conversion of electrical units


(x 10^3) (x 10^2) (x 10^1)
Switches - A Component that allows us to control whether the current is on or off in
(x 10^-1) (x 10^-2) (x 10^-3)

T G M K H D (base) d c m mn p a circuit
3 3 3 3 3 3
Pole-Throw
Positive Negative
Pole - Number of completely isolated circuits that can be controlled by the switch.
T- Tera d - deci
Throw - number of closed contact positions that exist per pole.
G- Giga c - centi “SPST, DPST, SPDT, DPDT.”
M - Mega m - milli
K - Kilo m - metr FUSE
H - Hecto
D - Deca Slow-Blow Fuse - These have coiled construction.

CIRCUIT BREAKER - Protect circuit components and wiring against the high
Types of wires current caused by a short circuit. It is constructed of a thin bimetallic strip that
Solid - can easily break
expands with heat and in turn trips open the circuit.
Stranded - less likely to create open wire
Braided - used for very low resistance
Coaxial - Commonly used for signal in Cable Hot Resistance - The reason is that the resistance increases with higher
TV temperatures, since these materials have a positive temperature coefficient.
Twin-Lead - provides constant spacing in a
wire
Ribbon cable - many conducting wires INSULATOR DISCHARGES CURRENT BY:
running parallel to each other on the same Conduction through a conducting path.
flat plane.
Brush discharge
Connectors Spark Discharge
Spade Lug - often used for screw-type
terminals
Alligator Clip - Temporary connection
Banana Pins - Makes tight connections
Terminal Strips - block multiple solder
connections
RCA-Type Plug - Shielded cables with
audio equipment
Phone Plug
F-Connector - Universally used in cable TV
Multiple Pin - used to connect components
of a computer system
Spring Loaded Metal Hook - Grabber for a
temporary connection to a circuit
Printed Wiring - One side has the
components, e.g. Resistors, Capacitors etc.

TUBIG MARKA NI ORPHEUS


BE REVIEWER
TUBIG MARKA NI ORPHEUS

Electricity Resistors - To limit the amount of current or to produce a desired drop in


Present in all matter in the form of voltage.
electrons(-) and protons(+)
Characteristics:
Resistance in ohms
Power rating in watts
Conductor - Electrons move easily from one
atom to the next.
Insulator - Electrons tend to stay in their own Types of Resistors:
orbit Wire-Wound
Semi-Conductor - Neither a good conductor nor Carbon-composition
a good insulator. Film-Type
Surface-mount
Fusible
Pioneers in Electronics Thermistors
Zero-Ohm
Charles Augustin Coulomb
Allessandro Volta
Andre Marie Ampere Difference between a Rheostat and Potentiometer
Georg Simon Ohm Rheostat has 2 terminals while Potentiometer has 3.
“A Rheostat can’t be a potentiometer but a Potentiometer can be a
rheostat.”
ALL FORMULAS NEEDED
Potential Diff.
V = W/Q where in W is Joules and C is
Battery - Composed of a cathode, an anode and the electrolyte.
Charge
Intensity / Current “Anode(-) and Cathode(+)”
I = Q/T wherein Q is Charge and T is Time “Cell is a single unit while Battery is composed of groups of cells.”
Resistance
R = 1/G where in G is Seconds
Primary Cells - Cannot be recharged.
PRACTICAL UNITS IN OHM’S LAW: Secondary Cells - Can be recharged.
Current Dry Cells - Has a moist electrolyte
I=V/R
Voltage
Sealed Rechargeable Cells - Can be recharged but has a sealed
V=IR electrolyte that cannot be refilled.
Resistance Primary Cells:
R=V/I Carbon-Zinc
Electric Power Alkaline Cell
P=IV Zinc-Chloride Cells
746W = 1hp = 550ft lb/s Mercury Cells
Power Dissipation Silver Oxide Cell
P= I^2R Lithium Cells
P= V^2/R

Wire Resistance
Secondary Cells:
R = ρl/ A Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) Cell
Temperature Coefficient of Resistance Nickel-Metal-Hydride (NiMH) Cell
Rt = Ro + Ro(α Δt) Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Cell
Nickel-Iron (Edison) Cell
Nickel-Zinc Cell
Direct Current - Has one direction
Fuel Cells
Alternating Current - Periodically reverses
Solar Cells
Closed Circuit - All Elements are present
Open Circuit - R is infinitely High, I is Zero, V is
normal
Seried Connected - Connected in a series.
Short Circuit - R is Zero, I is very high, V is high Parallel Connected - Connected in Parallel for more current capacity.

Sources of Electricity
Static Electricity by Friction Any electric circuit has three important
Conversion of Chemical Energy characteristics:
Electromagnestism Source of potential difference
Photoelectricity Complete path for Current to flow
Has Resistance
BE REVIEWER
Diodes - Electrical device allowing current to move through it in one
direction with far greater ease than in the other.

Semi-Conductors - less than metal conductors but more than insulators.


Types:
Intrinsic - Purest Form
Extrinsic - Other atoms mixed in
n-type - Has been doped with pentavalent impurity atoms.
p-type - Has been doped with trivalent impurity atoms.

BIAS - Defined as a control voltage or current.


Forward Bias - conducts current and drops small voltage across the
lamp.
“If the battery’s polarity is reversed, the diode becomes reverse-
biased.”

Schematic Symbols

Credits to the owner!!


FILIPINO REVIEWER
L1: POKUS NG PANDIWA
L3: Sanaysay
Relasyon sa paksa o simuno ng pangungusap ng pandiwa
“Sanay” at “Salaysay”
Tungkol sa mga kaisipan at bagay bagay na maaring
Aktor-Pokus - Sino?
kapulutan ng impormasyon na makatutulong sa pagbuo ng
Ex. Maglilinis ng bahay si Camille sa linggo.
sariling pananaw.
Pokus sa Layon - Ano?
Ex. Kainin mo ang gulay.
Tatlong mahalagang bahagi:
Lokatibong Pokus - Saan?
1. Panimula
Ex. Pinagdausan ng kasal ang lumang simbahan
2. Gitna
Benepaktibong Pokus - Para Kanino?
3. Wakas
Ex. Tinahi niya ang damit ni Carlo.
Instrumentong Pokus - Sa pamamagitan ng ano?
Elemento:
Ex. Ipinahid niya sa mukha ang lumang panyo
1. Tema - Pinakapaksa
Kosatibong Pokus - Dahilan o sanhi
2. Anyo at Estruktura - Maayos na pagkakasunod-sunod ng
Ex.
ideya o pangyayari
Pokus sa Direksyon - Tungo saan?
3. Kaisipan - Ideyang nabanggit na kaugnay o
Ex.
nagpapaliwanag sa tema.
4. Wika at Estilo - Mabuting gumamit ng simple, natural at
L2: MGA AKDANG PAMPANITIKAN SA MEDITERRANEAN matapat na pahayag.
5. Larawan ng buhay - Makatotohanang salaysay
Mitolohiya - 6. Damdamin - Pagpapahayag nang may kaangkupan at
Agham ng mga mito at alamat kawastuhan
“Mythos” = Latin, “Muthos” = Griyego 7. Himig - nagpapahiwatig ng kulay at kalikasan ng
damdamin.
Gamit:
Ipaliwanag ang paglikha ng daigdig Retorika
Ipaliwanag ang pwersa ng kalikasan Ekspresyong nagpapahayag ng pananaw.
Maikuwento ang mga sinaunang gawaing pangrelihiyon Kabilang dito ang: Ayon, batay, para, sang-ayon, sa/kay,
Magturo ng mabuting aral ganoon din sa paniniwala/pananaw/akala ko, ni/ng, atbp.
Maipaliwanag ang kasaysayan
Maipahayag ang marubdob na pangarap, matinding takot,
at pag-asa ng sangkatauhan. MITO (L1 &2; Nagsasalaysay)
(1) Cupid & Psyche (Rome & Italy)
L4: Parabola Isinalaysay ni Apuleius; Eng Edith Hamilton; Fil Vilma C. Ambat
Pagtabihin ang dalawang bagay upang pagtularin (2) Nagkaroon ng Anak sina Wigan at Bugan (Pilipino)
Mula sa banal na kasulatan Eng Maria Luisa B. Aguilar-Carino; Fil Vilma C. Ambat

Sanaysay(L3; Naglalahad)
L5: Pang-halip - Humahalili sa pangngalan. (1) Ang Alegorya ng Yungib (Sanaysay mula Greece)
Anapora - Pangngalan + Panghalip Mula sa Allegory of the Cave ni Plato; Fil Willita A. Enrijo
Katapora - Panghalip + Pangngalan
Parabula (L4; Nagsasalaysay)
Pang-ugnay (1)Ang Tusong Katiwala (Syria)
Relasyon ng dalawang salita, parirala, sugnay o pangungusap. Lukas 16; 1-15; Philippine Bible Society

L6: Mga Hudyat sa pagkasunod-sunod ng mga Pangyayari Maikling Kuwento (L5; Nagsasalaysay)
Hal. (1)Ang Kuwintas (France; Guy de Maupassant)
at, saka, pati - pagpupuno o pagdaragdag ng impormasyon
maliban, bukod, kay, huwag lang, bukod sa - pagbubukod o Nobela (L6: Nagsasalaysay)
paghihiwalay (1) Ang kuba ng Notre Dame (France)
tuloy, bunga, nito, kaya, naman - kinalalabasan o The Hunchback of Notre Dame ni Victor Hugo (Eng)
kinahihinatnan Villita A. Enrijo (Fil)
kapag, sakali, kung - kondisyon o pasubali
Klino
Pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga salita ukol sa tindi ng emosyon.
TULA (L7; Naglalahad)
L7: Pagpapahayag ng Emosyon at Saloobin
(1) Ang Tinig ng Ligaw na Gansa (Egypt)
Fil Vilma C. Ambat; Eng William Kelly Simpson
Mga Paraan;
(1) Pagpapahayag ng Matinding Damdamin
EPIKO (L8; Nagsasalaysay )
Bantas: (! & ?)
(1) Epiko ni Gilgamesh (Mesopotamia)
Fil Cristina S. Chioco; Eng N.K. Sandars
a. Paghanga: Wow, ang ganda n'yan, a!
b. Pagkagulat: O, ikaw pala!
c. Pagkalungkot: Naku, kawawa naman siya!
d. Pagtataka: Siyanga? Totoo bang sinabi mo? L8: Mga Pananda sa Mabisang Paglalahad ng Pahayag
e. Pagkatuwa: Yipee! Matutuwa si Mommmy.
f. Pagkagalit/ Pagkainis: Hmmpp! Nakaiinis ka! Salitang pananda sa mabisang paglalahad;
g. Pag-asa: Naku, sana nga'y makapasa ka na! (1) Pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga pangyayari ayon sa
panahon, maaari nating gamitin ang mga salitang;
(2) Hindi mAsyadong matindi ang damdamin
Bantas na (.) una, pangalawa, pangatlo, nang noon pagkatapos sumunod
samantala
(3) Sumusunod na Konstruksyon ng Gramatika:
Pariralang Nominal/ Adjective (2) Ipakita ang sanhi at bunga, gamitin ang sumusunod:
a. Ang ganda ng tulang iyan! dahil dito, bunga nito, sa mga pangyayaring ito, resulta ng,
b. Nakakapanggigil talaga ang alaga mong aso! kung gayon, dulot nito, samakatuwid, sa gayon
c. Ang ilap ng gansa!
(3) Paghahambing o kaibahan o kontradiksyon, maaaring
Antas ng kasukdulan/kasobrahan gamitin ang mga salitang:
a. Napakakulit ng lalaking mangingibig! sa halip na, di tulad ng, sa kabilang dako, sa kabilang banda,
b. Sobrang bait ng mag-aaral. higit pa rito, sa magkatulad na dahilan
c. Ang ganda-ganda niya! d. Talagang gulat na gulat si Arvyl!
(4)Pagdaragdag ng impormasyon, maaaring gamitin ang
mga salitang:
(4)Paggamit ng negatibong ekspresiyon (binibigyang-din kabilang dito, bukod dito, at saka, karagdagan dito
kapag binibigkas kasama ang ano man, sino man, saan man
at iba pa. ) (5)Magbigay ng diin, maaaring gamitin ang sumusunod: sa
a.Wala kang maaasahang ano man sa kaniya. madaling salita, sa totoo lang, tunay na, higit sa lahat
b. Hindi matatalo ng sino man ang marunong manuyo.
C. Saan ka man pumunta, hindi ka makaliligtas sa akin (6)Magbigay ng mga halimbawa at paliwanag, ang
sumusunod ay maaaring gamitin:
(5) Paggamit ng mga tanong na retorikal (Patayutay na Halimbawa nito, dagdag pa rito, kabilang dito ang sumusunod,
pagtatanong upang bigyang-diin ang isang kaisipan. Ito ay Bilang karagdagan
tanong na hindi sinasagot sapagkat lantad na.)
a. Ang ganda ng ginawa nila, di ba? (Napakaganda ng ginawa 2 Pangkat ng Pangatnig
nilal) -Nag-uugnay ng magkatimbang na salita, parirala o sugnay
b. Dahilan ba iyan para malungkot ka? (Hindi iyan sapat na (1) Makatatayong mag-isa, tulad ng:
dahilan para malungkot ka!) at ngunit ni datapwat at iba pa saka pero maging subalit pati
c. Kasarinlan baga itong ang bibig mo'y nakasusi? (Hindi,
sapagkat nakasusi ang bibig) (2)Di makapag-iisa, tulad ng:
kung kaya kung gayon pag palibhasa kapag sapagkat dahil sa
at iba pa

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