LECTURE 3
1. Beam-Column Behavior:
- A beam-column is a structural member that is subjected to both axial and
bending loads.
- The axial load causes the column to shorten, while the bending load causes
the column to bend.
- The combination of these loads causes the column to undergo a complex
stress state that requires careful design consideration.
- Failure can occur due to buckling or yield of the material, or a combination of
both.
2. Design Process:
- Design of beam-columns is done using codes such as the American Institute
of Steel Construction (AISC) or the Eurocode.
- The design process involves determining the load-carrying capacity of the
beam-column and comparing it to the loads it will be subjected to.
- Load calculations include dead loads, live loads, wind loads, and seismic
loads.
- The design also takes into account the material strength, member
dimensions, and joint connections.
3. Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD):
- LRFD is a common method used in the design of beam-columns.
- It uses a load factor, which is a multiple of the anticipated load, and a
resistance factor, which is a fraction of the material strength, to calculate the
allowable strength of the member.
- This approach provides a safety factor against potential failure.
4. Analysis Methods:
- Beam-column design analysis includes two methods: elastic and inelastic.
- The elastic analysis assumes that the member is behaving linearly, while the
inelastic analysis takes into account the non-linear behavior of the material.
4. Analysis Methods:
- Beam-column design analysis includes two methods: elastic and inelastic.
- The elastic analysis assumes that the member is behaving linearly, while the
inelastic analysis takes into account the non-linear behavior of the material.
- The inelastic analysis is often used for steel beam-columns.
5. Design Considerations:
- The design of beam-columns involves considerations such as member length,
end conditions, and material properties.
- Long columns are more susceptible to buckling, while short columns are
more likely to yield.
- End conditions such as pinned or fixed can greatly affect the behavior of the
member.
- Material properties, such as yield strength and modulus of elasticity, are also
important factors to consider.
6. Connection Design:
- Beam-column connections must be designed to transfer the load from the
beam to the column without creating a weak point.
- Types of connections include shear connections, moment connections, and
composite connections.
- The design of connections involves considerations such as bolt size, spacing,
and orientation, as well as the type and amount of weld used.
7. Bracing:
- Bracing is used to provide stability to beam-columns, particularly in
situations where the member is subjected to lateral loads.
- Bracing can take the form of diagonal braces or moment frames.
- Bracing must be designed to resist the expected loads and ensure that the
beam-column does not buckle.
8. Material Selection:
- Bracing can take the form of diagonal braces or moment frames.
- Bracing must be designed to resist the expected loads and ensure that the
beam-column does not buckle.
8. Material Selection:
- Beam-columns can be made from a variety of materials, including steel,
concrete, and wood.
- Material selection depends on the specific design requirements, such as the
loads the member will be subjected to and the desired aesthetics of the structure.
- Steel is a popular choice due to its high strength-to-weight ratio, while
concrete offers high compressive strength.
Problem 1:
A steel beam-column with a length of 20 ft is subjected to a uniform load of 10
kips/ft and an axial load of 50 kips. The beam-column is fixed at the base and
pinned at the top. The beam has a W10x49 section. Determine if the beam-column
is adequate for the given loads using LRFD.
Solution:
First, we need to calculate the moment and axial load capacity of the beam-
column:
- Moment Capacity: Mp = Fy * Zx
- Zx = 29.6 in^3 (from the AISC Steel Manual)
- Fy = 50 ksi (from the AISC Steel Manual)
- Mp = 50 ksi * 29.6 in^3 = 1480 k-in
- Axial Load Capacity: Pn = 0.9 * Fy * Ag
- Ag = 7.28 in^2 (from the AISC Steel Manual)
- Pn = 0.9 * 50 ksi * 7.28 in^2 = 292 kips
- Calculate the moment from the uniform load: M = wL^2/8 = 10 kips/ft * 20 ft^2 / 8
= 50 kip-ft
- The total moment on the beam-column is M = 50 kip-ft + Mp = 50 kip-ft + 1480 k-
in = 1640 k-in
- The total axial load on the beam-column is P = 50 kips
- The required strength is calculated as follows: φ(M/1 2 + 0 5P) ≤ φ(Ry * Mp +
- Calculate the moment from the uniform load: M = wL^2/8 = 10 kips/ft * 20 ft^2 / 8
= 50 kip-ft
- The total moment on the beam-column is M = 50 kip-ft + Mp = 50 kip-ft + 1480 k-
in = 1640 k-in
- The total axial load on the beam-column is P = 50 kips
- The required strength is calculated as follows: φ(M/1.2 + 0.5P) ≤ φ(Ry * Mp +
0.9Pn)
- Ry = 1.5 (from the AISC Steel Manual)
- φ = 0.9 (from the AISC Steel Manual)
- φ(M/1.2 + 0.5P) = 0.9 * (1640 k-in/1.2 + 0.5 * 50 kips) = 1189 k-in
- φ(Ry * Mp + 0.9Pn) = 0.9 * (1.5 * 1480 k-in + 0.9 * 292 kips) = 2613 k-in
- Since 1189 k-in ≤ 2613 k-in, the beam-column is adequate for the given loads.\
Problem 2:
Design a steel wide-flange column subjected to an axial load of 500 kips and a
moment of 100 kip-ft at the top. The column is 20 feet long and is braced at both
ends. Use AISC Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) method.
Solution:
Given data:
Axial load (P) = 500 kips
Moment at top (M) = 100 kip-ft
Column length (L) = 20 ft
Step 1: Determine the required column strength
- The column strength is given by the formula: Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S)
- Pu is the required column strength, D is the dead load, L is the live load, Lr is
the unbraced length, and S is the length of the column between points of lateral
support.
- Assuming D = 0, L = P, and Lr = 20 ft (since the column is braced at both ends),
we get: Pu = 1.6(P) + 0.5(Lr) = 1.6(500) + 0.5(20) = 820 kips
- Pu is the required column strength, D is the dead load, L is the live load, Lr is
the unbraced length, and S is the length of the column between points of lateral
support.
- Assuming D = 0, L = P, and Lr = 20 ft (since the column is braced at both ends),
we get: Pu = 1.6(P) + 0.5(Lr) = 1.6(500) + 0.5(20) = 820 kips
Step 2: Calculate the allowable column strength
- The allowable column strength is given by the formula: Pn = φPc + φPp
- Pn is the allowable column strength, φ is the resistance factor, Pc is the
compressive strength of the column, and Pp is the flexural strength of the
column.
- Assuming φ = 0.9, Pc is obtained from the AISC Steel Construction Manual, and
Pp is obtained from the moment capacity equation for wide-flange sections, we
get: Pn = 0.9(0.75FyAg) + 0.9(Mp/Fy)
- Fy is the yield strength of steel, Ag is the gross area of the column, and Mp is
the plastic moment capacity of the column.
- For example, assuming Fy = 50 ksi and using a W14x74 wide-flange section with
Ag = 14.76 in^2 and Mp = 1527 kip-in, we get: Pn = 0.9(0.75(50)(14.76)) +
0.9(1527/50) = 1082 kips
Step 3: Check for adequacy
- Compare the required column strength (Pu) with the allowable column strength
(Pn).
- If Pu < Pn, the design is adequate. Otherwise, the column needs to be
redesigned.
- In this case, since Pu = 820 kips < Pn = 1082 kips, the design is adequate.
Problem 3:
Design a steel HSS (Hollow Structural Section) column subjected to an axial load
of 600 kips and a moment of 150 kip-ft at the top. The column is 30 feet long and
is braced at both ends. Use AISC Allowable Stress Design (ASD) method.
Solution:
Given data:
Design a steel HSS (Hollow Structural Section) column subjected to an axial load
of 600 kips and a moment of 150 kip-ft at the top. The column is 30 feet long and
is braced at both ends. Use AISC Allowable Stress Design (ASD) method.
Solution:
Given data:
Axial load (P) = 600 kips
Moment at top (M) = 150 kip-ft
Column length (L) = 30 ft
Step 1: Determine the required column strength
- The column strength is given by the formula: Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S)
- Pu is the required column strength, D is the dead load, L is the live load, Lr is
the unbraced length, and S is the length of the column between points of lateral
support.
- Assuming D = 0, L = P, and Lr = 30 ft (since the column is braced at both ends),
we get: Pu = 1.6(P) + 0.5(Lr) = 1.6(600) + 0.5(30) = 975 kips
Step 2: Calculate the allowable column strength
- The allowable column strength is given by the formula: Pa = φFcrAg
- Pa is the allowable column strength, φ is the safety factor, Fcr is the
compressive stress of the column, and Ag is the gross area of the column.
- Assuming φ = 0.4 (for HSS columns), Fcr is obtained from the AISC Steel
Construction Manual, and Ag is obtained from the properties of the HSS section,
we get: Pa = 0.4(Fcr)(Ag)
- For example, assuming a W12x65 HSS section with Fy = 50 ksi and Ag = 12.03
in^2, we get: Fcr = 0.9Fy/1.6 = 28.125 ksi and Pa = 0.4(28.125)(12.03) = 135.9 kips
Step 3: Check for adequacy
- Compare the required column strength (Pu) with the allowable column strength
(Pa).
- If Pu < Pa, the design is adequate. Otherwise, the column needs to be
redesigned.
- In this case since Pu = 975 kips > Pa = 135 9 kips the design is not adequate
Step 3: Check for adequacy
- Compare the required column strength (Pu) with the allowable column strength
(Pa).
- If Pu < Pa, the design is adequate. Otherwise, the column needs to be
redesigned.
- In this case, since Pu = 975 kips > Pa = 135.9 kips, the design is not adequate.
- To redesign the column, we can increase the size of the HSS section or use a
different type of section (such as a wide-flange column).
Problem 4:
Design a reinforced concrete beam-column subjected to a factored axial load of
400 kips and a factored moment of 50 kip-ft. The column has a rectangular cross-
section of 24 in x 24 in and a clear height of 14 ft. Use ACI (American Concrete
Institute) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) method.
Solution:
Given data:
Factored axial load (P) = 400 kips
Factored moment (M) = 50 kip-ft
Column cross-section: 24 in x 24 in
Clear height (L) = 14 ft
Step 1: Determine the required strength of the beam-column
- The required strength of the beam-column is given by the formula: Pn = 1.2D +
1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S)
- Pn is the required strength, D is the dead load, L is the live load, Lr is the
unbraced length, and S is the length of the column between points of lateral
support.
- Assuming D = 0, L = P, and Lr = L (since the column is unbraced along its entire
height), we get: Pn = 1.2(P) + 1.6(L) + 0.5(L) = 1.2(400) + 1.6(400) + 0.5(14) = 1176
kips
Step 2: Calculate the factored moment strength of the beam-column
- The factored moment strength of the beam-column is given by the formula: Mn =
- Assuming D = 0, L = P, and Lr = L (since the column is unbraced along its entire
height), we get: Pn = 1.2(P) + 1.6(L) + 0.5(L) = 1.2(400) + 1.6(400) + 0.5(14) = 1176
kips
Step 2: Calculate the factored moment strength of the beam-column
- The factored moment strength of the beam-column is given by the formula: Mn =
φMn
- Mn is the moment strength, φ is the safety factor, and Mn is the nominal moment
strength.
- Assuming φ = 0.9 (for beam-columns), Mn is calculated using the ACI code
provisions for flexural design.
- For a rectangular column section, Mn can be calculated as: Mn =
φ(0.9Fc)(bh^2)(1 - 0.59(fc/fy)) + φAsfy(d - a)
- Fc is the compressive strength of concrete, b and h are the dimensions of the
column section, fc and fy are the strengths of the reinforcement, As is the area of
steel reinforcement, d is the distance from the extreme fiber to the centroid of the
steel reinforcement, and a is the distance from the centroid of the steel
reinforcement to the extreme fiber.
- For example, assuming Fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, and As = 5 in^2 (with a 1.5" cover
on each side), we can calculate Mn as follows:
- Fc = 0.9(4 ksi)(24 in)(24 in)^2(1 - 0.59(4/60)) + 0.9(5 in^2)(60 ksi)(12 in - 1.5 in)
- Fc = 1104 kip-in + 302.4 kip-in = 1406.4 kip-in
Step 3: Check for adequacy
- Compare the required strength of the beam-column (Pn) with the factored
moment strength (Mn).
- If Pn < Mn, the design is adequate. Otherwise, the beam-column needs to be
redesigned.
- In this case, since Pn = 1176 kips < Mn = 1406.4 kip-in, the design is adequate.
Step 4: Check for reinforcement requirements
- Check if the steel reinforcement satisfies the minimum requirements specified
by the AC
Step 4: Check for reinforcement requirements
- Check if the steel reinforcement satisfies the minimum requirements specified
by the AC
Problem 5:
Design a steel beam-column with pinned ends to support a factored gravity load
of 200 kips and a factored lateral load of 50 kips. The beam-column is W14x90
with a length of 16 feet. The material properties are as follows: Fy = 50 ksi, Fu =
65 ksi. Use the AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction) LRFD (Load and
Resistance Factor Design) method.
Solution:
Given data:
Factored gravity load (P) = 200 kips
Factored lateral load (L) = 50 kips
Beam-column size: W14x90
Length (L) = 16 ft
Fy = 50 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi
Step 1: Determine the required strength of the beam-column
- The required strength of the beam-column is given by the formula: Pn = 1.2D +
1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S)
- Pn is the required strength, D is the dead load, L is the live load, Lr is the
unbraced length, and S is the length of the column between points of lateral
support.
- Assuming D = 0, L = P + Ll (where Ll is the lateral load), and Lr = L/2 (since the
ends are pinned), we get: Pn = 1.2(P) + 1.6(P+Ll) + 0.5(L) = 1.2(200) + 1.6(250) +
0.5(16) = 628 kips
Step 2: Calculate the factored strength of the beam-column
- The factored strength of the beam-column is given by the formula: φRn
- Assuming D = 0, L = P + Ll (where Ll is the lateral load), and Lr = L/2 (since the
ends are pinned), we get: Pn = 1.2(P) + 1.6(P+Ll) + 0.5(L) = 1.2(200) + 1.6(250) +
0.5(16) = 628 kips
Step 2: Calculate the factored strength of the beam-column
- The factored strength of the beam-column is given by the formula: φRn
- Rn is the nominal strength, and φ is the safety factor.
- For a W14x90 section, the nominal strength in axial compression is given by the
AISC code as: Rn = φAgFy
- Ag is the gross area of the section, Fy is the yield strength of the material, and φ
is the safety factor.
- Ag can be calculated as follows: Ag = d(tf) + 2(b - tf)(tw) where d is the depth, b
is the flange width, tf is the flange thickness, and tw is the web thickness.
- For the given W14x90 section, we have: d = 15.88 in, b = 5.25 in, tf = 0.48 in, and
tw = 0.29 in
- Therefore, Ag = 15.88(0.48) + 2(5.25 - 0.48)(0.29) = 6.64 in^2
- Substituting values, we get: Rn = 0.9(6.64 in^2)(50 ksi) = 297.36 kips
Step 3: Check for adequacy
- Compare the required strength of the beam-column (Pn) with the factored
strength (φRn).
- If Pn < φRn, the design is adequate. Otherwise, the beam-column needs to be
redesigned.
- In this case, since Pn = 628 kips < φRn = 0.9(297.36 kips) = 267.62 kips, the
design is adequate.
Step 4: Check for deflection
- Check if the deflection of the beam-column is within the limits specified by the
AISC
