Circuits 1

Methods of solution of DC
circuits
Simplification Method

Prof. Dr.
Mohamed Fathy

1
Copyright Prof. Dr. Mohamed Fathy Abu El-Yazeed
Methods of solution of DC circuits
• Method 2 Step by Step Simplification

1. Transforming current sources into equivalent

voltage sources or vice versa

2. Combination of active elements

3. Replacing series and parallel resistors by its

equivalent (All resistors are assumed linear)

4. Star-Delta or Delta-Star transformation

2
Copyright Prof. Dr. Mohamed Fathy Abu El-Yazeed
 Source Equivalence
1 1
I + I +

R0
3 V I0 R0 V
V0
- -
2 2
V=V12 =V13 +V32 = - IR0 +V0 V
I 0 =I+
R0
V= V0 – I R0 V= I0 R0 – I R0

V0 =I 0 R 0
V = V0 − IR 0 V = I0R 0 − IR0

V0 R 0 I0

V0 =I 0 R 0
4
 Example
• Convert the shown voltage source
( V0 = 3v & R 0 = 0.1 k ) into its
equivalent current source.

Solution

V0 3
I0 = = = 30mA
R 0 0.1

5
 Combination of active elements
i) Series Connection

≡
V0 = V1 + V2 − V3
R 0 = R1 + R 2 + R 3
6
 Combination of active elements
ii) Parallel Connection
+
I
I1 R1 I2 R2 I3 R3 V
-
+
I
I0 R0 V
-
1 1 1 1
I 0 = I1 - I 2 + I 3 = + +
Req R1 R 2 R 3 7
 Example
• Convert the shown current sources
( I1 =100 mA, R1 =50 , I 2 =200 mA, and R 2 =50  )
into one equivalent current source.

8
 Solution
( I1 = 100 mA, R1 = 50 , I 2 = 200 mA, and R 2 = 50  )

I0 =
15
=150mA R 0 = 0.1 k 9
0.1
 Example

• For the shown current, use simplification

method to find the load current IL. (All
voltages are in Volts & all resistors are in
k ).

10
 Solution
RL=10

1 3 2 1.5 6

24 24 10 6 2

1 RL=10 2

24 1 8 3 5 2 4 1.5 1/3 6

0 11
 1 RL=10 2

24 1 8 3 5 2 4 1.5 1/3 6

0
RL=10
1 RL=10 2

0.75 IL 0.75
32 0.75 4/3 0.75
24 1

0
24-1 23
IL = = =2 mA
0.75+10+0.75 11.5 12
 1 RL=10 2
I L =2 mA
0.75 IL 0.75
V1 = -2*0.75+24=22.5 V
24 1
V2 = 2*0.75+1=2.5 V
0
V1 =22.5 V RL=10 V2 =2.5 V

1 3 2 1.5 6

24 24 10 6 2

0 13
 Sheet 1
For the shown circuit, use simplification
method to find all branch currents and check the
power balance 2
5 k 1 5 k

10
2 5
25 V k
mA k

14
 5 k 1 5 k 2

5
10 R51 k 5
25 5V 2 k
mA k k V mA 10 V
1

15
 Circuits 1

Simplification Method (Cont.)

Star-Delta Transformation

Prof. Dr.
Mohamed Fathy

16
Copyright Prof. Dr. Mohamed Fathy Abu El-Yazeed
Star - Delta Transformation

Delta (Pi or ) Star (Y or T)

17
Find the currents in the 3 & 3.5 k resistors
12 4 3.5 1 6

5 0
12 6
24

3 3 2 12

2.2 30

18
 Delta ( ) Pi (  )

1 1 R31 3

R12 R31
R12 R23
2 3
R23 2

19
 3
1 Star
2

R1 R2 R3
4
R1 R2
Y R3 4
1
3
2
1 R1 4 R2 2 3

R3
T R3
R1 R2
1 2
3 4
 Delta -Star R12 R 31
R1 =
1 R12 +R 23 +R 31
R 23 R12
R12 R1 R31 R2 =
R12 +R 23 +R 31
R2 4 R3
2 3 R 31R 23
R3 =
R23 R12 +R 23 +R 31
Special Case R12 =R 23 = R 31 = R
R
R1 =R 2 =R 3 =
3
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 Star - Delta R1R 2
R12 =R1 +R 2 +
R3
1 R 2 R3
R 23 =R 2 +R 3 +
R12 R1
R1 R31
R3 R 3 R1
R2 R 31 =R 3 +R1 +
4 R2
2 3
R23

Special Case R1 =R 2 = R 3 = R

R12 =R 23 =R 31 =3R
22
Find the currents in the 3 and 3.5 k resistors
12 4 3.5 1 6

5 0
12 6
24

3 3 2 12

2.2 30

23
 12 4 3.5 1 6

3
7 I1 0
5 1.5 6 3
12 6
6
24 6 I2 3

3 3 2 12
I

2.2 32
R eq =2.2+6+8//12+3=16 32
I= =2mA
12 8 16
I1 =2* =1.2 mA I 2 =2* =0.8 mA
20 20
24
 4 3.5 1

3
7 I1 =1.2 mA 1.5 0
5 6 3
6
6 I 2 =0.8 mA 3

3 3 2
I=2mA

2.2 32
V5 = -2*2.2+32=27.6 V
V6 = 2*3=6 V V7 = -2*6+27.6=15.6 V
V1 = 1.2*1.5+6=7.8 V V2 = 0.8*3+6=8.4 V
V3 = -0.8*6+15.6=10.8 V V4 =-1.2*3+15.6=12 V
  to Y Transformation

V12 =V14 +V42

=I1R1 -I 2 R 2

26
  to Y Transformation
V12 +V23 +V31 =0
I12R12 + I 23R 23 + I31R31 = 0
KCL Node 1
KCL Node 2

I12 R12 + ( I 2 +I12 ) R 23 + ( I12 -I1 ) R 31 =0

R 31 R 23
I12 =I1 -I 2 V12 = I12 R12
R12 +R 23 +R 31 R12 +R 23 +R 31
R12 R 31 R12 R 23
V12 =I1 -I 2
R12 +R 23 +R 31 R 12 +R 23 +R 31 27
  to Y Transformation
• For the 
R12 R 31 R12 R 23
V12 =I1 -I 2
R12 +R 23 +R 31 R12 +R 23 +R 31

For the Y V12 =I1R1 -I 2 R 2

R12 R 31 R 23 R12
R1 = R2 =
R12 +R 23 +R 31 R12 +R 23 +R 31

R 31R 23
Similarly R3 =
R12 +R 23 +R 31 28
 Y to  Transformation

I1 +I 2 +I 3 =0
G1 ( V1 -V4 ) +G 2 ( V2 -V4 ) +G 3 ( V3 -V4 ) =0
V4 ( G1 +G 2 +G 3 ) =G1V1 +G 2 V2 +G 3 V3
G 1V1 +G 2 V2 +G 3 V3
V4 =
G 1 +G 2 +G 3
3 V1 V2 V3
 G i Vi + +
R1 R 2 R 3
= i=1
3
=
1 1 1
 Gi + +
R1 R 2 R 3
i=1
29
 Y to  Transformation
G 1V1 +G 2 V2 +G 3 V3
V4 =
G 1 +G 2 +G 3

 G1V1 +G 2 V2 +G 3 V3 
I1 =G1 ( V1 -V4 ) =G1  V1 - 
 G1 +G 2 +G 3 

 G1V1 +G 2 V1 +G 3V1 -G1V1 -G 2 V2 -G 3V3 

=G1  
 G1 +G 2 +G 3 
 G 2 ( V1 -V2 ) -G 3 ( V3 -V1 ) 
I1 =G1  
 G1 +G 2 +G 3  30
 Y to  Transformation

KCL at node 1

( ) (
I1 =I12 -I 31 =G12 V1 -V2 -G 31 V3 -V1 )
31
  to Y Transformation
G1G 2 ( V1 -V2 ) -G1G 3 ( V3 -V1 )
• For the Y I1 =
G1 +G 2 +G 3

For the  ( )
I1 =G12 V1 -V2 -G 31 V3 -V1 ( )
G1G 2 G 3G 1
G12 = & G 31 =
G1 +G 2 +G 3 G1 +G 2 +G 3
Similarly G 2G 3
G 23 =
G1 +G 2 +G 3
32
  to Y Transformation
G1G 2 G 3G 1
G12 = & G 31 =
G1 +G 2 +G 3 G1 +G 2 +G 3
G 2G 3
G 23 =
G1 +G 2 +G 3
G1 +G 2 +G 3 R1R 2
R12 = =R 2 +R1 +
G1G 2 R3
G1 +G 2 +G 3 R 3R1
R 31 = = R3 + + R1
G 3G 1 R2
33
  - Y Transformation

R12 R 31 R 23 R12
R1 = R2 =
R12 +R 23 +R 31 R12 +R 23 +R 31
V1 V2 V3
+ +
R 31R 23 R1 R 2 R 3
V4 =
R3 = 1
+
1
+
1
R12 +R 23 +R 31 R1 R 2 R 3
34
  -Y Transformation

R12 R 31
R1 = Special case
R12 +R 23 +R 31
R12 =R 23 =R 31 =R
R 23 R12
R2 = R
R12 +R 23 +R 31 R1 = R 2 = R3 =
3
R 31R 23 V1 +V2 +V3
R3 = V4 =
R12 +R 23 +R 31 3
35
 Y -  Transformation

R1R 2 Special case

R12 =R1 +R 2 +
R3
R 2 R3 R1 =R 2 =R 3 =R
R 23 =R 2 +R 3 +
R1 R12 =R 23 =R 31 =3R
R 3 R1
R 31 =R 3 +R1 +
R2
36
 Example
For the shown circuit, use simplification method to find:
a) The input resistance between nodes 1 and 3
b) V23

37
 Solution 1
By converting Y 4-123   123

38
R12 =R 23 =R 31 =3R=3 kΩ
39
 1.5*3
R13 = 1.5 // (1.5 + 1.5) = 1.5 // 3 = = 1 k
1.5 + 3
1.5 V0
V23 = V0 * = =6V
1.5+1.5 2 40
 1

R1 '
R1
'
R2 2 R2
4 5

R3 '
R3
3
V1 V2 V3
V1 V2 V3
+ + '
+ ' + '
R1 R 2 R 3 R1 R 2 R 3
V4 = V5 =
1 1 1
1
+
1
+
1
'
+ '
+ '
R1 R 2 R 3 R1 R 2 R 3 41
 V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3
+ + '
+ ' + '
R1 R 2 R 3 R1 R 2 R 3
V4 = V5 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + '
+ '
+ '
R1 R 2 R 3 R1 R 2 R 3

' ' '

R1 R2 R3
V4 =V5 when = = =K
R1 R2 R3

42
 1

R1 '
R1
'
R2 2 R2
4 5

R3 '
R3
3

43
 Solution 2
By converting  123  Y 123-4

R
R14 = R 24 = R34 = = 1 k
3
Can node 4 always be selected as the 4th
point for the Y ?
44
 Solution 2
By converting  123  Y 123-4

'
R 42

'
Note that R 42 has no effect
R13 = 0.5+0.5= 1 kΩ
0.5 V0
V23 = V43 =V0 * = =6V 45
0.5+0.5 2
 END
Simplification Method

46