RESISTIVE CIRCUITS

Here we introduce the basic concepts and laws that are

fundamental to circuit analysis

LEARNING GOALS
• OHM’S LAW - DEFINES THE SIMPLEST PASSIVE ELEMENT: THE
RESISTOR
• KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS - THE FUNDAMENTAL CIRCUIT CONSERVATION
LAWS- KIRCHHOFF CURRENT (KCL) AND KIRCHHOFF VOLTAGE (KVL)
• LEARN TO ANALYZE THE SIMPLEST CIRCUITS
• SINGLE LOOP - THE VOLTAGE DIVIDER
• SINGLE NODE-PAIR - THE CURRENT DIVIDER
• SERIES/PARALLEL RESISTOR COMBINATIONS - A TECHNIQUE
TO REDUCE THE COMPLEXITY OF SOME CIRCUITS
• WYE - DELTA TRANSFORMATION - A TECHNIQUE TO REDUCE
COMMON RESISTOR CONNECTIONS THAT ARE NEITHER SERIES NOR
PARALLEL
• CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES - (NOTHING VERY
SPECIAL)
 RESISTORS
Standard Multiples of Ohm
 v(t ) 
M Mega Ohm(106 )
i(t ) k Kilo Ohm(103 )
Volt
A resistor is a passive element A common occurrence is
characterized by an algebraic mA
relation between the voltage resulting in resistance in k
across its terminals and the
Conductance
current through it
v(t )  F (i (t )) General Model for a Resistor If instead of expressing voltage as
a function of current one expresses
A linear resistor obeys OHM’s Law current in terms of voltage, OHM’s
v(t )  Ri(t ) law can be written
1
The constant, R, is called the i v
resistance of the component and R
is measured in units of Ohm () 1
We define G  as Conductance
R
From a dimensional point of view,
Ohms is a derived unit of Volt/Amp
of the component and write
i  Gv
Since the equation is algebraic,
the time dependence can be omitted The unit of conductance is
Siemens
 Some practical resistors

Symbol
 i Notice passive sign Two special resistor values
 convention
 i0
v R v0
 
Circuit Represent ation Short Open
Circuit Circuit
i R0 R
“A touch of
reality” G G0

Linear approximation

v
Ohm’s Law is an approximation
Linear range valid while voltages and currents
remain in the Linear Range
Actual v-I relationship
OHM’S LAW PROBLEM SOLVING TIP

v  Ri i  Gv OHM' s Law Given Voltage and Resistance

One equation and three variables. Compute Current V
I
Given ANY two the third can be found  R

Given current and resistance 12[V ] R  3

Find the voltage  I  4[ A]

I  2A  Determine direction of the

current using passive sign
R  5 V  10[V ] Notice use of convention
passive sign

convention
Table 1 Keeping Units Straight
Voltage Current Resistance
Given Current and Voltage
Find Resistance Volts Amps Ohms

 I  4[ A]
Volts mA k
20[V ] R  5 mV A m

mV mA 
V
R
I
 



GIVEN VOLTAGE AND CONDUCTANCE OHM’S LAW v (t )  Ri (t ) UNITS?

REFERENCE DIRECTIONS SATISFY  4[V ]  (2)i (t )  i (t )  2[ A]
PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION
i (t )  Gv (t ) OHM’S LAW 

UNITS?
4V
CONDUCTANCE IN SIEMENS, VOLTAGE
 v (t )   Ri (t )
IN VOLTS. HENCE, CURRENT IN AMPERES
 OHM’S LAW
i (t )  8[ A]
THE EXAMPLE COULD BE
GIVEN LIKE THIS
 RESISTORS AND ELECTRIC POWER A MATTER OF UNITS

Resistors are passive components Working with SI units Volt, Ampere

that can only absorb energy. Watt, Ohm, there is never a problem.
Combining Ohm’s law and the One must be careful when using
expressions for power we can derive multiples or sub multiples.
several useful expressions.
EXAMPLE : R  40 k, i  2mA
P  vi (Power)
The basic strategy is to
v  Ri , or i  Gv (Ohm' s Law) express all given variables
Problem solving tip: There are four in SI units.
variables (P,v,i,R) and two equations.
Given any two variables one can find v  (40 *103 ) * (2 *10 3 A)  80[V ]
the other two.
P  Ri 2  (40 *103 ) * (2 *10 3 A) 2 
Given P , i Given v, R
160 *10 3 [W ]
P v v v2
v  ,R  i  , P  vi 
i i R R
Given i, R Given P, R
P
v  Ri , P  vi  Ri 2 i  , v  Ri  PR
R
If not given, the reference
direction for voltage or current
can be chosen and the other is
given by the passive sign convention.
DETERMINE CURRENT AND POWER ABSORBED
BY RESISTOR

 6mA
V2
P  VI  I R 
2
R
P  (12[V ])(6[mA ])  72[mW ]
 0.6[mA ]
V 6[V ]
I 
R 10k

VS2
P
R
VS  6[V ]

VS2  (10  103 )(3.6  103W )

 P ?

I 0.5  103[ A]
VS  IR  VS  VS   10[V ]
G 50  106 [ S ]

PI R
2 I2
P
0.5 10 3
[ A] 
2
 5[mW ]
G 50 106[ S ]
 P  I 2R
80 103[W ]
R
P  VS I 4 10 A
3 2

80[mW ] R  5k
VS   20[V ]
4[mA ]
 R = V/I = 2.4 Ohms
Resistance of Lamp __________
P  60W
 I = P/V = 5A
+
Current through Lamp ________
12V -
q   current
HALOGEN
 LAM P
Charge supplied by
battery in 1min ________
Q=5*60[C]

SAMPLE PROBLEM

Possibly useful relationships

Recognizing the type of problem:
This is an application of Ohm’s Law V2
P  VI   I 2R
We are given Power and Voltage. R
We are asked for Resistance, Current V  IR
and Charge.
qa (t )  10 cos(t )[mC] is the charge enteringat a
Given: charge. Required: current.
(time is in seconds) i
dq
 10 sin(t )[mA]
a iab (1)  dt
i (1)  10 sin(1)
Given: current. Required: voltage.
R  2 vab (t   )  V  Ri  2 *10 sin   0
Given: current, resistor, voltage. Required: power.
b pR (t )  p  Ri 2  2[]*(102 ) 2 *sin 2 (t )[ A]2
 p  200 sin 2 (t ) W
For  t ,
2
the current flows from___ to ___ 

point ___ has higher voltage than point ____

Sketch for -sin(t)
On the time interval, current from a to b is negative.
Current flows from b to a
SAMPLE QUESTION and point b has the higher voltage
 KIRCHHOFF CURRENT LAW

ONE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES

IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

“CHARGE CANNOT BE CREATED NOR DESTROYED”

NODES, BRANCHES, LOOPS A NODE CONNECTS SEVERAL COMPONENTS,
BUT IT DOES NOT HOLD ANY CHARGE.

TOTAL CURRENT FLOWING INTO THE NODE

MUST BE EQUAL TO TOTAL CURRENT OUT
OF THE NODE

(A CONSERVATION OF CHARGE PRINCIPLE)

NODE: point where two, or more, elements

are joined (e.g., big node 1)
LOOP: A closed path that never goes
twice over a node (e.g., the blue line)
The red path is NOT a loop NODE

BRANCH: Component connected between two

nodes (e.g., component R4)
 KIRCHHOFF CURRENT LAW (KCL)

SUM OF CURRENTS FLOWING INTO A NODE IS

EQUAL TO SUM OF CURRENTS FLOWING OUT OF
THE NODE


5A  5A
A current flowing into a node
is equivalent to the negative
flowing out of the node

ALGEBRAIC SUM OF CURRENT (FLOWING) OUT OF

A NODE IS ZERO

ALGEBRAIC SUM OF CURRENTS FLOWING INTO A

NODE IS ZERO
A node is a point of connection of two or more circuit elements.
It may be stretched out or compressed for visual purposes...
But it is still a node.
A GENERALIZED NODE IS ANY PART OF A
CIRCUIT WHERE THERE IS NO ACCUMULATION
OF CHARGE

... OR WE CAN MAKE SUPERNODES BY

AGGREGATING NODES

Leaving 2 : i1  i6  i4  0
Leaving 3 :  i2  i4  i5  i7  0
Adding 2 & 3 : i1  i2  i5  i6  i7  0
INTERPRETATION: SUM OF CURRENTS LEAVING
NODES 2&3 IS ZERO
VISUALIZATION: WE CAN ENCLOSE NODES 2&3
INSIDE A SURFACE THAT IS VIEWED AS A
GENERALIZED NODE (OR SUPERNODE)
PROBLEM SOLVING HINT: KCL CAN BE USED
TO FIND A MISSING CURRENT

b SUM OF CURRENTS INTO

NODE IS ZERO

I X  ? 5 A  I X  (3 A)  0
5A I X  2 A
c a
Which way are charges
3A flowing on branch a-b?

d
...AND PRACTICE NOTATION CONVENTION AT
THE SAME TIME...

I ab  2 A, d NODES: a,b,c,d,e
BRANCHES: a-b,c-b,d-b,e-b
I cb  3 A c -3A
4A
I bd  4 A Ibe = ?
b
I be  ? a
2A
e

I be  4 A  [(3 A)]  (2 A)  0

 WRITE ALL KCL EQUATIONS

 i1 (t )  i2 (t )  i3 (t )  0
i1 (t )  i4 (t )  i6 (t )  0

 i3 (t )  i5 (t )  i8 (t )  0

THE FIFTH EQUATION IS THE SUM OF THE

FIRST FOUR... IT IS REDUNDANT!!!
 FIND MISSING CURRENTS

KCL DEPENDS ONLY ON THE INTERCONNECTION.

THE TYPE OF COMPONENT IS IRRELEVANT.

KCL DEPENDS ONLY ON THE TOPOLOGY OF THE CIRCUIT.

WRITE KCL EQUATIONS FOR THIS CIRCUIT

•THE LAST EQUATION IS AGAIN LINEARLY

DEPENDENT OF THE PREVIOUS THREE.

•THE PRESENCE OF A DEPENDENT SOURCE

DOES NOT AFFECT THE APPLICATION OF
KCL. KCL DEPENDS ONLY ON THE
TOPOLOGY.
 Here we illustrate the use
of a more general idea of
node. The shaded surface
encloses a section of the
circuit and can be considered
as a BIG node.

SUM OF CURRENTS LEAVING BIG NODE  0

I 4  40mA  30mA  20mA  60mA  0
I 4  70mA
THE CURRENT I5 BECOMES INTERNAL TO THE
NODE AND IT IS NOT NEEDED!!!
 Find I1 Find I T

I1  50mA IT  10mA  40mA  20mA

Find I1 Find I1 and I2

10mA  4mA  I1  0 I 2  3mA  I1  0 I1  4mA  12mA  0

Find ix

10i x  i x  44mA  0 i x  10i x  120mA  12mA  0

i x  4mA

I3  I 2  I1  0 I5  I 4  I3  0
I1 I3 I5
I1 = _______
14mA

+
-
I5 = _______
4mA
I2 I4

I2 = 6mA, I3 = 8mA, I4 = 4mA

 DETERMINE THE CURRENTS INDICATED
I3

2I 2
I1 I 4  2mA
I4
+
-

+
-
I6
I 5  5mA
5mA I5 I 2 8mA
THE PLAN

I1  2mA , I 2  3mA , I 3  5mA MARK ALL THE KNOWN CURRENTS

FIND NODES WHERE ALL BUT ONE CURRENT

I 6  I1  2 I 2  0  I 6  8mA ARE KNOWN

I5  I 2  I 6  0
I 4  I3  I5  0
 FIND I x
Ix  3mA

I X  I1  2 I X  0
I1  4mA  1mA  0
VERIFICATION
I b  1mA  I X  2mA
I1  3mA 1mA 2 I X  4mA  I b
Ib

2I x 4mA
 This question tests KCL and
convention to denote currents
Use sum of currents leaving node = 0

A F
I X  (5 A)  (3 A)  10 A  0
5A
I EF
Ix D E
B I EF  4 A  10 A  0
I DE  10A
I EG  4 A
3A
C G
Ix  -8A
On BD current flows from__
B to __
D
I EF  6A
OnEF current flows from__
E to __
F

KCL
 KIRCHHOFF VOLTAGE LAW

ONE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSERVATION LAWS

IN ELECTRICAL ENGINERING

THIS IS A CONSERVATION OF ENERGY PRINCIPLE

“ENERGY CANNOT BE CREATE NOR DESTROYED”
 KIRCHHOFF VOLTAGE LAW (KVL) A “THOUGHT EXPERIMENT”

KVL IS A CONSERVATION OF ENERGY PRINCIPLE B VB

A POSITIVE CHARGE GAINS ENERGY AS IT MOVES
W  qVAB

V B
TO A POINT WITH HIGHER VOLTAGE AND RELEASES

AB
V
ENERGY IF IT MOVES TO A POINT WITH LOWER

C

VOLTAGE
q  W  qVBC

VA  VCA 
VC
B
W  q(VB  VA ) VB W  qVCA
IF THE CHARGE COMES BACK TO THE SAME
INITIAL POINT THE NET ENERGY GAIN
q  MUST BE ZERO (Conservative network)
VA
OTHERWISE THE CHARGE COULD END UP WITH
INFINITE ENERGY, OR SUPPLY AN INFINITE
q AMOUNT OF ENERGY
  Vab  q(VAB  VBC  VCD )  0
LOSES W  qVab
a b KVL: THE ALGEBRAIC SUM OF VOLTAGE
q
  Vcd  DROPS AROUND ANY LOOP MUST BE ZERO
GAINS W  qVcd
c d V    (V ) 
A B A B
A VOLTAGE RISE IS
A NEGATIVE DROP
 PROBLEM SOLVING TIP: KVL IS USEFUL
TO DETERMINE A VOLTAGE - FIND A LOOP
INCLUDING THE UNKNOWN VOLTAGE
THE LOOP DOES NOT HAVE TO BE PHYSICAL


Vbe

 VS  VR  VR  VR  0
1 2 3

EXAMPLE : VR1 , VR3 ARE KNOWN,

DETERMINE THE VOLTAGE Vbe
VR  18V
VR  Vbe  VR  30[V ]  0
1

1 3

VR  12V
2

LOOP abcdefa
BACKGROUND: WHEN DISCUSSING KCL WE SAW A SNEAK PREVIEW ON THE NUMBER OF
THAT NOT ALL POSSIBLE KCL EQUATIONS LINEARLY INDEPENDENT EQUATIONS
ARE INDEPENDENT. WE SHALL SEE THAT THE
SAME SITUATION ARISES WHEN USING KVL. IN THE CIRCUIT DEFINE
N NUMBER OF NODES
B NUMBER OF BRANCHES
N 1 LINEARLY INDEPENDENT
KCL EQUATIONS
B  ( N  1) LINEARLY INDEPENDENT
KVL EQUATIONS

EXAMPLE: FOR THE CIRCUIT SHOWN WE HAVE

N = 6, B = 7.
HENCE THERE ARE ONLY TWO INDEPENDENT
KVL EQUATIONS.

THE THIRD EQUATION IS THE SUM OF THE

OTHER TWO!!
FIND THE VOLTAGES Vae ,Vec DEPENDENT SOURCES ARE HANDLED WITH THE
SAME EASE

GIVEN THE CHOICE, USE THE SIMPLEST LOOP

 Vad  ______
Vac  4  6  0 Vac  ______
10V
Vbd  ______
6V

Vbd  _______
11V
MUST FIND VR FIRST
1

 12  VR  1  10VR  0  VR  1V
1 1 1

Vbd  2  4  0 DEPENDENT SOURCES ARE NOT REALLY

DIFFICULT TO ANALYZE

REMINDER: IN A RESISTOR THE VOLTAGE AND

CURRENT DIRECTIONS MUST SATISFY THE
PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION

Vad  12  8  6  0
Veb  4  6  12  0 
V
Vad  _______, Veb  ________   V 
SAMPLE PROBLEM

 4V  b  Vx  DETERMINE
 R  2k 
+
Vx  4V
+
V1 V2
Vab  -8V
- -

 
a Power disipated on
V1  12V , V2  4V
the 2k resistor Remember
P2k  past topics

We need to find a closed path where only one voltage is unknown

FOR V X VX  V2  Vab  0
V X  V2  V1  4  0 Vab  VX  V2
V X  4  12  4  0
 10k 5k There are no loops with only
one unknown!!!

  Vx  - Vx/2 +
+
+ Vx
25V - V1 -
4
 
The current through the 5k and 10k
resistors is the same. Hence the
voltage drop across the 5k is one half
of the drop across the 10k!!! VX VX
V1   0
VX VX 4 2
 25[V ]  V X   0
2 4 VX
V1    5[V ]
V X  20[V ] 4
 SINGLE LOOP CIRCUITS VOLTAGE DIVISION: THE SIMPLEST CASE

BACKGROUND: USING KVL AND KCL WE CAN

WRITE ENOUGH EQUATIONS TO ANALYZE ANY
LINEAR CIRCUIT. WE NOW START THE STUDY
OF SYSTEMATIC, AND EFFICIENT, WAYS OF
USING THE FUNDAMENTAL CIRCUIT LAWS KVL ON
THIS
b c WRITE 5 KCL EQS
a 2 3 OR DETERMINE THE LOOP
ONLY CURRENT
6 branches FLOWING
1 6 nodes 4
1 loop

f 6 e 5 d
ALL ELEMENTS IN SERIES
ONLY ONE CURRENT

THE PLAN
• BEGIN WITH THE SIMPLEST ONE LOOP CIRCUIT
• EXTEND RESULTS TO MULTIPLE SOURCE
• AND MULTIPLE RESISTORS CIRCUITS

IMPORTANT VOLTAGE
DIVIDER EQUATIONS
 SUMMARY OF BASIC VOLTAGE DIVIDER

R1
v R1  v (t )
R1  R2

EXAMPLE : VS  9V , R1  90k, R2  30k

VOLUME
CONTROL?

R1  15k 
 A “PRACTICAL” POWER APPLICATION

HOW CAN ONE REDUCE THE LOSSES?

 THE CONCEPT OF EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ELECTRIC
CONNECTION AND PHYSICAL LAYOUT
THIS CONCEPT WILL OFTEN BE USED TO
SIMPLFY THE ANALYSIS OF CIRCUITS. WE SOMETIMES, FOR PRACTICAL
INTRODUCE IT HERE WITH A VERY SIMPLE CONSTRUCTION REASONS, COMPONENTS
VOLTAGE DIVIDER. THAT ARE ELECTRICALLY CONNECTED MAY
BE PHYSICALLY QUITE APART.

i R1 i
vS +
-
vS +
-
R1  R2
R2
vS
i
R1  R2

AS FAR AS THE CURRENT IS CONCERNED, BOTH

CIRCUITS ARE EQUIVALENT. THE ONE ON THE
RIGHT HAS ONLY ONE RESISTOR

SERIES COMBINATION OF RESISTORS

R1 R2 R1  R2

IN ALL CASES THE RESISTORS ARE
CONNECTED IN SERIES
CONNECTOR SIDE

ILLUSTRATING THE DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN PHYSICAL LAYOUT AND
ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS

PHYSICAL NODE

PHYSICAL NODE

SECTION OF 14.4 KB VOICE/DATA MODEM

CORRESPONDING POINTS

COMPONENT SIDE
 FIRST GENERALIZATION: MULTIPLE SOURCES
 v2 
 v R1 
+ -
Voltage sources in series can be
  algebraically added to form an
R1 - equivalent source.
v1 +
-
+ v3
  We select the reference direction to
move along the path.
i(t) 
 Voltage drops are subtracted from
R2
-

v5
+ vR2 rises.


+ -

KVL  v4 
R1
vR1  v2  v3  vR 2  v4  v5  v1  0
Collect all sources on one side
v1  v2  v3  v4  v5   vR1  vR 2 veq +
-
R2

v   v
eq R1  vR 2
SECOND GENERALIZATION: MULTIPLE RESISTORS
FIND I ,Vbd , P (30 k )

APPLY KVL
TO THIS LOOP APPLY KVL
TO THIS LOOP

LOOP FOR Vbd

Vbd  12  20[k ] I  0 (KVL)  Vbd  10V

POWER ON 30k  RESISTOR
P  I 2 R  (10 4 A) 2 (30 *10 3 )  30mW

v R  Ri i 
i

VOLTAGE DIVISION FOR MULTIPLE RESISTORS

THE “INVERSE” VOLTAGE DIVIDER

R1

VS +
- R2 VO

VOLTAGE DIVIDER "INVERSE" DIVIDER
R2 R1  R2
VO  VS VS  VO
R1  R2 R2

COMPUTE VS

" INVERSE" DIVIDER

220  20
VS  458.3  500 kV
220
 Find I and Vbd

APPLY KVL
TO THIS LOOP

 6  80kI  12  40kI  0  I  0.05mA

Vbd  40kI  12V  0  Vbd  10V
 If Vad = 3V, find VS


3V


INVERSE DIVIDER PROBLEM

25  15  20
VS  3  9V
20
Notice use of
passive sign
convention

 80k * i (t )  KVL :  6V  80k * i (t )  12V  40k * i (t )  0

6V
i (t )    0.05mA
 120k 
i (t ) 40k  * i ( t )


Knowing the one current can compute ALL

the remaining voltages and powers
 EXAMPLE
9V
A 20k B C
+ -
I
+
- DETERMINE I 30k
KVL FOR VDAUSING KVL

E 10k D
V DA 
VCD  30k * I  1.5V

I DE  0.05mA

KVL : - 12  20k * I  9  30k * I  10k * I  0

3V
I  0.05mA
60k
KVL : VDA  12  10k * I  0
VDA  11.5V
  Vab  KVL HERE
EXAMPLE
3Vx
b  4V  a
I
+-
 Vx 
4k
+
- APPLY KVL V X Vab 
VS
 P(3Vx ) 
TO THIS LOOP

Sometimes you may want

to vary a bit VS  12V OR KVL HERE

P(3Vx ) is the power absorbed or

supplied by the dependent source

KVL :  12  4  3VX  VX  0  VX  2V
KVL : Vab  4  3V X  0  Vab  10V
KVL : Vab  VS  V X  0
P(3V )  3VX I (PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION)
X

4V
OHMS' LAW : I   1mA
4k
P(3V X
)  2[V ] *1[mA]  2mW
 SINGLE NODE-PAIR CIRCUITS
IN PRACTICE, NODES MAY ASSUME STRANGE
THESE CIRCUITS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY ALL
FORMS
THE ELMENTS HAVING THE SAME VOLTAGE
ACROSS THEM - THEY ARE IN PARALLEL


V


EXAMPLE OF SINGLE NODE-PAIR


LOW DISTORTION POWER AMPLIFIER
V


THIS ELEMENT IS INACTVE (SHORT-CIRCUITED)

LOW VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY FOR CRT - PARTIAL VIEW

SAMPLE PHYSICAL NODES

COMPONENT SIDE CONNECTION SIDE

 BASIC CURRENT DIVIDER Rp
THE CURRENT DIVISION

APPLY KCL

THE CURRENT i(t) ENTERS THE NODE AND

SPLITS - IT IS DIVIDED BETWEEN THE
CURRENTS i1(t) AND i2(t)

USE OHM’S LAW TO REPLACE

CURRENTS

DEFINE “PARALLEL RESISTANCE COMBINATION” 1 4

I1  (5)  1mA I 2  I  I1  (5)
i (t ) 
1
v (t ) 1 4 1  5
Rp
R1 R2
v (t )  i (t )
R1  R2
FIND I1 , I2 , VO

WHEN IN DOUBT… REDRAW THE CIRCUIT TO

HIGHLIGHT ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS!!

IS EASIER
TO SEE THE
DIVIDER  80k * I 2
24V
 CAR STEREO AND CIRCUIT MODEL

215mA
215mA

POWER PER SPEAKER

LEARNING EXTENSION - CURRENT DIVIDER THERE IS MORE THAN ONE

OPTION TO COMPUTE I2

USING CURRENT DIVIDER

KCL : I 2  16  I1  0 40
I2   (16)  4mA
120  40
POWER : I 2 R
RESISTANCE IN k, P  144 * 40mW  5.76W
120 CURRENT IN mA YIELD POWER IN mW
I1  (16) I1  12mA
120  40
FIRST GENERALIZATION: MULTIPLE SOURCES
APPLY KCL TO THIS NODE

EQUIVALENT SOURCE

DEFINE “PARALLEL RESISTANCE COMBINATION”

1
iO ( t )  v (t )
Rp
R1 R2
v (t )  iO ( t )
R1  R2
 FIND VO AND THE POWER
SUPPLIED BY THE SOURCES

6k 
VO
10mA 3k
15mA 

 VO  10V
Rp VO P15 mA  VO (15mA)
5mA   150 mW
6k * 3k P6 mA  VO (10 mA)
Rp   2k
6k  3k  100 mW
SECOND GENERALIZATION: MULTIPLE RESISTORS
APPLY KCL TO THIS NODE

Ohm’s Law at every resistor

v ( t )  RP i O ( t ) 
v (t )   i K (t )  p iO (t )
R
ik (t )  Rk
Rk 
General current divider
 Notice use of passive
 sign convention

v(t )
v v v
 4k 6k 12k
Once v(t) is known
all other variables can
v v v be determined; e.g.,
KCL :6mA    4mA  0 12k
4k  6k  12k 
72V  3v  2v  48V  v  0 v2 16V
P6 k    2.667mW
24V  6v  0 6k  6k 
v  4V
 FIND i1 AND THE POWER
SUPPLIED BY THE SOURCE
20k||5k

i1
4k 20 k 5k
8mA
1 1 1 1 5 1 4 1
      R p  2k
R p 4k 20k 5k 20k 2k
2k
i1  (8)  4mA AN ALTERNATIVE
4k APPROACH
v  4k * i1  16V
i1
P  v (8mA)  128 mW
4k 4k
v ( t )  RP i O ( t ) 
v (t )   i K (t )  p iO (t )
R
ik (t ) 
8mA
Rk
Rk 
General current divider
 FIND THE CURRENT IL

COMBINE RESISTORS
COMBINE THE SOURCES

1mA

STRATEGY: CONVERT THE PROBLEM INTO A

BASIC CURRENT DIVIDER BY COMBINING
SOURCES AND RESISTORS.
THE NEXT SECTION EXPLORES IN MORE
DETAIL THE IDEA OF COMBINING RESISTORS.

NOTICE THE MINUS SIGN

 I1 6k 6k I2
3
B C
I1  9[mA]  3mA
9
3k 3k I 2   I1
9mA
A

I1 6k C
6k I1 B 3k
B 3k
I2 C
6k 9mA
9mA 3k 6k
A 3k
A I2
DIFFERENT LOOKS FOR THE SAME
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
 6k 6k
I1 I2
C
B

3k 3k
9mA
A

I1
REDRAWING A CIRCUIT 9mA
MAY, SOMETIMES, HELP TO
VISUALIZE BETTER THE
ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS
A I2

6k 3k 6k 3k

C
 Determine power
+ delivered by source
2k 4k V 3k
_ 20mA P  Rp * (20mA) 2

1 1 1 1 63 4
   
Rp 2k 4k 3k 12 k
12
Rp  k
13
12
P  *103  * (20 *103 ) 2 [ A]
13
4.800
P W
13
SERIES PARALLEL RESISTOR COMBINATIONS

UP TO NOW WE HAVE STUDIED CIRCUITS THAT

CAN BE ANALYZED WITH ONE APPLICATION OF
KVL(SINGLE LOOP) OR KCL(SINGLE NODE-PAIR)

WE HAVE ALSO SEEN THAT IN SOME SITUATIONS

IT IS ADVANTAGEOUS TO COMBINE RESISTORS
TO SIMPLIFY THE ANALYSIS OF A CIRCUIT

NOW WE EXAMINE SOME MORE COMPLEX CIRCUITS

WHERE WE CAN SIMPLIFY THE ANALYSIS USING
THE TECHNIQUE OF COMBINING RESISTORS…

…PLUS THE USE OF OHM’S LAW

SERIES COMBINATIONS

PARALLEL COMBINATION

G p  G1  G2  ...  GN
FIRST WE PRACTICE COMBINING RESISTORS

3k
SERIES
6k||3k

(10K,2K)SERIES

6k || 12k  4k

5k
12k
3k
 3k || 6k  2k
12k

If things get confusing…

6k || (4k  2k )
12k || 12k  6k
EXAMPLES: COMBINATION SERIES-PARALLEL
9k
If the drawing gets confusing…
Redraw the reduced circuit
and start again

18k || 9k  6k

RESISTORS ARE IN SERIES IF THEY CARRY

EXACTLY THE SAME CURRENT

6k  6k  10k RESISTORS ARE IN PARALLEL IF THEY ARE

CONNECTED EXACTLY BETWEEN THE SAME TWO
NODES
AN “INVERSE SERIES PARALLEL COMBINATION”
Given the final value
Find a proper combination
SIMPLE CASE

VR MUST BE 600mV WHEN I  3A

ONLY 0.1 RESISTORS ARE AVAILABLE
.6V
REQUIRED R   0.2  R  0.1  0.1
3A

NOT SO SIMPLE CASE

VR MUST BE 600mV WHEN I  9A

ONLY 0.1 RESISTORS ARE AVAILABLE
.6V
REQUIRED R   0.0667  R
9A
 EFFECT OF RESISTOR TOLERANCE

NOMINAL RESISTOR VALUE : 2.7k

RESISTOR TOLERANCE : 10%
RANGES FOR CURRENT AND POWER?

_
 10
NOMINAL POWER : P 
10
2
 37.04 mW
NOMINAL CURRENT : I   3.704 mA
2.7 2.7

10
MINIMUM CURRENT : I min   3.367 mA
1.1 2.7 MINIMUM POWER(VImin ) : 33.67 mW
10 MAXIMUM POWER : 41.15 mW
MAXIMUM CURRENT : I max   4.115 mA
0.9  2.7

THE RANGES FOR CURRENT AND POWER ARE DETERMINED BY THE TOLERANCE,
BUT THE PERCENTAGE OF CHANGE MAY BE DIFFERENT FROM THE PERCENTAGE
OF TOLERANCE. THE RANGES MAY NOT EVEN BE SYMMETRIC
CIRCUIT WITH SERIES-PARALLEL RESISTOR COMBINATIONS

THE COMBINATION OF COMPONENTS CAN REDUCE

THE COMPLEXITY OF A CIRCUIT AND RENDER IT
SUITABLE FOR ANALYSIS USING THE BASIC
TOOLS DEVELOPED SO FAR.
COMBINING RESISTORS IN SERIES ELIMINATES
ONE NODE FROM THE CIRCUIT.
COMBINING RESISTORS IN PARALLEL ELIMINATES
ONE LOOP FROM THE CIRCUIT.

GENERAL STRATEGY:
•REDUCE COMPLEXITY UNTIL THE CIRCUIT
BECOMES SIMPLE ENOUGH TO ANALYZE.
•USE DATA FROM SIMPLIFIED CIRCUIT TO
COMPUTE DESIRED VARIABLES IN ORIGINAL
CIRCUIT - HENCE ONE MUST KEEP TRACK
OF ANY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIABLES.
 4k || 12 k 12k
FIRST REDUCE IT TO A SINGLE LOOP CIRCUIT

SECOND: “BACKTRACK” USING KVL, KCL OHM’S

6k
I3
Va KCL : I1  I 2  I 3  0
OHM'S : I 2 
6k
…OTHER OPTIONS...
OHM' S : Vb  3k * I 3 12
6k || 6k I4  I3
KCL : I 5  I 4  I 3  0 4  12
Vb  4k * I 4
OHM' S : VC  3k * I 5

12V
I1  3
12k Va  (12)
39
 2k || 2k  1k
LEARNING BY DOING

1k
VOLTAGE DIVIDER : VO  (3V )  1V
1k  2k

1k  1k  2k

1k
CURRENT DIVIDER : I O  (3 A)  1A
1k  2k
AN EXAMPLE OF “BACKTRACKING”
 1.5mA
I1  3mA V xz  6V
3V

1mA  1.5mA

VO  36V

3V  0.5mA

A STRATEGY. ALWAYS ASK: “WHAT ELSE CAN I

COMPUTE?”

Vb  6k * I 4 V xz  Va  Vb
Vb Vxz
I3  I5 
3k 4k
I2  I3  I4 I1  I 2  I 5
Va  2k * I 2 VO  6k * I1  V xz  4k * I1
FIND VO V1 6V 60k FIND VS
V1  60k * 0.1mA

0.15mA  0.05mA
2V
6V
9V  I1 
6V
STRATEGY : FIND V1 30k || 60k  20k 120k

USE VOLTAGE DIVIDER THIS IS AN INVERSE PROBLEM,

WHAT CAN BE COMPUTED?
20k VS  20k * 0.15mA  6V


20k
 (12)  6V
+
-
20k V1
20k  20k
12V 
VOLTAGE DIVIDER
20k
VO  V1
20k  40k SERIES
PARALLEL
http://www.wiley.com/college/irwin/0470128690/animations/swf/D2Y.swf

Y   TRANSFORMATIONS

THIS CIRCUIT HAS NO RESISTOR IN THEN THE CIRCUIT WOULD

SERIES OR PARALLEL BECOME LIKE THIS AND
BE AMENABLE TO SERIES
IF INSTEAD WE COULD PARALLEL TRANSFORMATIONS
OF THIS HAVE THIS
 Rab  R2 || ( R1  R3 )  Y
Rab  Ra  Rb

Y 

R2 ( R1  R3 ) R R Ra R1
  
Rb R1 Rb R2

RR
 R2  b 1
Ra  Rb  Ra  1 2 R3
R1  R2  R3 R1  R2  R3 Rb R3 Ra Rc R1 Rc
R2 R3 REPLACE IN THE THIRD AND SOLVE FOR R1
R ( R  R2 ) Rb 
Rb  Rc  3 1 R1  R2  R3 Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
R1  R2  R3 R1 
R3 R1 Rb
Rc 
R1  R2  R3 R R  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
R1 ( R2  R3 ) R2  a b
Rc  Ra   Y Rc
R1  R2  R3
Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
R3 
SUBTRACT THE FIRST TWO THEN ADD Ra
TO THE THIRD TO GET Ra Y 
LEARNING EXAMPLE: APPLICATION OF WYE-DELTA TRANSFORMATION
c
COMPUTE IS c DELTA CONNECTION

R1
R3 12k  6k

12k  6k  18k
a R2 b

R1R2 a b
Ra 
R1  R2  R3
R2 R3
Rb 
R1  R2  R3
REQ  6k  3k  9k  || (2k  6k )  10k
R3 R1
Rc  12V
R1  R2  R3 IS   1.2mA
12k
 Y

ONE COULD ALSO USE A

WYE - DELTA TRANSFORMATION ...
LEARNING EXAMPLE
CONVERT THIS Y INTO A DELTA?

SHOULD KEEP THESE TWO NODES!

IF WE CONVERT TO Y INTO A DELTA THERE ARE SERIES PARALLEL REDUCTIONS!

Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra 3*12k *12k
R1    36k
Rb 12 k 
THE RESULTING
Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra 36k CIRCUIT IS A
R2  12k
Rc CURRENT DIVIDER
Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
R3  4mA 36k

Ra 36k
Y  12k VO

 CIRCUIT AFTER PARALLEL RESISTOR
REDUCTION
36k ||12k  9k
4mA 36k IO 
36k 8
9k VO IO   4mA  mA
36k  18k 3


8
VO  9k   I O  9k  mA  24V NOTICE THAT BY KEEPING
3 THE FRACTION WE PRESERVE
FULL NUMERICAL ACCURACY

WYE DELTA
CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES
GENERAL STRATEGY
TREAT DEPENDENT SOURCES AS REGULAR
A CONVENTION ABOUT DEPENDENT SOURCES
SOURCES AND ADD ONE MORE EQUATION FOR
UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED, THE CURRENT
THE CONTROLLING VARIABLE
AND VOLTAGE VARIABLES ARE ASSUMED IN SI
UNITS OF Amps AND Volts

DEPENDENT
VARIABLE FIND VO

VD   I X
 KVL
CONTROLLING
VARIABLE
FOR THIS EXAMPLE THE MULTIPLIER MUST A PLAN:
HAVE UNITS OF OHM SINGLE LOOP CIRCUIT.
USE KVL TO DETERMINE CURRENT.
OTHER DEPENDENT SOURCES
KVL :  12  3k * I1  VA  5k * I1  0
VD  VX (  scalar) ONE EQUATION, TWO UNKNOWNS. CONTROLLING
I D  VX ( Siemens) VARIABLE PROVIDES EXTRA EQUATION.

I D  I X (  scalar) VA  2 k * I 1
REPLACE AND SOLVE FOR THE CURRENT
AN ALTERNATIVE DESCRIPTIO N
 V  UNITS ARE I1  2mA
VD  I X ,   2 EXPLICIT
 mA  USE OHM’S LAW

ASSUMES CURRENT IN mA VO  5k * I1  10V

 KCL AT THIS NODE. THE
FIND VO DEPENDENT SOURCE IS JUST
ANOTHER SOURCE.

A PLAN:
IF V_s IS KNOWN, V_0 CAN BE DETERMINED USING VOLTAGE DIVIDER.
TO FIND V_s WE HAVE A SINGLE NODE-PAIR CIRCUIT.
THE EQUATION FOR THE CONTROLLING
VARIABLE PROVIDES THE ADDITIONAL EQUATION

ALGEBRAICALLY, THERE ARE TWO UNKNOWNS

AND JUST ONE EQUATION.

SUBSTITUTION OF I_0 YIELDS

VOLTAGE DIVIDER
* / 6k  5VS  60 V  4k 2
VS  (12)V
4k  2k
O
3

NOTICE THE CLEVER WAY OF WRITING mA TO

HAVE VOLTS IN ALL NUMERATORS AND THE
SAME UNITS IN THE DENOMINATOR
FIND VO
A PLAN:
ONE LOOP PROBLEM.
FIND THE CURRENT,
KVL TO THEN USE OHM’S LAW.
THIS LOOP

THE DEPENDENT SOURCE IS ONE MORE VOLTAGE

SOURCE

THE EQUATION FOR THE CONTROLLING VARIABLE

PROVIDES THE ADDITIONAL EQUATION

REPLACE AND SOLVE FOR CURRENT I … AND FINALLY

 vO ( t )
FIND G 
vi (t ) A PLAN:
KCL ONE LOOP ON THE LEFT - KVL
ONE NODE-PAIR ON RIGHT - KCL

KVL

KVL

KCL
ALSO A VOLTAGE DIVIDER
vO ( t )
gm v g ( t )  0
RL