TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Trigonometric Functions
Angle & Its Measurement
What is Angle
An angle is made up of two rays with a common end point. This end point is the vertex of the angle.
The rays are the sides of the angle. In figure, the angle may be named or .

Signs of angles
The above definition is useful in geometry. In trigonometry, we need boarder definition of an
angle.
Let a revolving ray starting from m rotate about in a plane and stop at position .
Then it is said to trace out an angle . is called initial side, is the vertex of the angle. If
rotation is anticlockwise, the angle is positive, if rotation is clockwise, the angle is negative.

Measuring angles
The measure of an angle is the amount of rotation made to get the terminal side from its
initial side. There are several units for measuring angles.

Degree measure
In this system an angle is measured in degrees, minutes and seconds. A complete rotation describes
i.e. of a complete rotation.
1 right angle (since right angle is of full rotation).
A degree is further subdivided as

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Radian Measure
In this system an angle is measured in radians.
A radian is an angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc
whose length is equal to the radius of the circle
In figure let be an arc of a circle with center and of radius such
that the length of arc , then radius (written at ).

Notation Convention
If the angle is given without mentioning units, it is assumed to be in radians
Thus, whenever we rite angle we mean the angle whose degree measure is and
whenever we write angle , we mean the angle whose radian measure is . Hence and
are written with the assumption that and are radian measures.

The relation between degree measure and radian measures of some standard angles are given
below:
Degree
Radians 0

Length of an arc of a circle

Theorem if an arc of length subtends and angle radians at the center of a
circle of radius , then .
Proof Let arc AP of length subtend an angle radians at the center.
Mark point on circumference such that radian.
Thus length of arc .

Now

Trigonometric (or circular) functions of a real number

Let be the center of circle of unit radius. Choose the axes as shown in figure Let be the
point and a point on the unit circle such that the length or arc is equal to , or
equivalently, let be the point where the terminal side of the angle with radian
measure meets the unit circle, then the two basic trigonometric (or circular) functions of the real
number are defined as
(a) for all
(b) for all

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1. Note that

Hence we do not distinguish between trigonometric ratios of an angle whose radian measure
is and the trigonometric and the trigonometric function of a real number

2. From the above definitions it follows that if is a point on the unit circle such that length of arc
is or equivalently is a point where the terminal side of the angle with radian measure
meets the unit circle, then the co – ordinates of the point are

Values of and at
We know that in unit circle, the length of circumference is . If we start from and move
in the anticlockwise direction then at points and , the arc lngths travelled are
and .
Also the co – ordinates of the points and are
and respectively. Therefore.

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)
(g) (h) (i)
(j)

Further, when the point on the unit circle coincides with the point or i.e. when
or
i.e. when i.e. when is an integral multiple of
i.e. when where is any integer.
Also, when the point on the unit circle coincides with the points or i.e. when

When,
i.e. When is an odd multiple of i.e. when where is any integer.
Thus, when is any integer
and when is any integer.

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Other Trigonometric Functions

The other trigonometric functions of the real number are defined in terms of sine and
cosine functions as follows:
is any integer
is any integer.
is any integer
is any integer

Relation between trigonometric functions of real numbers

The following identities are the immediate consequences of the above definitions of trigonometric
functions:
Reciprocal relations
(a) and (b) and

(c) and

From the results it follows that:

(a) (b)

Fundamental Identity for all

Proof. Since the point lies on the unit circle see figure, with center , we have

√
.
Now replacing by and by we get

Thus, for all

Two other ways of writing this identity are:

Other fundamental identities

(a) is any integer
(b) is any integer.

Opposite Real Numbers Identities

(a) (b) (c)

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(d) (e)

Proof. Let be the center of a unit circle and be the point . Let be a point on the unit circle
such the length of arc is equal to (or equivalently, let with radian measure meets the unit
circle), then the co – ordinates of the point are .
On the other hand, if we start from and move on the unit circle in the clockwise direction
to the point point are
Let meet and . In and ,

And

and

Hence, the – coordinates of the points and are same, while the – coordinates are negative
of each other. Thus, we have

To establish the third identity, we have

Values of trigonometric functions for

In our earlier classes, we found the values of trigonometric for and . The values of
trigonometric functions for and are same as that trigonometric ratios for and
respectively.
The values of trigonometric functions for can be memorized with
the help of following table:

0 √ 1 0 0
√
1 √ 0 0 1
√
0 1 √ n.d. 0 n.d. 0
√
n.d. √ 1 0 n.d. 0 n.d.
√
1 √ 2 n.d. n.d. 1
√
n.d. 2 √ √ 1 n.d. n.d.

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Signs of Trigonometric functions of ( a real number)

In the first quadrant, Consequently, all the six trigonometry functions are +ve.

In the second quadrant, So and are positive and all other

four trigonometric functions i.e. and are negative.

In the third quadrant, So and are positive and all other four
trigonometric functions i.e. and are negative.

In fourth quadrant, So and are positive and all other four

trigonometric functions i.e. and are negative

This can be summarized as:

Quadrant I II III IV
functions All
which are +ve
This table can be memorized with the help of phrase
Add Sugar To Coffee

All sin tan cos

(I) (II) (III) (IV)

Domain & Range of trigonometric functions

Domain of Trigonometric functions
We know that and are defined for all real values of and are
defined for all real values of expect when where is an integer; and
are defined for all real values of except when , where is an integer.
This can be summarised as:
Function Domain
sin, cos All real numbers
tan. sec All real numbers other than
cot, cosec All real numbers other than

Range of trigonometric functions

As and in unit circle.
and
Thus, the maximum and minimum values of and are and respectively

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Since and and of and see figure. It can be greater than the other,
and can take any real value.
Now or
or
Also, or
or

This information can be sumarrised as:

Function Range
sin, cos
tan, cot Any real value
sec, cosec Any real value except

Graph of sine function

Let it is defined for all .
As the period of is , it is sufficient to draw its graph in the interval to and
then complete it by repeating over other intervals.

Graph of cosine function

Ley it is defined for all

Graph of tangent function

Let it is defined for all except at odd multiples of .

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Graph of Cotangent function

Let it is defined for all except at even multiples of .

Graph if Secant function

Let it is defined for al except at odd multiples of .

Graph of Cosecant function

Let it is defined for all except at even multiples of .

Trigonometric functions of Sum & Difference

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
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(g)
(h)
(i)

Converting Product into Sum Difference & Vice Versa

For all
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h) .

Trigonometric Functions of Multiplies & Submultiples of Numbers

(a)
(b)

Trigonometric functions of in terms of

(a) (b) (c)

Trigonometric functions of in terms of

(a) (b)
(c)

Trigonometric functions of submultiples of numbers

(a)
(b)

(c)

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Trigonometric Equations
An equation involving trigonometric functions of an unknown real number is called a
trigonometric equation. For example, etc. A solution of trigonometric
equation is a value of unknown that satisfies the equation. Since all trigonometric functions are
periodic, usually the trigonometric equations have unlimited number of solutions. The solutions
lying between the trigonometric equation have unlimited number of solutions. The solutions lying
between to are called principal solutions. A solution genaralised by means
of periodicity is called a general solution.

Solving and

(a) We know that when

or when
Thus,

(b) We know that when

or when
Thus, when is an odd multiple of .
Hence,

(c) We know that when

Thus,

Alternatively

For all real numbers and

Proof. Given

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where

Note the method combining two solution sent

For all real numbers and

Proof. Given

where
or where

or , where

where

If and are not multiples of , then

Proof. Given

where

where

Properties of Triangles
Law of sines or sine formula
The sides of a triangle are proportional to the sines of the angles opposite to them i.e.

Let be a triangle. Since the sum of the three angles of a triangle is , all three of the angles
can’t be obtuse. Without any loss of generality, let be acute. We shall consider three cases:

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(i) is acute (ii) is obtuse (iii) is a right angle.

Draw (extending if necessary). Then in each figure

Now in figure (i),

In figure (ii),
In figure (iii),
Thus, in all three cases
From (1) and (2), we get
Similarly, we can show that .
Hence,

Law of cosines or cosine formula

In any ,
(a) (b) (c)

Let us prove part (iii)

Let be any triangle. Since the sum of the three angles of a triangle is , all three of the angles
can’t be obtuse. Let be acute. We shall consider three cases:

(a) is acute (b) is obtuse (c) is right angle

Draw (extending if necessary).

In all three figures, we see that …(1)
Now let us find the values of and .
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In figure (i),
In figure (ii)
In figure (iii), .
Thus, in all three cases, …(2)
Again, in figure (i)
( )

In figure (ii),
In figure (iii),
Thus in all the three cases, …(3)
Substituting the values of and from (2) and (3) in (1), we get

.
Part (i) and (ii) can be proved similarly.

Q1. Draw diagrams for the following angles. In which quadrant do they lie?

(a) (b)

Q2. Correct the following into radian measures:

(a) (b)
(c) (d)

Q3. Correct the following radian measures into degree measures ( )

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Q4. Find the radius of the circle in which a central angle of intercepts an arc of cmlength
( )

Q5. If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5. Find the smallest angle in degrees and the
greatest angle in radians.

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Q6. The angles of a triangle are in A.P. and the number of degrees in the least to the number of radians
in the greatest is . Find the angles in degrees and radians.

Q7. Large hand of a watch is cm long. How far does its tip move in minutes? Use .

Q8. A wheel makes revolutions in a minute. Through how many radians does it turn in one
second?

Q1. Which of the six trigonometric functions are positive for ?

Q2. If and lies in second quadrant, find the values of other five trigonometric functions

Q3. If , find the quadrant in which can lie. Also find the values of remaining
trigonometric functions of .

Q4. If lies in the second quadrant, then show that

√ √

Q5. (a) if , obtain the values of and in terms of .

(b) if in above case, then find and . In which quadrant does lie?

Q6. Find the value of .

Q7. (a) (b) ( ) (c)

(d) (e) (f)
(g) ( ) (h) (i)

Q8. Draw the graphs of the following functions:

(a) (b) (c)

Q9. Prove the following:

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(a)
(b)

(c)
( )

(d) ( ) * ( ) +

Q10. Which is greater: or ?

Q11. Using – ratios of and , evaluate

(a) (b) (c)

Q12. Evaluate

Q13. Prove the following:

(a)
(b)
(c) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Q14. If and both lie in the second quadrant, find the values of:

(a) (b) (c)

Q15. If and where lie bbetween and , then find the value
of .

Q16. If ( ) ( ) then find the value of

Q17. Show that:

(a)
(b)

Q18. If then show that √

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Q19. If and , then prove that .

Q20. If are angles of a quadrilateral, then prove that

(a) (b) ( ) ( )
(c) ( ) ( ) (d)
(e)

Q21. Prove that:

(a) (b)

Q1. Express the following products into sums or differences:

(a) (b)

Q2. Express each of the following as a product:

(a) (b)

Q3. Prove that:

(a) ( ) ( ) √
(b) ( ) ( ) √
(c)
√

Q4. Prove that

(a)
√
(b)
(c)
(d)

Q5. Prove that ( ) ( )

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Q6. (a) if then prove that .

(b) if then prove that
Q7. (a) if , then show that

(b) if prove that

Q8. Prove that:

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
√

Q9. Prove that:

Q11. Prove that:

√ √ .

Q11. Prove that:

(a) (b)

Q12. (a) Show that

(b) if then prove that

Q13. Prove that ( ) ( )

Q14. Prove that ( ) ( )

Q15. Prove that:

(a) (b) ( )

Q16. Prove that:

(a)
(b)

Q17. Find the value of .

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Q18. (a) If and lies in the third quadrant, find the values of and .
(b) lies in second quadrant
(c) does not lie in first quadrant.

Q19. Prove that: ( )( )( )( )

Q1. Find the principle solutions of the following equations:

√
(a) (b) (c) (d)

(e) (f) √
√

Q2. Find the greatest solutions of the following equations:

√
(a) (b) (c) (d)
√
(e)

Q3. Solve the following equations:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(e) √

Q4. Find the general solution of the equation .

Q5. If where , then find the values of .

Q6. Solve the following equations:

(a) ( ) (b)

Q7. Solve: √ √

Q8. Solve the following equations:

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(a) (b)

Q9. Solve the following equations:

(a) (d)

Q10. Solve the following equations:

(a) √ √ (b) √

Q1. In any triangle prove that

Q2. In any triangle prove that

(a)

(b)

Q3. In any triangle , prove that

(a) (b) (c)

Q4. In any triangle prove that

Q5. In any triangle prove that

Q6. Two ships and leave a part at the same time goes at km hr
in the direction and traveles at km h in the direction
Find the distance between the ships at the end of hours.

Q7. The angle of elevation of the top point of the vertical tower of the
height from a point is and from a point , the angle of elevation
is , where is a point at a distance from the point A measured
along the line which makes an angle of with . Prove that
(√ )

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Q1. Write the radian measure of .

Q2. Write the value of ( ) .

Q3. Write the value of ( ).

Q4. What is the value of ?

Q5. Write the general selection of ( ) .

Q6. Write the value of ?

Q7. Write the value of .

Q8. Write the value of .

Q9. If and , find the .

Q10. Prove that

Q11. Find the angle in radians between the hands of a clock at 7 : 20 pm.

Q12. If and . Find the value of

Q13. If and then find the value of .

Q14. Solve

Q15. Solve √

Q16. Solve √ √ .

Q17. Prove that .

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Q18. Prove that

Q19. Prove that .

Q20. √ √

Q21. ( )

Q22.

Q23. Find the value of √

Q24. .

Q25.

Q26.

Q27. If then prove that

Q28. Prove that

Q29. Evaluate: ( )( )( )( )

Q30. Prove that ( )

Assignment 1

Ans1.

Ans2. (a) radians (b) radians (c) (d)

Ans 3. (a) (b) (c) (d)

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Ams4. (a) cm Ans 5. radians Ans7. 13cm

Assignment 2

Ans1. and

Ans2.

Ans3. (case 1)
(case 2)

Ans 5. Ans 6.

Ans 7. (a) √ (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

√ √
(h) (i)

√ √ √
Ans 10. Ans 11. (a) (b) (c)
√ √ √

Ans 12. √

Ans 14. (a) (b) (c) Ans 15. Ans 16.

Assignment 3
√ √ √ √
Ans 18. (a) (b) (c) √
√ √ √ √

Assignment 4

Ans 1. (a) (b) (c) and (d) and (e) (f)

Ans 2. (a) (b)

(c) (d) (e)

Ans 3. (a) (b)

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(c) (d) (e)

Ans 4. Ans 5.

Ans 6. (a) (b)

Ans 7.

Ans 8. (a)
(b)

Ans 9. (a)
(b) Ans 10. (a)

Exam Time Preparations

Ans1. ( ) Ans 2. Ans 3. √ Ans 4.

√

√
Ans 5. Ans 6. Ans 7. Ans 8. √
√

Ans 9. Ans 11. Ans 12. √ Ans 13.

Ans 14. , or

Ans 15.

Ans 16. Ans 23.

Ans 26. ( ) Ans 29.

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