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Lecture 5

The document discusses limits of functions as the input value approaches a certain number, including one-sided limits (from the left and right) and infinite limits. It provides definitions and examples of evaluating limits, including when the limit approaches a real number or positive/negative infinity. Both functions f(x) and g(x) are undefined at x=2, so their behavior must be examined using limits as x approaches 2 from the left and right.

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Kenzie Teresa
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48 views5 pages

Lecture 5

The document discusses limits of functions as the input value approaches a certain number, including one-sided limits (from the left and right) and infinite limits. It provides definitions and examples of evaluating limits, including when the limit approaches a real number or positive/negative infinity. Both functions f(x) and g(x) are undefined at x=2, so their behavior must be examined using limits as x approaches 2 from the left and right.

Uploaded by

Kenzie Teresa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LIMITS

Let’s look at the graph of the following functions:


𝑥2 − 4 |𝑥 − 2|
𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥−2 𝑥−2

Both functions are undefined at 𝑥 = 2. So, how is the behaviour of each function in
the vicinity of 𝑥 = 2?

Definition Let f be a function defined in the vicinity of 𝑥 = 𝑎, except at a


itself. If the value of 𝑓(𝑥) approaches a real number 𝐿, as 𝑥 approaches 𝑎, then
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿.
𝑥→𝑎
Limit from the right: Let f be a function defined in the vicinity of 𝑥 = 𝑎,
except at a itself. If the value of 𝑓(𝑥) approaches a real number 𝐿, as
𝑥 approaches 𝑎 (𝑥 > 𝑎), then
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿.
𝑥→𝑎

Limit from the left: Let f be a function defined in the vicinity of 𝑥 = 𝑎, except
at a itself. If the value of 𝑓(𝑥) approaches a real number 𝐿, as 𝑥 approaches
𝑎 (𝑥 < 𝑎), then
lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿.
𝑥→𝑎
Example: Evaluate one-sided limits:
|𝑥 2 − 9|
lim
𝑥→3− 𝑥 − 3

|𝑥 2 − 9|
lim
𝑥→3+ 𝑥 − 3

Definition Let f be a function defined in the vicinity of 𝑥 = 𝑎, except at a, then

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 if
𝑥→𝑎
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿.
𝑥→𝑎+ 𝑥→𝑎
Infinite Limits

There are three main types of infinite limits:


Infinite limits from the left: Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a function defined at all values in
an open interval (𝑏, 𝑎)
• If the values of 𝑓(𝑥) increase without bound as 𝑥 → 𝑎 (𝑥 < 𝑎),
then limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as x approaches a from the left is positive infinity
lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = +∞.
𝑥→𝑎
• If the values of 𝑓(𝑥) decrease without bound as 𝑥 → 𝑎 (𝑥 < 𝑎),
then limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as x approaches a from the left is negative
infinity
lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = −∞.
𝑥→𝑎

Infinite limits from the right: Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a function defined at all values
in an open interval (𝑎, 𝑐)
• If the values of 𝑓(𝑥) increase without bound as 𝑥 → 𝑎 (𝑥 > 𝑎),
then limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as x approaches a from the right is positive
infinity
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = +∞.
𝑥→𝑎
• If the values of 𝑓(𝑥) decrease without bound as 𝑥 → 𝑎 (𝑥 > 𝑎),
then limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as x approaches a from the right is negative
infinity
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = −∞.
𝑥→𝑎

Two-sided infinite limits: Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a function defined at all values in an


open interval containing 𝑎
• If the values of 𝑓(𝑥) increase without bound as 𝑥 → 𝑎, then limit of
𝑓(𝑥) as x approaches a from is positive infinity
lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = +∞.
𝑥→𝑎

• If the values of 𝑓(𝑥) decrease without bound as 𝑥 → 𝑎, then limit


of 𝑓(𝑥) as x approaches a from is negative infinity
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −∞.
𝑥→𝑎

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