Post-traumatic stress disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe anxiety disorder that affects millions of people around the world.
Individuals can develop PTSD after experiencing any event that results in psychological trauma. Symptoms of PTSD
involve flashbacks to the traumatic event, nightmares, obsessive behavior, anger, insomnia, difficulty concentrating,
and hypervigilance. Individuals who suffer from PTSD can experience significant difficulties in social relationships,
have lower self-esteem, and have trouble maintaining employment. People with PTSD experience a higher risk of
committing suicide, developing a drug addiction, and suffering from alcoholism. Although PTSD can affect any
individual, military veterans are especially susceptible to this debilitating affliction. Furthermore, within this
population, women are more than twice as likely as men to develop PTSD. Studies have also shown that former
service women who do develop PTSD experience more severe symptoms than their male counterparts. Recent
changes made by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs have improved treatment options for female
veterans living with PTSD, but there is still more that needs to be done. Although studies investigating precisely why
women are more likely than men to experience PTSD have not yet been completed, some experts have theorized
that low unit cohesion is a major factor. Unit cohesion, defined as the mutual bonds of friendship and support
among members of a military unit, is thought to be helpful in reducing the incidence of developing PTSD. According
to recent surveys compiled by U.S. Army researchers, increased unit cohesion emerged as the most important factor
determining whether soldiers developed suicidal thoughts. Women are more likely than men to experience low unit
cohesion for a variety of reasons. One of the most obvious factors is the relative paucity of females in the military;
currently, women make up only 20% of the armed forces. Pervasive male prejudice against women is another factor
that can diminish unit cohesion for female soldiers. Because women are less likely than men to experience unit
cohesion while serving in the military, women are less likely to develop the social support structures that will help
prevent them from developing PTSD, depression, or other serious mental health problems. Another issue at play is
the stigma amongst military personnel that asking for help for mental health issues makes one “weak.” A recent
Department of Defense study of returning combat troops shows that only 1 in 6 veterans acknowledged themselves
to be suffering from symptoms of PTSD, and 3 out of 5 veterans were convinced that their comrades and
commanding officers would lose confidence in them if they sought treatment for mental health issues. For women,
this hesitation to self-identify as a sufferer of PTSD could be even greater; historically, female soldiers have struggled
to be counted as equals to men on the battlefield. Women, stereotypically considered to possess less emotional
fortitude than men, may be unwilling to admit that they are suffering from PTSD lest they appear to conform to this
stereotype. Unfortunately for those who do not seek help, when PTSD goes untreated it is very likely to worsen over
time. Another challenge is that until very recently, treatment for PTSD has been more difficult for women than men
to obtain. Before rule changes were enacted in 2010, only veterans who encountered direct combat experience
qualified to receive disability payments for PTSD. Because very few women are placed on the front lines, very few
were eligible to receive free treatment for PTSD. However, recent regulation changes have ended these stipulations,
allowing women who serve in any capacity to be eligible for benefits. Even if female veterans are eligible for these
benefits, the quality of the care a wartime PTSD sufferer receives can vary widely. The United States Department of
Veterans Affairs (VA) pays disability benefits to service men and women who have been diagnosed with PTSD and
also provides these individuals with free health care. But while mental health counseling that comes directly from VA
doctors is completely free to veterans, there are often long waiting lists for those who need to be evaluated or
treated. Therapy provided by non-VA professionals may not be covered by health insurance. Access to mental health
professionals who have been specially trained to treat wartime PTSD is often difficult for those not living near major
urban centers. Perhaps the biggest impediment to achieving quality treatment for women suffering from wartime
PTSD is a lack of research. While both the VA and independent agencies have completed hundreds of studies
researching the prevention of and treatment for PTSD amongst general military populations, there have been no
studies completed that solely target women. Before adequate care can be provided, there must be greater
understanding about the root causes of this issue as it affects women specifically. On both the research level and the
policy level, more must be done to help the women who have sacrificed so much for their country.
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