Basic First Aid

Training

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By Rimsha Asif - HR
 Definition Of First Aid
As per OSHA:

Medical Attention That Is Usually Administered Immediately After

Injury Occurs And At The Location Where It Occurred.

➢ First Aid is the provision of initial care for an ill or injured person and usually performed by
a lay person until professional care arrives or definitive medical treatment can be
accessed.

➢ It generally consists of a series of simple and in some cases, potentially life-saving

techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with minimal equipment.
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 To Assess the patient, Always follow:

➢ D ------------------------------------------------- DANGER
➢ R ------------------------------------------------- RESPONSE
➢ A ------------------------------------------------- ACTIVATE EMS
➢ C ------------------------------------------------ CIRCULATION
➢ A ------------------------------------------------ AIRWAY
➢ B ------------------------------------------------ BREATHING

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 ➢Check the anticipated danger into six directions-(Right, Left, Front,
Back, Up, Down)

➢Secure the scene-(do not attempt to mitigate things beyond your

control)

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 ➢Check the level of responsiveness-(AVPU-Conscious, Semi-conscious,
Un-conscious)

➢Check responsiveness-(Verbal, Shaking, Pain)

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 ➢ After taking responsiveness, call to Emergency Medical Services-
(Rescue 1122, Edhi 115, Patrolling Police 1124, Highway police 130, or
local Ambulance)

➢ Communicate following info to EMS-call operators

➢Caller Name
➢Phone/ Cell No.
➢Nature of Emergency
➢No. of Patients
➢Exact Location
➢Important Landmarks

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 ➢Check Circulation-(Carotid pulse for 10 sec.)
➢If Pulse is present then go to next step (A-Airway)
➢If there is no pulse start CPR immediately

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 ➢ Check and opening Airway- (Mouth, Nose)
➢ Head Tilt – Chin Lift ( For Medical Emergency)
➢ Jaw Thrust ( For Trauma/ Accident’s victims)

➢ Clear the airway- (finger sweep, suction)

Head -Tilt
& Jaw Thrust
Chin - Lift

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 ➢ Check Breathing- (LLF for 10 sec)
➢ L-Look…..(Chest rise and fall)
➢ L-Listen…(Listen the whisper/ sound of breathing)
➢ F-Feel…...(Feel breath/ hotness on your cheek)

➢ If breathing is present then ok, move next

➢ If there is no breathing, give mouth to mouth breathing

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 ➢Occurs when a patient is in respiratory arrest (not breathing)
or in cardiac arrest (heart not beating).

➢The patient has a period of 4 to 6 minutes to be

resuscitated without brain damage.

➢Clinical death can be reversed.

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 ➢The moment at which the brain cells begin to die.

➢After 8 to 10 minutes brain cells begin to die.

➢Biological death cannot be reversed.

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 ➢CPR must begin as soon as
possible

➢Patient must be in NO PULSE &

NO BREATHING condition

➢Position the Patient

➢Must be faced Up
➢Laid at plain and Hard
surface

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 Compression Position

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 Rescuer Position
➢Sitting Position
➢Right Side
➢Kneeling Position

➢Hand Position
➢Below of the sternum
➢Power hand above
➢Fingers interlocked with each others

➢Arms Position
➢At 90 angle
➢Elbows must be locked
➢Force from shoulders and use
hip joint as fulcrum
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 CPR CYCLE - C.A.B.
Check Circulation (Carotid Pulse)
If no Pulse Start CPR

After completion 5 cycles

Check Carotid Pulse &
6 Check Breathing by LLF.

Give 30 Compressions Check and clear Airway Give 2 Rescue Breaths

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 ➢Give 30 compressions and 2 breaths for 5 cycles

➢Compression depth 1 ½ - 2 inches

➢100 compressions per minute

➢Give 2 rescue breaths after

30 compressions

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 •If victim starts to breathe normally, place in
Recovery Position

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 Choking

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 Signs Of Complete Obstruction
➢Pale to Bluish discoloration of the face

➢Unusual sounds; shrill

➢Unable to cough

➢May clutch neck with thumb and finger known as the universal
sign of choking

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 Heimlich Maneuver

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 STEP 1
Stand behind victim.
One leg between
victim’s legs.
Head to one side.

STEP 2
Make fist with one
hand thumb side in to
victim’s abdomen 22

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 STEP 3
Grasp fist with
other hand.

Thrust inward and

upward.

PREGNANCY
For pregnant victim
you can’t get arms
around, give chest
thrusts.

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 Between shoulder blades

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 Roll infant’s face up

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 Give 5 chest thrusts. Check mouth for expelled object.
Repeat back slaps and chest thrusts as necessary.
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 Shock refers to circulatory system failure that happens when
insufficient amounts of oxygenated blood is provided for every body
part. This can be as the result of:

– Loss of blood due to uncontrolled bleeding or other circulatory system

problem.
– Loss of fluid due to dehydration or excessive sweating.
– Trauma (injury)
– Occurrence of an extreme emotional event.

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 What to Look For

• Altered mental status

• Anxiety and restlessness
• Pale, cold, and clammy skin, lips, and nail beds
(capillary refill pressure)
• Nausea and vomiting
• Rapid breathing and pulse
• Unresponsiveness when shock is severe

What to Do
After treating life-threatening injuries such as breathing
or bleeding, the following procedures shall be
performed:

•Lay the victim on his or her back

•Raise the victim’s legs 8” – 12” to allow the blood
to drain from the legs back to the heart
•Prevent body heat loss by putting blankets and
coats under and over the victim
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 Open Wounds

– A break in the skin’s surface that results in external

bleeding and may allow bacteria to enter the body
that can cause infection
• Abrasion
– The top layer of skin is removed
with little or no blood loss
– Scrape
• Laceration
– A cut skin with jagged, irregular edges
and caused by a forceful tearing away
of skin tissue
• Incisions
– Smooth edges and resemble
a surgical or paper cut

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 Open Wounds

• Punctures
• Deep, narrow wounds such as
a stab wound from a nail or a
knife in the skin and underlying organs
• Avulsion
• Flap of skin is torn loose and is either
hanging from the body or completely removed
• Amputation
• Cutting or tearing off of a body part
such as a finger, toe, hand, foot, arm, or leg

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 Procedure to Control Bleeding
➢Direct Pressure
(With gloved hand)

➢Apply Dressing
(Use bulky dressing)

➢Apply Bandage
(Use crape/ cotton bandage)
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 Procedure to Control Bleeding

➢Elevation
(From the heart level)

➢Pressure Points
(Apply tourniquets)

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 Treatment for wounds is 4C
1st C.Control 2nd C. Clean

4th C. Cover
3rd C. Close

Severe wound? Clean only after bleeding has stopped 35

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 First-degree burns (Superficial)

Only the skin’s outer layer (epidermis) is damaged.

Symptoms include redness, mild swelling, tenderness,
and pain.
Usually heals without scarring.

What to Do:
– Immerse in cold water 10 to
45 minutes or use cold, wet cloths.
» Cooling stops burn progression
» May use other liquids
– Aloe, moisturizer lotion

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 Second-degree burns (Partial Thickness)

Epidermis and upper regions of dermis are damaged.

Symptoms include blisters, swelling,
weeping of fluids, and severe pain.

What to Do:
• Immerse in cold water / wet pack
• Aspirin or ibuprofen
• Do not break blisters
• May seek medical attention

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 Third-degree burns (Full Thickness)

Severe burns that penetrate all the skin layers, into

the underlying fat and muscle.
Symptoms include: the burned area appears gray-
white, cherry red, or black; there is no initial edema
or pain (since nerve endings are destroyed)

What to Do:
• Usually not necessary to apply cold to
areas of third degree
• Do not apply ointments
• Apply sterile, non-stick dressings (do not
use plastic)
• Check CAB’s
• Treat for shock
• Get medical help

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 Burn injuries

Thermal (heat) burns

• Flames
• Hot objects
• Flammable vapor that ignites
• Steam or hot liquid

What to Do:
• Stop the burning
– Remove victim from burn source
– If open flame, smother with blanket, coat
or similar item, or have the victim roll on
ground.
• Determine the depth (degree) of the burn

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 Chemical burns
– The result of a caustic or corrosive substance
touching the skin caused by:
• Acids (batteries)
• Alkalis (drain cleaners- often more extensive)
• Organic compounds (oil products)

What to Do:
– Remove the chemical by flushing the area with
water
• Brush dry powder chemicals from the skin
before flushing
• Take precautions to protect yourself from
exposure to the chemical
– Remove the victim’s contaminated clothing and
jewelry while flushing with water
– Flush for 20 minutes all chemical burns (skin, eyes)
– Cover the burned area with a dry, sterile dressing
– Seek medical attention
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 Electrical Burns (Electrocution)

– A mild electrical shock can cause serious internal

injuries.
– There are three types of electrical injuries:
• Thermal burn (flame) – Objects in direct contact
with the skin are ignited by an electrical current.
– Mostly caused by the flames produced by the
electrical current and not by the passage of the
electrical current or arc.
• Arc burn (flash) – Occurs when electricity jumps, or
arcs, from one spot to another.
– Mostly cause extensive superficial injuries.
• True electrical injury (contact) – Occurs when an
electric current truly passes through the body.

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 What to Do:

– Make sure the scene is safe

• Unplug, disconnect, or turn off the power.
• If that is impossible, call the power company or EMS for help.
– Do not contact high voltage wires
– Consider all wires live
– Do not handle downed lines
– Do not come in contact with person if the electrical source is
live
– Check CABs. (Circulation Airway Breathing)
– If the victim fell, check for a spinal injury.
– Treat the victim for shock by elevating the legs 8” – 12” if no spinal
injury is suspected.
– Seek medical attention immediately.

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 • High temperature puts stress on our bodies.
• When the body’s cooling system has to work
too hard it can strain itself.
• This strain, combined with other stresses such as work, loss of fluids or fatigue
may lead to heat related disorders i.e. heat stress (heat cramps, heat
exhaustion, heat stroke).

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 Heat Cramps
Usually affect workers who sweat a lot during strenuous
activity.

This sweating depletes the body's salt

and moisture levels.

Heat cramps may also be a

symptom of heat exhaustion.

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 Heat Exhaustion
• Heavy sweating.
• Intense thirst from dehydration.
• Fatigue, weakness or loss of coordination.
• Cool, moist skin.
• Low BP
• Week and rapid pulse.
• Anxiety , Confusion
• Body Temp 38.8C or 102 F

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 Heat Stroke

▪ It is the most serious form of heat

injury and is considered a medical
emergency.

▪ A core body temperature that rises

above 104 F (40 C) accompanied by
hot, dry skin and central nervous
system abnormalities such as delirium,
convulsions, or coma.

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 Symptoms:

• Absence of sweating.
• Hot, red or flushed, dry skin.
• Rapid pulse.
• Difficult breathing.
• Constrict pupils.
• Weakness
• Nausea or vomiting.
• Collapse.
• Body temperature over 104 deg F.

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 Treatment:

• Move the victim in to the shade.

• You MUST lower the victim’s body temperature as fast as possible.

• Massage the body with ice.

• Don’t give liquids to unconscious victims.

• Evacuate the victim to the hospital.

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 Symptoms
• Two puncture wounds

• Swelling and redness around the wounds

• Pain at the bite area

• Difficulty breathing

• Vomiting and nausea

• Blurred vision

• Sweating and salivating

• Numbness in the face and limbs

• Low blood pressure 51

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 DO’s:
Keep: the bitten person Still, Calm and Reassure. This
can slow down the spread of venom if the snake is
poisonous.

Keep: the extremity at heart level or lower. Splint the

affected part if possible.

Clean: the wound and cover with dry dressing.

Give: Anti-Tetanus Toxoid injection

Give: paracetamol for pain.

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 DONT’S:

Apply tourniquet

Apply Ice

Incise the wound/manipulate the bitten area.

Give tab Disprin

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 Thank you all
Your questions are welcome

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