Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chiri
Chiri
KOFOID AND
itrd^^^^^ '/^^^'c^<^
GllEAT BRITAIN
AX
AY.
E.
^MAXWELL,
X^.
Colouial Civil Service.
M.ll.A.
S.,
Jam:akv, 1881.
LINGUISTIC PUBLICATIONS.
or
TRUBNER &
57
CO.,
E.G.
AND 59,
7sj.:^iiiniiiiriiiTwii^
ii
Messes. TETJENER & Co. respectfully solicit orders for all classes of Publications connected with the History, Antiquities, Geography, and Messrs. TEiiBNEE & Co. have Languages of the East, published abroad. established agencies in all parts of the East, of Europe, and America, and are thus enabled to furnish such publications with as little delay as possible,
and
at
moderate
prices.
AHLWARDT. The
Divans of the Six Ancient Arabic Poets, Ennabiga, 'Antara, Tarafa, Zuhair, 'Algama, and Imruolgais cliiefly according to the MSS. of Paris, (iotha, and Leyden, and the collection of their Fragments with a complete list of various readings of the Text. Edited by W. Prof, of Oriental Languages at Ahhvardt,
; ;
By James
pp.
viii.
R. Ballantyne,
3.9.
LL.D.
Bvo.
cl.
BAL. Travels
and no.
6d.
of Fah Hian and SungYun, Buddhist Pilgrims from China to India A.D. and 518 A. D.). Translated from (400 the Chinese by S. Beal, B.A. Trinity College, Cambridge. Cr. 8vo. cl. pp. Ixxiii. and
210, with
and
340, sd.
12s.
Map.
io.f.
6d.
etc.
of the
Law
Buddhism illustrated from Siamese Sources by the Modern Buddhist, a Life of Buddha, and an account of the Phra Brat. By Henry Alabaster, Esq. Demy 8vo. pp. Iviii. and
324. 14s.
from the Chinese. By S. Beal, B.A., 8vo. cl. pp. xiv. and 436. 15^.
BE AMES. A
the
wit),
cl.
Comparative Grammar of
BALLANTYNE. Elements
of Hindi and
Braj Bhaka Grammar. By the late James R. Ballantyne, LL.D. 2nd Edition, revised and corrected. Cr. 8vo. cl., pp. 44. 5^-,
mar
rathi.Uriya, and Bengali. Bvjohn Beames, Bengal C.S., M.R.A.S., etc. Vol. I. On Sounds. 8vo. cl. pp. xvi. and 360. i6s. Vol. II. The Noun and the Pronoun. 8vo. cl. pp. xii. and 348. i6s.
.5
AN
"CHIRI,"
A SANSKRIT FORMULA.
"W. E. iMaxwell, M.E.A.S., Colonial Civil Service.
Ti E presence of a large number of Sanskrit words in the M;ilay language has often been pointed out, and the purity wi^h which they are reproduced has been a subject of
remark, showing, as it probably does, that they have been bo Towed direct from the parent-language, and not from any
Their sense, of the Sanskrit-derived languages of India. eq lally with their pronunciation, has varied little, and
though many of them are more commonly met with in bo)ks than in the colloquial dialects, they are more comphtely part of the language than the ever-increasing crowd
of Arabic words which have been introduced into
it
since
among the Malays. Tl ere is no documentary evidence, however, to show that tho Sanskrit character was ever known to the Malays.
th
5
faith of
What
their
Aiabic character,
alphabet was before the introduction of the or whether they ever possessed one, is
it
unknown, though
has been conjectured that the Battak it, may have been in use
an ong them.^ \Iohamedans by religion, and acquainted with no written character but that of the Arabs, a Sanskrit invocation in use
an ong the Malays would appear to be an absolute anachronism. Yet this is what the Malay chiri seems to be. Perfectlj'' un ntelligible to the people who have handed it down for ge lerations by oral repetition, and in Mohamedan times by means of the Arabic character, and much corrupted
^
To
On this subject see " Ueber den ursprung der ker," von Dr. Friedrich Miiller. Wien, 1865.
Scbrift der
Malayschen
jv>304757
" CniRI."
in consequence, to a
cation as an address of
Hindu
in
king.
Perak in an official capacity during the military operations in that State in 1875-6, I ascertained that it was generally believed by the natives that among the treasures
Being
said to comprise the regalia of the Sultan was a mysterious document written in the hahasa jin (language of the Genii), on the possession of which the safety of the kingdom The name given to it was Surat chiri ; surat depended. in Malay meaning a document, and chiri a "sign" or *' written testimony." ^ All inquiries for the document in
question, or for copies of it, proved fruitless for a long time. They tended to prove, however, that no manuscript in the
Sanskrit or other ancient character existed in Perak, and that the document called chiri, whatever it was, was written in
the ordinary Malay- Arabic character. Communication with Johor, the state in which the de-
little
result.
original chiri was said to have disappeared several reigns back, in one of the petty wars which were formerly
The
common in Perak, and though a substitute had been written down from the dictation of one of the privileged family
trusted with the reading or reciting of the mystic formula, even this had been mislaid, and could not be found. In 1879, chance brought to light a copy of the document for
which search had so long been made. A chest of native manuscripts which had belonged to former Sultans of Perak was opened at the British Residency, and among them was a small MS. volume containing the laws of the State. This was dated the 18th Rajab, a.h. 1234, so it is transcript about sixty years old. On the last page of it was a copy
This I
now
it
in
Roman
is
characters.
is
Chiri
of
Malay.
I
*i.>-4<yj lX5-4*J
" CIIIRI."
>^r9 C'>>^ J
/?5(
<Oy>-jJ \r^J^
//.
t.-:'"'''
^iX^ J
l.XiliAUJ U2aju*<J
^<^-^ ir^^
^o X
"-^A^
^'*>*J*
1-:''-"'
^-:<'^-- \^^-^/-'
Ir?^
o^
tS
Li^
i*^J^
--
x-O^ O^O
^^^
'JL?*^ ^ ox-
v^
^^
<i>,y^
o ^
Ox
-f
,-;
C:.-vuu^
Cl.?^--.:?-
, oxx jj^
xO<'
^'^i
^-
XO--
'-;?..''
'"''
J^^-"
Ai^^
O
UJ^ r^X
O/ X O
^^
X-
Oxx .XX
Oxx
0^.x
Oxc^ ^
^tl
Ox-
x-c
x.^
^
\-
>
/
-^
'^^^'^
\
xOx xxo
X
''^O.
''
'-^^
-'i
-^
I
''
I'i
''
x'''l'^
^''l^^
ox
^jUi
^^^
Uij
Ox^o^xx
O ,x
i^^Sj^
<LSJ
Bi-smi-lldhi-r-rahmdni'r-rahim.
parmada parkhara parkharaah parmakab sojana sojanam buana buanam bakarma bakarnam sa^rarna sawarnam bangka baichara tongkah tinggi dari dara idah dari darakata malarakta mahadea bupala beiram beida iani nilam pualam murdakam durakam kumalam sawarna
Sastata sastatab
parmakam
tajila
jibarat
parwaban sanam awina karti nagari nugara Sri Sa^untang Maba Miru dipatikatu izna payanti Aho saWc sti maba sawasti Mabaraja Indra Chandra bupati babutau an% karunia nama ami tawat jiwat pari parnanta tegoh
samista
m( negohkan setia haqti kahawah dull paduka Sri Sultan Adiluh ah ivazina kayuhaki di lanjutkan Allah ka-raja-an Paduka
St
i
Sultan Mo^afar
Shah Dil-ullah
fil
alam hiyyarhamati
ka la-rahmani-r-rahimin}
is
''CHIRI."
is
newly-appointed holder of any one of the important offices of the State is invested with his title and honours. The
hereditary custodians and readers of the ehiri are the family of which the chief called Sri Nara Diraja (an hereditary grand chamberlain) is the head. They belong to the hangsa muntah
lunihu (" tribe of the cow's vomit,'*
an allusion to a myth
which
will be detailed further on), and they avoid the flesh of the cow, as well as milk, butter, ghi, etc.
When
the chiri
is
buildings a few
into the earth.
which is usually a small open pavilion connected with the Raja's residence. The reader stands after the fashion of Malay above, in the hall which is raised
balei or audience-hall,
The
ground, by means of piles driven being open on all sides, the reader
The chiri is then read, and royal favour, who stands below. at a particular passage towards the end of it, where the word
duced.
ami (such-a-one) occurs, the name of the new chief is introWater, in which the royal sword of state has been dipped,^ is poured from above, its course being directed by
means of
a plantain-leaf.
The new
chief receives
it
in the
palms of his hands joined together. He usually receives from the Raja a change of raiment {turun tiga), consisting
of three garments. The practice of reading at the installation of chiefs a mystic formula called chiri, unintelligible to the Malays who
use
it,
exists at the
(Borneo), as well as in Perak, and I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Hugh Low, C.M.G., Resident of Perak, for
a copy of the Borneo version.^
' The dipping of weapons into water or other liquid on the occasion of a solemn oath or engagement is an aboriginal custom which the Malays have, in common with other Indo-Chinese races, the Karens of Burmah for instance. See Joum. Tnd. Arch, vol, iv. p. 503; McMahon, " The Karens," etc. p. 286; Forbes, Burmah, 252 PallegoLx, Siam, i. 261. 2 The names and dates introduced record the appointment of one Pangeran Hashim" to be "Pangeran Kasuma Nagara," and of a Chinese named Lee Lan to be *' Captain-Major Darma Kaja." Cheng
; ' '
"
CHIRI."
it differs very much from the some of the words are identical, or version, though and it is preceded by an Arabic introduction, nearly so from which the Perak chiri is free.
Perak
Brunei Chiri.
I. ^j s^s^
Ua-j-j
(hjl:^ yS^Ayii
t^r^ ^}
^^
^ ^^^^
-'
c^
o y^
j^6 J
'^rj
ryCU;
Ji^i,^
U Jc^ ^^?\^^
''t^:^^
u;^,?{;^
<-/-'
^r^iJ u;^
J^-^
^^
ir^^
^^^ ^_^y
1*:?--'^
'lb
cLJjjJ I^IC
^^Aju^
\J'j^
t-^
2(^L^
1*^
L^l/rr*^
^^^
'
Li-j
^^;^i^
t-fjl
trvr
/ -^
"This
tri /a) is
is
the "Chiri"
when the
title
"Chatriyah" {Esha-
bestowed.]
Alhamdu lilldhi rabbi-l-'dlamln, was-saldtu w-as-saldmu ala Fa seijyidina Muhammadin wa 'aid dlihi wa sahhihi-Ukirdm. rai'da ''lldhu kheyrahd iva-dtdla-lldhu 'omrahd wa kammala 'izzahd wa fadlahd wa addma haydtahd wa yuti-Udhu daulatan
fid
ku(
dunyd
li
ila
ddril-dkhirdh
Ahota Sarmata.
buhana sichakap parkasa parsang sichaya parbuhana madna dikabaju bala parakarama sri buhana karta msskalang kaparmalawarna witikaya Saidi-saidi loabahua
3ri
au')ajana
"
CHIRI."
Pangeran ffashim di nagra nama pri nama Pangeran Kasuma Nagara ayota sichewa-chewa pri menegohkan setia baqti kabawah dull paduka Sri Sultan-al-adil-al-mu a%am di negri Brunai dar-assalam daulatun qdimim ma dumta heyna-l'dlamln,
amin. amin.
amin.
Wa
God
come
of
shall give prosperity in the world until the world to for that you are a wise man out of all the people and
ministers.
May
God!
[Then follow the Sanskrit formula and a
few Malay
words.]
May
And
the world.
Amen.
Amen.
Amen.
^JU
^y ^j^
M\Jji
*L
ysfS^
1:^3
J^ ^j^jl
cA^
^^d
^^^ *Lf^^
^?
^y^-^.^'J
^H '^^ "^^^
^3
^J^
[This
is
the
"
Councillor."]
Ini Chiri meng-glar Mantri. " Chiri " used in bestowing the
sri
title
of
Ahota
sarmata
buhana
sichakap
parkasa
parsang
parabuhana aubajana madanana dikabacbo bala parakrama sri buhana karta maskalangku parmala malei warna watika ayota sida-sida yua perbu Bahwa pri Inche Baha Lee Cheng Lan di-nagra-i nama Kapitan Maiur Darmah Raja menegohkan setia haqti kahawah dull yang di per tuan al- Sultan-al-adil yang malm mulia di negri Brunai dar-assalam
The Malays of Perak say that the chiri was first introdu3ed in the time of the first Malay Raja, who came down
frcm the mountain Sagantang Maha-Meru, and appeared suddenly in Palembang, in Sumatra, riding on a white bull. It is not necessary to trace here the origin of the myths
connected with the early Malay rajas. It is sufficient to say thiit it can probably be shown that some of the incidents
wl ich appear in Malay traditions bear close analogy to de icriptions which are found in Hindu mythology, and that
thore
of the
first
has evidently been confusion between the history Malay Raja and legends of the Hindu god Qiva,
of the latter, the white bull for instance, being
attributes
introduced into the narrative which purports to treat of the ad ventures of the former.
The Malay narrative in question is to be found in the Soiarah Malay u ("The Malay Tree"), which is an historical ac iount of the royal line of Malacca.
to
The best known version of this work is the one purporting have been cast in its present form by a Johor chief in A.ir. 1021, but every Malay State which claims the descent
of
o\\
its royal line from the kings of Malacca has probably its n written genealogical work, in which the ancient legends, or some of them, are introduced. A record of this sort,
wl ich formerly belonged to the Rajas of Perak, is in my from it I extract the following passage, in
mention of the
chiri
is
made.
The
first
women
of
Palembang
Malini.
The
y^
(J^"'
^^
j^,"^^
ti;-^'^
u-C* rij^
'iju^
Maka ada sa'ekor lumbu hidopan "Wan Pak dan Wan Malini puteh warnania seperti perak maka dengan takdir Allah taala lumbu itu pun muntahkan buih, maka deri pada
;
"
berdiri
buih itu-lah kaluar sa'orang manusia Bat namania, maka iya memuji dimikian bunyinia pujinia, maka raja itu diglar-nia ulih Bat itu Sri Tria Buana. Ada pun anak chuchu Bat itulah orang yang membacha chiri deri pada zaman dahulu kala." " Now there was a certain cow, the support of Wan Pak and Wan Malini in colour it was white, like unto silver. By the decree of God most high this cow vomited forth foam, and out of the foam there came forth a man. Bhat was his name. And he stood up and repeated praises, and his praises The Raja were after this wise It is the received from Bhat the title of Sri Tribuana. of this Bhat who have been the readers of the posterity
; : .
from the days of old (even until now)." Here, it will be observed, there is a hiatus in the sentence which makes mention of the eulogium pronounced by Bhat
chii^i
;
the actual words used by him are omitted, though it would seem from the context that the original narrative must have
included them.
^
One
Kisna
of wliom, in Krishna or
some versions, bears the significant name of Kisna Pandita, Vishnu so here we have two out of the three princes
:
identified
by
attribute or
of the
Hindu
Triad.
''CHIRI."
to the Sajarah
by Bhat. l^he following extract shows the different readings to be f 3und in four separate manuscripts in the possession of the
]
slightly different language, and an attempt is same copies to set forth the formula of praise used
1
made
in
in
the
Society.
f*A
""J^i
J^
^^
ii}j
Uj
l:^j/-:
N.B.
This
Nos.
1 8,
is
on page 24
of
"Ley den's
1
Malay Annals.
35,
MSS.
MS.
and 39 have
LH^wj-s.
2
3 *
18 has
^^:^yS.j^.
No. 18 has
No. 18 has
^li-J.
Cl^i.
Jij.
6
6
MS. 39
MS.
has
MSS.
35 has
18 has
^]/.
^\j j^
J.
MSS.
4-*<y .
MS.
No. 18 has
^\j^.
^\j.
MS.
" MS.
" MS.
i
d^Jj.
^j.
MS.
35 has
^i^j.
MS.
MSS.
18, 35,
" MS.
1*
J5
18 has
is
f\y
MSS.
omitted in
LS^y}j' MS.
18.
35 and 39 have
l!X.jU.
^^
^j
is
In 18
the final
^j^^^M-^Ji -rfj^ J
^r^-
10
'CinRI."
Aho
susanta (or suwasta) paduka sri maharaja sara'at (or buana surana bumi buji bala pakrama naga-
lang (or sakalang) krana (or karta) magat rana (or ratna)
muka
buana paralarasang (or parasang) sakarita bana (or darma rana sharana) katarana singgha sana wan (or rana) wikraraa wan (or icadat) runab (or ratna or runei) palawa dika (or palawika) sadila dewa dida prawadi (or prabudi) kala mula mulai (or kala mulai) malik sri darma raja aldi raja (or raja-raja) paramisuri.
tri
There is a chapter in the Sajarah Malayu which treats of the ceremonial of the court of a Malay Raja. The organization is attributed by the chronicler to the first Mohamedan
it is The evidently of Hindu origin. recitation of the chiri on the occasion of the appointment of a chief or other officer of the court is alluded to in the fol-
lowing passage
title
Orders being given that the person to be honoured with a title should be fetched, he was escorted to the royal presence, if a noble, by persons of high rank if of
his ministers.
;
minor rank, by persons of the middle class; if a common If the recipient of person, by men of the lower class. the title was entitled to mount an elephant, he was brought on an elephant if a horse was his proper means of conveyance, he was brought on a horse; and if he was entitled neither to an elephant nor to a horse, he was escorted on foot,
;
drums and pipes being used in the procession The umbrellas were blue, green, or red, as the in any case. case might be, the yellow umbrella being the highest permitted to be used. (The use of the white umbrella, and of
umbrellas,
the royal
drum
(nagara),
is
altogether forbidden.)
The pipe
The yellow cases. {nafiri) may be used in the highest umbrella is the token of the princes of the blood and of the chiefs. Purple, green, and red umbrellas betoken officers of
the court, chamberlains, chief warriors, etc.
11
may
the recipient of the title has arrived, he is made tc wait outside the audience-hall while the chiri is read in the presence of the Raja by one of the posterity of Bhat."^ The foregoing extracts summarize all that I have been able
tc
is
When
gather respecting the chiri from native historians, and it necessary to go back to the legend of Bhat for internal
e^'idence
fcrmula to which such superstitious importance has been a1 tached in the kingdoms of Malacca, Perak, and Brunei. Bhat is the usual name in India for a bard or encomiast,
a: id
name
i hat of his
very functions ascribed by the Malay annalist to the story, namely, the recitation of laudatory verses a id the compilation of genealogies.
V hich seems
Abul Fazl gives an account of the Bhats of Gujarat, to indicate the region from which the Malays
a nd
of his
human form, whom he called Charun, own ox. This Charun composed
V erses, sang the praises of Mahadeo, and revealed to mankind This tribe, who bear his name, are jast and future events.
lis descendants.
S3lves
The
singing and in battle they repeat warlike fables to genealogies animate the troops. They are also famous for discovering secret things. Throughout Hindostan there is hardly a
;
in
gTeat
Bast
man who
There
1
who
at
equal the Charuns in animating the troops by martial but the Charuns are tongs, and in chronology excel them
;
better soldiers.
1
They
say that
Translated from MS. No. 80 in the Raffles Collection of Malay /ibrary of the Royal Asiatic Society.
12
will of
Mahadeo, and that Bhawt issued from his spine and wonderful stories are told of these miracles, the relation of which would cause prolixity." ^ The Malay story of the man Bhat, who was produced from the vomit of a cow or bull, has no slight analogy with the accounts of the supernatural origin of the Charuns^ and Bhats given by Abul Fazl, whose alleged fear of "prolixity" has perhaps deprived us of some "wonderful stories" which might more nearly approach the Malay version. The author of Ras Mala (" Hindoo Annals of the Province
of Goozerat"), has a good deal to say about these tribes. "Closely connected with the Rajpoots are the Bards,
Of their origin nothing is known, the Bhats and Charuns. but they assert themselves to have sprung from Muha Dev
or Shiva. They are in some places cultivators, in others bankers, but their more legitimate occupations are those of acting as securities for the performance of engagements, and of recording the genealogies of their Rajpoot clients In his heraldic and poetical capacity, however, it is that the
bard has been longest and most favourably distinguished. When the rainy season closes, and travelling becomes
practicable, the bard sets off on his yearly tour from his ' ' Bhatwara of some city or town. One by residence in the one he visits each of the Rajpoot chiefs, who are his patrons,
and from
whom
grants of money, timing his arrival, if possible, to suit After he occasions of marriage or other domestic festivals.
* has received the usual courtesies, he produces the Wye,' crabbed hieroglyphics, or in those a book written in his own
of his fathers, which contains the descent of the house, if the chief be the *Terlayuh^ or head of the family, from the
if
he be a
'
Phutayo
or cadet, from
the branch, interspersed with ' ' a verse or ballad, the dark sayings contained in many which are chanted forth in musical cadence to a delighted
p. 85.
13
laany an illustrative anecdote or tale. The 'Wye' is not, however, merely a source for the gratification of family it is also a record of l)ride or even of love of song
;
by which questions of consanguinity are determined when marriage is on the tapis, and disputes relating
authority
to the division of ancestral property are decided, intricate
i.s
these last necessarily are from the practice of polygamy, all the sons of a family are entitled to share. It is the duty of the bard at each periodical visit
as well
as
to
hronicle all the other events worthy of remark which have (ccurred to affect the fortunes of his patron nor have we
;
(ver heard even a doubt suggested regarding the accurate, 3nuch less the honest fulfilment of this duty by the bard."^
It is not known to me if those Malays in Perak, who (laim to be the descendants of the Bhat of the Malay legend, .'.till exercise any hereditary functions. It is probable that
1
is
duties which their progenitor may have had in common with the Bhats of Gujarat. Mohamedan law has of course
fince placed all ceremonies connected with marriage in the ] lands of the Imams and Khatibs, and the
<
long
average Malay not suppose that any other ritual was ever known to his .ace, whom he assumes to have been Mohamedans since the It is days of Nabi-ullah Ibrahim and Nabi-ullah Daud.
loes
worthy of remark, however, that, in the Sajarah Malayu, he original Bhat who sprang from the cow's vomit is twice described as officiating at marriages, which is one of the
)eculiar functions of a
On
Gujarat Bhat according to Forbes. one occasion he marries two women of Palembang to the
Malay
raja,
and
subsequently he takes a prominent part in the rejoicings it the Sundari. marriage of the raja with his queen I do not of course claim for or for Hindu soveGujarat
Wan
.^eigns
ii.
262.
14
*'CHIRI."
Col. Wilks, in his Historical Sketches of the panegyrists. South of India/' ^ has the following note about them
as it is diiferently pronounced, is a curious approximation to the name of the western hard, and their offices are nearly similar. No Hindoo raja is without
Hyder, although not a Hindoo, delighted to be constantly preceded by them and they are an appendage to the state of many other Mussulman chiefs. They have a
his hards.
;
wonderful
facility in speaking improvisatore on any subject proposed to them, a declamation in measures which may be considered as a sort of medium between blank verse and
but their proper profession is that of chanting the exploits of former days in the front of the troops while marshalling for battle, and inciting them to emulate the glory of their ancestors."
modulated prose;
That the early legends connected with the first establishof a monarchy among the Malays should have the palpable impress of Hindu imagination, is what any one conversant with the ceremonies and phraseology of a Malay Court would naturally expect. Ceremonial observances of
ment
rulers, the
Burmah, Siam, and Cochin-China, as well as the minor sovereigns of Java, Sumatra, and Malaya. The very idea of royalty comes from the West, and must have been quite
unknown
to the
state.
received
their Indian teaching at the same time or from the same quarter The most contradictory opinions have as Malay countries. been entertained from time to time by different scholars as to
the particular part of India from which the Malays and Javanese derived the Indian civilization which they obviously
possessed for many centuries before these races came under the notice of Europeans. An examination of the antiquities of Java, and a very considerable acquaintance with the lan-
guage and literature of the Malays, were insufficient to enable Sir Stamford Raffles to form any conclusion as to the
1
vol.
i.
p. 20.
''CHIRI."
15
iientity of the region from which Hindu influences came to In his *' History of Java" the subject is the Far East.
forward.
there
^7ork
is
approached more than once, but no definite opinion is put " In his Introduction to Leyden's " Malay Annals
no attempt
to solve a
is
Crawfurd, and Leyden before him, inclined to the belief " " Ihat the inhabitants of Telinga, or Kalinga, the Klings of the Malays, were the people who effected in the Eastern
])eninsula
there
is little
Malay
Words in the in favour of such a theory. derived from Tamil or Telugu are exceedlanguage we
is
look in vain for other signs of affinity, equally silent on the subject.^ There is
inuch to be said on behalf of a theory that would point out <jrujarat as the part of India from which in very ancient "imes Hindu settlers went forth to colonize the more remote
East.
s
The earliest incident chronicled in the Sajarah Malay u the conquest of the Malay Peninsula by a Raja Suran, '' King of Amdan JSTagara," a place which one commentator^
I las sought to identify with Hamadan, a town in Persia. ind, however, that in an article on the History of Yijaya'^ Amdanagara" is treated as lagar,* in Asiatic Researches,
Tom which
Javanese tradition specifically names Gujarat as the place a large colony proceeded to Java in the year
525 (a.d. 603-4) under a chief called Sawela Chala. The iolonists, as soon as they had established themselves, comoiunicated with the parent- country, Gujarat, and were joined " From oy their friends and relations in large numbers. time Java was known and celebrated as a kingdom an shis
;
Bxtensive
^
Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands, Hindu. 2 Marsden combated the Telinga theory, in the introduction to his Malay Gl^rammar, pp. xxix-xxxii, but it has been re-asserted by Mr. Taylor in an essay "On Early Relations of Continental India with Sumatra and Java," Madras
Asiatic Researches, x. 171
mb
voce
Journal, (1850), vol. xvi. p. 104. ^ Braddell, Journ. Ind. Arch. vol. v. p. 132. * Asiatic Researches, vol. xx. p. 1
.
16
shipping, was
filled
all
parts."
legend of Bhat and the establishment of a family of bards and genealogists the only story in Malay tradition which has its parallel in The Gujarat history.
is
Nor
this
account given by Abul Fazl of the founding of Putten wonderfully like the tradition of the founding of Malacca as it is related in the " Sajarah Malayu." Gladwin's translation gives the episode as follows ^
is
:
In the books of the Hindoos it is written that in the j^ear 802 of the era of Bickarmajeet (Yikramaditya), corresponding with A.H. 154, Bunsraj was the first king who made Guzerat an independent monarchy, which happened
after the following
*'
manner.
Rajah Sirry
(Sri)
Bhowrdeo,
who reigned in Kinoje, put to death one of his subjects named Samunt Singh for being of a base and turbulent
disposition,
and then
plundered
his
family.
The
wife,
pregnant, was delivered of a son, who is this Bunsraj. By chance a hermit of Ovvjain, happening to pass that way, Syeldeo, took compassion on the woman and gave the child in charge
to
who was
fled into
in the wilds
who
carried
him
to
Radhunpoor,
When
he came to manhood, he
robbers,
gang of highway
whose
number
which
"
increasing, they at length seized the royal treasure was going to Kinoje.
his confederates,
and
they raised and disciplined troops, by whose means Bunsraj was enabled to establish himself in the kingdom of Guzerat
that he founded.
in the fifteenth year of his age. Putten is one of the cities It is related that being in doubt where to
fix the seat of his
*
government, one Anhul, a cowherd, said, I have seen a place such as you desire, which I will discover,
^
ii.
p.
87
(second edition).
Ayeen Akbery, 3 Champa. This word occurs in Malay history as the name of an independent See Crawfiird's Malay Malay kingdom once established in Cochin China. Grammar, Dissertation, cxxix.
pp. 89-90.
"CTIIRI."
17
it
after
my
name.'
Upon
the
Kaja
promising to do so,
'
Anhul
directed
him
to the spot,
Such is the superior excellency of everything produced here, that a dog, who came from another country, attacked a hare of this place, who, by the exertion of her The strength, overpowered the dog and set herself free.'
ac'.ding,
cowherd
" After a long course of time the reason for its hiiving been forgotten, it was called Nehrwaleh, and
OIL
tl
name
lastly,
soil,
Putten, which in
language of that country signifies chosen." Malacca is traditionally said to have been founded by Raja I.' kandar Shah, the last king of Singhapura, who was driven fi om his own kingdom by the Javanese, and took refuge on the mainland. The " Sajarah Malay u " describes the event
e
af
follows
" Sultan Iskandar Shah travelled thence direct to the seacoast to a river called Bertam.
d.iy
He
while out hunting, and saw one of his dogs trodden u:ider foot by a white palandok (mouse-deer). Then the
kng
Tie
tl
exclaimed,
chiefs
This
who were
a good place, where even the Let us make a settlement here.' with him assented, and the king
is
made
there.
He
asked
name
it is
name
of this place.'
If that " ^
is so,'
said he,
'
then Malaka
deer
r(
st
There are no hares on the Malay Peninsula the mouseis the animal which would naturally be selected to
;
present the hare by any native who was adapting a foreign The similarity between the Dry to suit local requirements. stories of the founding of Putten and the establishment of
]\-lalacca
little
Translated from MS. No. 18, Raffles Collection, R.A.S. Library. imalaka (Sansk.), Emblic myrobolan.
Malaka
18
doubt that, like the legend of Bhat, the Malays must have
received the incident from an Indian source.
resemble
vanagar in Gujarat (described as 1400 or 1500 years old), to Kawi, the sacred alphabet of the Javanese, was pointed out in 1835 by a writer in the Journal of the Asiatic Society
He (Mr. Wathen) suggested that this might of Bengal.^ perhaps tend to throw some light upon the era of the conquest of Java, Sumatra, and some of the Eastern Islands, by the Hindus. somewhat similar comparison occurs in a note
Elements of South Indian Pala30graphy," the author of which states that he owes the suggestion to Dr. Eeinhold Rost.^
in Dr. Burnell's
*'
If
it
certain
Jilalay
historical
legends seem to have had their origin in that very part of India to which the evidence obtained by the comparison of ancient inscriptions seems to point as the land which sent
forth the early
Java and Sumatra, the from two independent branches converging testimony resulting The subject is however too of inquiry is certainly striking. to be dealt with exhaustively here, at the end of important
colonists of
Hindu
difficulty
namely,
prevent
suggested by Dr. Yincent has to be met, the existence of religious scruples, which would
Hindus
from
sea.
undertaking
*'
:
conquests
involving
He says When the Europeans long voyages by first reached India, Surat was the principal seat of com^ merce on the north, as Calicut was on the south; and
the merchants of Guzerat were the richest and most active
traders in India.
Surat
is
not more than forty or fifty miles is the Barugaza of the Periplus.
vol. iv. p.
479.
of
"Elements
Triibner
&
Co.,
1878.
19
Ii the age of that work the merchants of this country were less vigorously engaged in their pursuits; they traded to Arabia for gums and incense, to the coast of Africa for gold, and probably to Malabar and Ceylon for pepper and cinnamon. If I could find anything in history to countenance the idea of the Hindoos being seamen in any age, I
n3t
sliould place
them
in this province.
But
as
Barthema
left
inall
nivigation to the Mohamedans, so it should seem that the p .'ohibitions of their religion had been uniform from all ages.'*
" That the greatest trade of India was in that age fixed in G uzerat is evident, not only from the enumeration of articles
nind
but from the general importance it bears in the of the author (of the Periplus), and the circumstantial detail of all that is connected with it.'' ^
a>.
this port,
Though
h'sfory
it may be true, that nothing is to be found in " to countenance the idea of the Hindoos being seamen
in
'
any age,"
it
is
romote ages Hindus most certainly did undertake voyages o conquest and colonization. How else account for the
ii
numerable proofs of Hindu ascendancy in the Eastern idands, the ancient religion, literature, and chronology
Java, the Brahmanism of Bali, and the strong leaven 0? Sanskrit in the Malay language? To quote Marsden " Innovations of such 1 this
'
subject, magnitude, we shall V3nture to say, could not have been produced otherwise t lan by the entire domination and possession of these
i.4ands
tinuance of
'
by some ancient Hindu power, and by the conits sway during several ages."^ Tin is among
Vincent, Periplus of the Erythrsean Sea, vol. ii. pp. 404. Malay Grammar, Introduction, p. xxxii. Objections of this sort do not n ed answering now. An author who wrote half a century ago says, " Modern ii into these matters have been cramped by an erroneous and :juiries c< ntracted view of the power of this ancient people (the Hindus), and the d rection of that power. has been assumed that the prejudices originating in It ]\ oslem conquest, which prevented the Hindu chieftain from crossing the f( rbidden waters of the Attoc, and still more from going down to the sea in si But were it not far more difficult to part with ips,' had always existed. e; roneous impressions than to receive ncAv and correct views, it would be apparent tl at the first of these restrictions is of very recent origin and, on the other hand, tl at the Hindus of remote ages possessed great naval power, by which com2
' ;
20
the articles mentioned in the Periplus as imported at BaruThis almost necessarily presumes the existence, in gaza.
the second century of our era, of communication by sea with the Malay Peninsula, the nearest point at which that metal was to be obtained.
"It seems natural to suppose that there always was a Malacca, or some port that represented it, where the trade from China met the merchants from India as the commerce
;
of India
and Persia at Calicut, or some port on the coast of Malabar. In this state of things the Portuguese found the commerce of the Oriental world and in a state very similar it seems to have existed in the
traders of Arabia
;
met the
the introduction of silk into Europe both by land and sea, and thus by tracing the commodities appropriate to particular
nations or climates,
we obtain a
intricacies of the obscurest ages." ^ I must not close this paper without
reference
to
the
and there
is
in
the
Sanskrit
character corresponds
original.
agree but
which we
Dr. Rost, who has examined it, pronounces it to little with the only versions of the formula to have access. It was not printed until ten years
Leyden in Java, and has probably want of revision by him. Neither M. Dulaurier, who edited the text of a portion of the " Sajarah Malayu," ^ nor M. Devic, who has recently published a translation of
after the death of Dr.
suffered for
all.
munication must have been maintained with the coasts of Africa, Arabia, and It is ridiculous, with all the Persia, as well as the Australian archipelago. knowledge now in our possession, to suppose that the Hindus always confined themselves within their gigantic barriers, the limits of modern India." Tod, Annals of Rajasthan, ii. 218,
2 ^
*
Collection des principales Chroniques Malayes, Paris, 1849. Legendes et traditions historic jues (Paris, lioroux).
21
Sang
praises the Malay Bhat there are features which seem to show that the pronounces, principal character in the narration has been confused with
Purba, the
first
tlie
god Qiva. In the Perak chiri, one of the names of that " Mahadeva," actually occurs, and perhaps, if the corrupt phraseology of the whole renders even a conjectural translagod,
it
tion possible,
Malay
chiri,
instead
o' being the eulogium of a raja, may be a fragment of a Sanskrit address of praise to Qiva. That this should have survived at all in a Mohamedan
kingdom
c
may be explained by the must have been always wholly uninWhether it was ever recited at the tdligible to Malays. courts of Malay Bajas in pre- Mohamedan days, by a Bhat It is "v^ho understood Sanskrit, must remain unknown to us. c ear, however, that it had lost its original significance long
is
rcumstance that
b afore the compilation of Malay histories by Mohamedan Had it been readily susceptible of identification S(;ribes.
by Mohamedans
c mturies since
vhatever
it
as a relic of Hindu worship, its use would have been discontinued. As it is, its meaning, may have been, has totally disappeared. The
s;ime erroneous signification is attached to it in Perak and I orneo, in both of which states it is supposed to have
binding effect of an oath between a candidate for an oce and the reigning Sultan who honours him by appointt'le
ment.
There
s
is
another
instance in
)ontaneous generation of a man from the mouth of a cow V hich has no slight affinity with the Malay story of Bhat.
I refer to the account given in the Eddas of the gradual c -eation of the man Buri from the frost-covered salt-blocks
V hich were licked by the cow Audhumla. His grandsons, C din, Yili, and Ve, were gods, and visiting the earth gave life to Ask and Embla, whence sprung the human race.
So, in the the traditions of the Malays, the man Bhat S;)rings from the foam vomited forth by the cow of the
t
vo
women whom
22
He is also described as marrying the two Palembang.^ women to two of the supernatural visitors, whence proceed
the Awang and Dara^^ i.e. all males and females. I do not venture to say if there is more than accidental resemblance in the coincidence here pointed out. The general result of the authorities which have been
all
Hindu
origin.
impossible
to
trace
the time or
manner
of their
acquisition, but they must have been carried eastward by the agency of Hindus, not of Mohamedans, and there is evidence
to connect
them with
Grujarat.
subject, therefore, has indirectly some bearing upon the disputed question as to the region in India to which
The
their
Hindu
civilization.
collected
seems to be in favour of
and
against the
Telugu
This
is
one account.
of the
of
Sang Purba
is
substituted
for the
2
*'
cow
Palembang women.
is
Awang and Bara are Kawi words, meaning respectively *'man" and woman." They are not used in those senses by the modern Malays, but Awang a common proper name (masculine), and dara preceded by the word anak
Malay
" a virgin."
signifies in
(f-
Co.
BROW;f. The
Dervishes
ov,
Oriental
GRIFFITH. Scenes
CALDWELL. A
Comparative Grammar
of th; Dravidian, or South-Indian Family of I>; nguages. By the Rev. R. Caldwell, LL.I'. second, corrected, and enlarged Edit! m. In i Vol. 8vo. cl. pp. 804. 28^.
from the Ramayana, Meghaduta, etc. Translated by Ralph T. H. Griffith, M.A., Principal of the Benares College. Second Edition, Cr. 8vo. cl., pp. 6s. xviii. and 244. The Ramayan of Valmiki. Translated into English verse. By Ralph T. H.
Griffith,
M.A.
containing Books
I.
CHILDERS. A
Vol.
8vo.
cl.
Dictionary, with -Sanskrit Equivalents, and with numerous Quotations, fZxtracts, and References. Com])iled by R. C. Childers, late of the CeyU n C.S. Imp. 8vo. cl.,pp. .xxii.-622. 63s. COLEBROOKE. The Life and Miscellanecus Essays of Henry Thomas Colebrool e. The Biography by his Son, Sir T. E. C^lebrooke, Bart., M.P. The Essays edite I by Professor Cowell. In 3 vols. 8vo. cl. Vol I. The Life. With Portrait and Map. pp. xi and 492. i4.y. II. and III. The Essays. A Ne V Edition, with Notes by Professor E. R. Cowf 1. pp. xvi. and 544, and X. and 520. 28^. COWELL. An Introduction to Prakrit Gran mar. With a List of Common Irregular P -akrit Words. By Prof. E. B. Cowell.
I.,
and
II.
Pali-English
Demy
pp. xxxii. and 440. i8s. II., containing Book II., with additional Notes and Index of Names, pp. 504. 185. III. pp. v. and 371. 15^-. IV. pp. viii. and 432. i8s'. V. pp. 368. 15s.
GTJBERNATIS.
or,
Zoological
Mythology
the Legends of Animals. By Angelo de Gubernatis. In 2 vols. 8vo. pp. xxvi. and 432, vii. and 442. 28i'. HODGSON. Essays on the Languages, Literature, and Religion of Nepal and Tibet together with further Papers on the Geography, Ethnology, and Commerce of those Countries. By B. H. Hodgson, late British Minister at Nepal. Reprinted, with Cor" Illustrations rections and Additions, from of the Literature and Religion of the Bud-
8vo.
imp
lia.
cl.,
pp. 40,
3J. 6d.
dhists,"
Serampore
1841,
and "Selections
The Buddhist
from the Records of the Government of Bengal." No. XXVII. Calcutta, 1857. Roy.
Period, including
D0WS3N. A Grammar
Campaigns of Alexander, and the Trav ?ls of Hwen-Thsang. By Major-Gen. Alex Cunningham. With 13 Maps. 8vo. cl. ]) ). XX. and 590. 28.f.
of the Urdu or Hinc ustani Language. By John Dowson, i2mo. cl, pp. xvi. 264. lo-f. 6d. M.R A.S. Hindustani Exercise Book. Con aining a Series of Passages and Extract 5 adapted for Translation into Hindustan By John Dowson, M.R. A.S. Cr.
8vo.
cl.
pp. 288.
14s.
Safa
or. Brothers of Purity. Describing the Contention between Men and Beasts as to the Superiority of the Human Race. Translated from the Hindustani by Prof. J. Dowson.
Cr. 8vo.
cl.
JATAKA
Limp
mentary. Now first published in Pali, by V, Fausboll, with a Tran.slation by R. C. Childers, late of the Ceylon C.S. To be completed in five volumes. Text. Vol. I.
Part
I.
its
Com-
Philology.
An
pp.
KHIRAD-AFROZ
Roy. 8vo.
js.
6d.
le
xxiii
and
EITE:<.-Handbook
Chii ese Cr. vo.
1
for
LEGGE. The
(The Illuminator of the Understanding). By Maulavl Hafizu'd-din. A new edition of the Hindustani Text, carefully revised, with Notes, Critical, and Explanatory. By Edward B. Eastwick, M.P, F.R.S. 8vo. cl. pp. xiv. and 321. i8s.
Chinese Classics.
With a
Translation, Critical
Buddhism
retic
its
Historical, Theo-
By
i
Ed ion. Demy 8vo. sd., pp. 130. ^s. ELLI iT. The History of India, as told by its )wn Historians. The Muhammadan
Per: )d. Edited from the Posthumous Par :rsof the late Sir H. M. EUiot, K.C.B., byl rof. Dowson, M.R. A.S. 6 vols. 8vo. cl. V( Is. I. and II. With a Portrait of Sir H. M.
Elli( II
t.
.
E.J.
Eitel,
M.A., Ph.D.
Second
md Memoirs
viii.
563.
215. V. pp.
574.
2i.s-.
pp. xxxii. ard 542, x. and 580. lOi-.each. pp. xii. and ^27. 24.?. IV. pp. x. and xii. and 576. 21*. VI. pp.
and Distribution of the Races of the North \\'c tern Provinces ot India being an am; lified Edition of the original Supplemei tary Glossary of Indian Terms. By
the ate Sir H.
revi -ed,
M.
ii.A.S.,
,
Bengal C.S.
In 2 vols,
demy
and 3
8vo
gra
and
Jas. Legge, D. D. In seven vols. Roy. 8vo. cl. Vol.1. Confucian Analects, the Great Learnand the Doctrine of the Llean. pp. 526. II. The Works of Mencius. pp. 634. 425^. 42.?. III. Part I. The First Part of the ShooKing, or the Books of Tang, the Books of Yii, the Books of Hea, the Books of Shang, and the III. Prolegomena, pp. viii. and 280. 425. Part II. The Fifth Part of the Shoo-King, or the Books of Chow, and the Indexes, pp. 281736. 425. IV. Part I. The First Part of the She-King, or the Lessons from the States and the Prolegomena, pp. 182-244. 42s. IV. Part II. The First Part of the She-King, or the Minor Odes of the Kingdom, the Greater Odes of the Kingdom, the vSacrificial Odes and PraiseSongs, and the Indexes, pp. 540. j2s. V. Pt. I. Dukes Yin, Hwan, Chwang, ]\Iin, He, Wan, Seuen, and Ching and the Prolegomena, pp V. Part II. Contents: xii., 148 and 410. 42,^. Dukes Seang, Ch'aon, Ting, and Gal, with Tso's and the Indexes, pp. 526. 42^-. Appendix, The Chinese Classics. Translated into English. With Preliminary Essays and
ing,
)hic
coloured Map,
Explanatory Notes.
and
338.
10*.
6</. II.
Tfcie
Life
and
Works of Mcnciiis. pp. 412. i2f. III. The She- King, or liook of Ancient Chinese Poetry,* with a literal Translation and in Enq^lish Verse.
[/ /Ae press.
RIG-VEDA SANHITA.
MA.HA-VIRA-CHARITA;
tures of the Great
A Collection of Ancient Hindu Hymns, constituting the 5th to 8th A.shtakas, etc. Translated by H. H. Wilson M.A., etc. Edited by E. B. Cowell, M.A, Vol. IV, 8vo. cl. pp. 214. 14,?, A few copies of Vols. II. and III, still left.
[
Drama
bhijti.
in Seven Acts. Tran.slated into English Prose from the Sanskrit of Bhava-
S AMA-VIDHANA
the
Cr. 8vo.
cl. 5.^.
New
Part
I.
Ancient Indian
of the
Map
Manu. Roy.
Part
II.
By Stanley Lane
Corpus Christi
College, Oxford. Roy. 4to. sd., pp. xii.-44, with six plates, gs. MUIR. Original Sanskrit Texts, on the Origin and History of the People of India,
Religion and Institutions. Collected, Translated, and Illustrated bvjohn Muir, Esq., D.C.L.,LL.D..Ph.D. 5vols. Bvo. d. Vol.1. Mythical and Legendary Accounts of the Origin of Caste, with an Inquiry into its existence in the Vedic Age. 2nd Edition, retlieir
written-and greatly enlarged, pp. xx. and 532. 2i.f. II. The Trans-Himalayan Origin of the Hindus, and their Affinity with the Western Branches of the Aryan Race. 2nd Edition, revised, with Additions, pp. xxxii. and 512. 21s. III. The Vedas Opinions of their Authors, and of later Indian Writers, on their Origin, Inspiration, and Authority. 2nd Edition, revised and enlarged, pp. xxxii. and 312. 16s. IV. Comparison of the Vedic with the later representations of the principal Indian Deities. 2nd Edition, revised, pp. xvi. and 524. 21s. V. Contributions to a Knowledge 01 the Cosmogony, Mythology, Religious Ideas, Life and Manners of the Indians in the Vedic age. pp.
:
Commentary of Sayana. Edited, with Notes, Translation, and Index, by A. C. Burnell, M. R.A.S. Vol. I. Text and Commentary, With Introduction, 8vo. cl. pp. xxxviii. and 104. i2j. 6d. SCHLEICHER, Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-European, Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin Languages, By August Schleicher. Translated from .the Third German Edition by Herbert Bendall, B.A., Chr. Coll. Camb, Part I. 8vo. cl. pp. 184. js. 6d. SHERRING, The Sacred City of the Hindus. An Account of Benares in Ancient and Modern Times. By the Rev. A. M, Sherrmg. MA., LL.D. and Prefaced with an Introduction by F. Hall, Esq. 8vo. cl. pp. xxxvi. and 388, with illustrations. 21s. SWAMY. The Dailiavansa ; or, the History of the Tooth-Relic of Gotama Buddha. The Pali Text and its Translation into Enghsh, with Notes. By M. Coomara Swamy, Mudeliar. Demy 8vo. cl. pp. 174.
10s. 6d.
Sutta Ni'pata
or, tlie
and Discourses of Gotama Buddha. Translated from the Pali, with Introduction and Notes. By Sir M. Coomara Swamy, Cr. 8vo. cl., pp. xxxvi. and 160. 6^-. WHEELER, Tlie History of India from
the Earliest Ages, B_\- J. 'falboys Wheeler, Assistant Secretary to the (jovernment of India in the Foreign Department, Secretary to the Indian Record Commission, author of "The Geography of Herodotus," etc., etc. 4 vols. 8vo. cl. Vol. I. The Vedic Period .md the Alalia Bhapp. Ixxv, and 576. i8.s\ 11. The Ramayana and the Brahmanic Period, pp. Ixxxviii, and 680, with 2 Maps, 21s. III. Hindu, Buddhist, Brahmanical Revival, pp. 484, with 2 Maps. i8.y. IV, Part I,, pp, xxxii. and 320, i4,v.
rata,
Dialogues
xvi.
and
402. 21s.
of
5^.
PRAKRITA-PRAKASA;
Grammar
or, The Prakrit of Vararuchi, with the Commentary (Manorama) of Bhamaha. The first complete edition of the Original Text, with Various Readings, copious Notes, an Engish Translation, and Index of Prakrit words, to which is prefixed an easy Introduction to Prakrit Grammar. By Prof. E. B. Co well. Second issue, w^ith new Preface, and correc.
late
and
204.
i^s.
RIG-VEDA.-The Hymns
in the Sarnhita and Pada Text, without the Commentary of Sayana. Edited by Prof.
63^.
and Boden Professor of Sanskrit in the University of Oxford. 12 vols. 8vo. cl. Vols. I. and II, Essays and Lectures chiefly on the Religion of the' Hindus, by the late H. H. Wilson, M.A F,R.S,, etc. Collected and edited by Dr, R. Rost, 2 vols, pp. xiii. and 399, vi, and 416. 2i.s', IIL, IV. and V, Essays Ana,
Wilson, M.A., F.R.S., Member of the Royal Asiatic Societies of Calcutta and Paris, and of the Oriental Soc of Germany,
Horace Hay-
Hymns to
cl.
Gods. 8vo.
Collection of Ancient Hindu Hymns. Constituting the First Ashtaka, the oldest or Book of the Rig- Veda authority for the religious and social institutions of the Hindus. Translated from the
;
pp. clii.and264.
and Philological, on Subjects connected with Sanskrit Literature, Collected and edited by Dr. R, Rost, 3 vols, pp. 408,406, and 390, 36.V.--VI., VIL, VIIL, IX. and X, Vishnu Purdna, a System of Hindu Mxthology and Tradition, Translated from the Original .Sanskrit, and Illustrated by Notes derived chiefl}' from other Puranas, By the late H. li. Wilson, Edited by F. Hall, M.A, Vols, i
lytical, Critical,
By the late H. H. Original Sanskrit. Wilson, M.A., F.R.S., etc. 2nd Edition, with a Postscript by Dr. Fitzedward Hall, Vol, I. 8vo. cl. pp. hi. and 348. 21s.
to 344; 346. XL pp. cxl, and 200; 344; Specimens and XII, Select
5.
525-,
6d. of the
Theatre of the Hindus. Translated from the Original Sanskrit. ]>y the late LI. H. Wilson, M.A., F.R.S. 3rd corrected edition. 2 vols, pp lxi.and384; iv, and 418, 21s.
LO]S^DON
TKUBNEIl &
Co.,
57
A^']^
59,
LUDGATE HILL.
LOAN
This book
is
DEPT.
date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subjea to immediate recall.
last
due on the
,..
STACKS
1961
NOV 19
RiC
.
.::
D LD
71%^
<nf>>
JUL IS
c'H.
juN 2
mz
LD
21A-50m-8,'61
(Cl795sl0)476B
;f%