Chapter 15 Physical Security

Chapter 15 Physical Security ......................................................................... 15-1

15.1 Key Terms .................................................................................................................... 15-1
15.1.1 Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................... 15-1
15.1.2 Definitions ........................................................................................................................................... 15-2
15.2 General Information.................................................................................................... 15-2
15.2.1 Asset Protection ................................................................................................................................ 15-3
15.2.2 Intrusion Prevention.......................................................................................................................... 15-3
15.2.3 Personal Safety ................................................................................................................................... 15-3
15.2.4 All-Inclusive Integrated Security Strategy ..................................................................................... 15-4
15.3 Security Strategy ......................................................................................................... 15-4
15.3.1 Threats ................................................................................................................................................. 15-4
15.3.2 Risk Assessment ................................................................................................................................. 15-5
15.3.3 Levels of Protection .......................................................................................................................... 15-5
15.4 Security System Design .............................................................................................. 15-7
15.5 Physical Security Measures......................................................................................... 15-8
15.5.1 Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design .................................................................... 15-8
15.5.2 Fencing ................................................................................................................................................. 15-9
15.5.3 Security Gates .................................................................................................................................. 15-13
15.5.4 Anti-Ram Vehicle Barriers ............................................................................................................. 15-14
15.5.5 Security Lighting ............................................................................................................................... 15-15
15.5.6 Security Signage ................................................................................................................................ 15-16
15.6 Electronic Physical Security Equipment ................................................................. 15-17
15.6.1 Critical Utility Connections ........................................................................................................... 15-17
15.6.2 Access Control System .................................................................................................................. 15-18
15.6.3 Video Surveillance............................................................................................................................ 15-20
15.7 Cost Implications ....................................................................................................... 15-21
15.8 Resources.................................................................................................................... 15-22

Appendices
Appendix 15A - Construction/Maintenance Projects Site Security Plan

List of Figures
Figure 15-1 Standoff Distance ................................................................................................................................. 15-10
Figure 15-2 Barbed Wire ......................................................................................................................................... 15-10
Figure 15-3 Concertina Razor Wire...................................................................................................................... 15-10
Figure 15-4 Estate Style Defenders ........................................................................................................................ 15-10

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 Chapter 15 Physical Security

Figure 15-5 Chain-Link Fencing .............................................................................................................................. 15-11

Figure 15-6 Estate Ornamental Fencing ................................................................................................................ 15-12
Figure 15-7 Anti-Cut and Anti-Climb Fencing ..................................................................................................... 15-12
Figure 15-8 Ranch Gate ............................................................................................................................................ 15-13
Figure 15-9 HySecurity Swingsmart DC 20 ......................................................................................................... 15-14
Figure 15-10 HySecurity Slidesmart DC 15 ......................................................................................................... 15-14
Figure 15-11 Anti-Ram Protected Gate ................................................................................................................ 15-15
Figure 15-12 Security Signage Examples ............................................................................................................... 15-16
Figure 15-13 Fixed Camera ..................................................................................................................................... 15-20
Figure 15-14 PTZ/Dome Camera .......................................................................................................................... 15-20

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 Chapter 15 Physical Security

Chapter 15 PHYSICAL SECURITY

This chapter of the Design Standards and Guidelines (DSG) describes methods and strategies for
physical security at Seattle Public Utilities (SPU) properties. The primary audience for this
chapter is both project coordinators and internal SPU asset owners/operators. DSG standards
are shown as underlined text.
By protecting the public’s drinking water and wastewater, SPU ultimately protects the public’s
health. Presidential Policy Directive 21 identifies water and wastewater as one of the sixteen
critical infrastructure sectors in the nation. SPU is responsible for maintaining and protecting
drinking water, solid waste, drainage, and wastewater. This complex landscape of infrastructure
requires that security measures be implemented according to the specific needs of existing
infrastructure, facilities, and operating environments.

15.1 KEY TERMS

The abbreviations and definitions given here follow either common American usage or
regulatory guidance.

15.1.1 Abbreviations
Abbreviation Term
AWWA American Water Works Association

CCTV closed-circuit television

CBR chemical, biological, or radiological

CPTED Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design

DBT design basis threat

DBU database unit

DHS Department of Homeland Security

DVR digital video recorder

FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency

ft feet

HID HID Global

IED improvised explosive device

IT information technology

LED light emitting diode

ORC Operations Response Center

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Abbreviation Term
PPS physical protection system

PTE potential threat elements

PTZ pan-tilt-zoom

PVC polyvinyl chloride

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

SMC Seattle Municipal Code

SOP standard operating procedure

SPU Seattle Public Utilities

UPS uninterruptible power supply

15.1.2 Definitions
Term Definition
All-inclusive integrated security strategy SPU’s guiding standards for developing a security strategy that
accounts for security features early on in a project’s life cycle and
considers the specific security needs of each facility and
infrastructure.

AMAG system A physical security system developed by evaluating how a facility or

infrastructure may be targeted and establishing proper
countermeasures, including technology and threat and risk
assessments, to prepare, deter, detect, delay, and respond.

Asset A property, facility, infrastructure, or construction project under

the authority and protection of SPU.

DBTs Vulnerabilities identified based on physical characteristics and

projected SOPs for an asset.

CPTED Security strategies that rely on altering the physical and

environmental design to deter criminal behavior by influencing the
decisions of those posing the threat before they commit a criminal
act. Implementing CPTED barriers is cost effective and reduces
criminal opportunity.

Risk assessment Assessing the risk to a facility or infrastructure as the probability of

an undesirable event transpiring, the capacity to address a potential
loss, and the likelihood of the event’s occurrence.

Threat assessment Assessing the potential for natural and human threats facing an
asset. Threats may include natural disasters, extreme weather
conditions, malicious acts, ranging from vandalism to terrorism.

15.2 GENERAL INFORMATION

This chapter provides a comprehensive preliminary guideline for addressing security concerns
for SPU assets, including properties, infrastructure, facilities, and construction projects. This
encompasses security measures for designing new facilities or redesigning physical security
measures for existing facilities. SPU’s Security Department adheres to multiple physical

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protection standards, including industry best practices and recommendations from the
American Water Works Association (AWWA), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). SPU’s minimum physical security standards
allow flexibility in designs, approaches, and tactics based on each asset’s operating conditions.
After conducting a full comprehensive risk assessment (see DSG section 15.3.2) or an individual
consequence threat assessment, the Security Department can recommend cost-effective risk
mitigation methods.

15.2.1 Asset Protection

With 1,823 miles of water pipeline and 31 billion gallons of water supply storage at two
mountain reservoirs, SPU is responsible for protecting a large network of the public water
supply and its infrastructure. SPU has various pump stations, chemical buildings, and solid waste
transfer stations that all require security. Protecting SPU assets is imperative to keeping SPU’s
promise to community partnerships and allows a focus on what is important to SPU’s residential
and business customers. Securing SPU assets includes the protection of public health, safety,
and confidence.
The water sector is a lifeline sector, where significant interruption can have a catastrophic effect
on the public’s health, environment, and economy. Risks to the protection of assets include
malicious acts such as crime or terrorism, non-malicious acts such as accidents or negligence,
and natural disasters such as storms or earthquakes. SPU’s objective is to protect its assets, and
thus the public, against potential risks by implementing sustainable efforts to reduce risk while
accounting for the cost and benefits of security investments. A Security Department
representative can conduct a risk assessment (see DSG section 15.3.2) to identify vulnerabilities
in assets critical to meeting SPU’s mission to provide efficient and innovative utility services.

15.2.2 Intrusion Prevention

Intrusion prevention relies on physical and procedural access control measures to restrict access
to SPU infrastructure. Establishing security measures prepares for, deters, detects, delays, and
responds to unauthorized intrusions to SPU facilities and operations. SPU implements an all-
inclusive, integrated security strategy (see DSG section 15.2.4) that consists of several alerting
devices to signal the Operations Response Center (ORC). SPU deploys three types of security
systems: intrusion detection, access control, and closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance
camera systems. Security Department representatives and ORC operators are responsible for
assessing alarms and deploying the appropriate level of response. Security Department
representatives can conduct a risk-based assessment of a property’s design to determine the
intrusion detection equipment most appropriate for the property. This could require a full,
comprehensive risk assessment (see DSG section 15.3.2) or an individual consequence,
vulnerability, or threat assessment (see DSG section 15.3.1).

15.2.3 Personal Safety

Both public and employee safety measures must be incorporated when planning SPU projects,
such as facilities, infrastructure, and construction projects. SPU recommends physical property
layouts and operational risk assessments to identify potential safety and security vulnerabilities.

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Security measures such as proper lighting, landscaping, and entry protocols can be implemented
in addition to, but not as a substitute for, regulatory and legal safety codes.

15.2.4 All-Inclusive Integrated Security Strategy

DSG sections 15.3 through 15.7 provide SPU project management teams with a deeper
understanding of the Security Department’s recommended optimal security considerations.
Following these guidelines from the beginning of the planning and design process will help to
ensure that security needs are adequately considered. Accounting for security features during
initial facility design ensures that security features are more likely to be cost-effective, better
integrated, and more operationally useful than those superimposed on existing structures
through add-ons or change orders. Each utility, as well as each individual facility, has its own
unique layout, culture, and operational environment. These factors combined with the level of
risk and the available resources require an asset-specific approach.
The security strategies in the following sections represent the Security Department’s guiding
standards and techniques. Ongoing security assessments of plan deviations must be conducted
by a Security Department representative during all stages of development.

15.3 SECURITY STRATEGY

This section details the primary tenants of SPU’s security strategy, including threat and risk
assessments and a summary of SPU’s levels of protection for facilities and infrastructure.

15.3.1 Threats
An understanding of the threat environment associated with water systems is essential before
developing a security strategy. Natural disasters and extreme weather conditions are two
examples of known, constant threats. Other threats, such as malicious acts, are of great concern
to public infrastructure and essential service providers. The attacks on the World Trade Center
on September 11, 2001, and other terrorist attacks (including international and domestic
terrorism) serve as constant reminders of the great importance of security for public
infrastructure and utilities.
As the utilities and infrastructure under SPU’s protection are a potential target for adversarial
destruction and disruption, SPU recognizes that identifying potential threats and consequences
to infrastructure is essential in maintaining public trust.
Potential malicious acts on public infrastructure can include:
• Vandalism, arson, or destruction of critical infrastructure
• Exposure to toxic substance
• Personal assault
• Use of improvised explosive devices (IEDs)
• Interruption of operations
• Theft of equipment
• Breach of customer data

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• Threat-invoked public fear

• System hacking
• Use of chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) contaminants

This is a list of only a few examples and is not exhaustive; many more potential threats exist.
Malicious acts are intended to affect as many people as possible and promote public distrust. As
the physical and operational features vary at each facility or infrastructure, SPU recommends
that a Security Department representative conduct a risk assessment (see DSG section 15.3.2) to
identify asset-specific potential threats.

15.3.2 Risk Assessment

The first step in integrating security into planning and designing a new construction project or
major renovation is to request a risk assessment by a Security Department representative. The
Security Department defines the risk to a facility or infrastructure as the probability of an
undesirable event occurring and the capacity to address a potential loss. Using their expertise
and experience, a Security Department representative will evaluate the designed plan for
security vulnerabilities. The Security Department assesses physical security through a risk-based
process that evaluates risk as a function of threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences. This
security evaluation will include a neighborhood crime analysis, physical site inspections, and an
examination of any documented occurrences at similar SPU properties.
The Security Department representative will identify general and site-specific potential threats.
The consequences of identified threats and the likelihood of their occurrence will determine the
amount of associated risk. Factors such as history, motivation, and the capabilities of a threat
can help determine the recommended countermeasures. All types of threats must be
considered during the threat assessment because the protective measures may differ per type
of threat, regardless of the level of severity. Identified threats can be evaluated based on
potential impact and probability, as described below:
• Impact. The urgency of a threat is based on the severity of the consequences.
• Probability. The likelihood of a threat is based on the probability of the occurrence.

The Security Department and project coordinators must meet during the initial stage of planning
to discuss the risk assessment and agree upon the required level of security that best addresses
identified risks. Although the level of impact on an asset is not typically in dispute, determining
the likelihood of occurrence and the acceptable risk usually requires a more detailed evaluation.
The consequences of accepted risk defined by the Security Department rest solely on the
project’s decision makers.

15.3.3 Levels of Protection

Design basis threats (DBTs) are vulnerabilities identified based on physical characteristics and
projected standard operating procedures (SOPs). During the designing stages, the Security
Department will conduct an initial and ongoing risk assessment of DBTs surrounding a facility or
infrastructure. The Security Department will recommend design options based on the project’s
established level of protection and will continuously monitor the recommendations throughout
the duration of the project.

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Because the level of acceptable risk tolerance is subjective and can have a considerable effect
on the cost and the degree to which the project undertakes security improvements, the Security
Department has developed the following four risk-based levels of protection:
• Minimum protection
• Basic protection
• Intermediate protection
• Advanced protection

Each level of protection represents the amount of tolerated risk and the recommended security
improvements. The Security Department defines security improvements as any physical or
operational deviation that reduces the likelihood or probability of a threat. Levels of protection
help determine each project’s degree of accepted risk.
The subsections below detail the four risk-based levels of protection.

15.3.3.1 Minimum Protection

Minimum protection is appropriate when the project/asset is associated with the following
findings based on threat and risk assessments:
• Low probability of a threat
• Low impact resulting from likely threats
• The project accepts a low risk from potential threats

This system is designed to impede (not prevent) unauthorized activity from potential threat
elements (PTEs) such as criminals and vandals. Unauthorized activity could range from a simple
trespass by foot to forced-entry burglary by hand. Minimum protection may physically delay
PTEs.

15.3.3.2 Basic Protection

Basic protection is appropriate when the project/asset is associated with the following findings
based on threat and risk assessments:
• Moderate probability of a threat
• Moderate impact resulting from likely threats
• The project accepts a moderate risk from potential threats

This system is designed to impede (not prevent) unauthorized external activity from PTEs such
as criminals and vandals. Unauthorized activity could range from a simple trespass by foot to
forced-entry burglary by hand. Basic protection may provide visual detection of and physically
delay PTEs.

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15.3.3.3 Intermediate Protection

Intermediate protection is appropriate when the project/asset is associated with the following
findings based on threat and risk assessments:
• Moderate probability of a threat
• Moderate impact resulting from likely threats
• The project accepts a low risk from potential threats

This system is designed to impede (not prevent) unauthorized external activity from PTEs such
as criminals, vandals, and insiders (those granted access to the property). Unauthorized activity
could range from a simple trespass by foot to forced-entry burglary by hand or conspiracy to
sabotage the project by insiders. Intermediate protection may provide visual/electronic
detection and physical delay of PTEs, including assessment by and response from protection
forces.

15.3.3.4 Advanced Protection

Advanced protection is appropriate when the project/asset is associated with the following
findings based on threat and risk assessments:
• High probability of a threat
• High impact resulting from likely threats
• The project accepts a low risk from potential threats

This system is designed to impede (not prevent) unauthorized external activity from PTEs such
as criminals, vandals, terrorists, and insiders. Unauthorized activity could include a simple
trespass by foot, forced-entry burglary by hand, conspiracy to sabotage by insiders, or terrorism.
Advanced protection may provide visual/electronic detection and physical delay of PTEs,
including assessment by and response from protection forces.

15.4 SECURITY SYSTEM DESIGN

Designing a security system requires identifying threats to critical assets and associated risks.
Owners and operators must employ a comprehensive physical protection system (PPS) to
mitigate these risks. SPU urges architects, planners, and designers for projects to evaluate and
consider all potential security solutions for a project before selecting the approach that best
addresses their needs in a responsive and cost-effective manner. The Security Department will
provide a rationale for each approach it recommends, with the expectation that project
managers and owners provide a rationale for each recommendation not selected. Proper PPSs
combine people, procedures, and equipment into a single methodology. SPU implements an all-
inclusive, integrated security system using a unified security software program known as
American Magnetics (AMAG) (see DSG section 15.6.2.1). An AMAG system is developed by
evaluating how a facility or infrastructure may be targeted and establishing proper
countermeasures to prepare, deter, detect, delay, and respond, as described in further detail
below:
• Prepare. Assuring that all security measures are functioning properly, including
personnel such as monitoring centers and emergency responders.

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• Deter. Visible security features, such as fencing, surveillance cameras, intrusion

detection sensors, and protective lighting, may deter an adversary from acting against
an asset. These observable layers of protection can prevent minor incidents like
vandalism and theft before they occur.
• Detect. Security measures, such as intrusion detection systems, monitored video
surveillance systems, access control systems, and protective lighting, may assist in
detecting and assessing a security incident. Detection equipment is only as strong as the
people evaluating and responding.
• Delay. Implementing physical security measures, such as locks, fencing, and other Crime
Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) obstacles, can impede an
adversary’s rate of advance. These delay measures can disrupt a PTE’s progress in
attacking or disrupting an asset until security responders arrive to neutralize the
incident.
• Respond. Incident response time depends on accurate communications between those
assessing the detected incident and the response force. Understanding who must
respond to the incident and how long it will take them to get there can influence the
implementation of security measures. Stronger delay measures may be required for
remote areas with longer expected response times.

15.5 PHYSICAL SECURITY MEASURES

This section details the different types of physical security measures available for protecting SPU
projects and property, as well as SPU security recommendations for implementing each security
type. Security recommendations do not substitute, but must act in addition to, any regulatory
and legal safety codes.

15.5.1 Crime Prevention Through Environmental

Design
CPTED strategies rely on altering the physical and environmental design to deter criminal
behavior by influencing PTE’s decisions before they commit a criminal act. Implementing CPTED
barriers is cost effective and reduces criminal opportunity. Though CPTED measures vary at each
property based on the property’s design and operating conditions, SPU has applied the following
common examples at its properties:
• Natural surveillance deters crime by incorporating physical features in the project
design to improve the general visibility at a site, increasing the likelihood that the
surrounding public would observe, and thus deter, PTEs. Examples of natural
surveillance include the following:
- Streets and sidewalks to increase pedestrian traffic
- Large windows with open shades
- Points of entry in high-traffic areas
- Additional lighting
- Landscaping designed to provide surveillance
- Pedestrian entrances adjacent to vehicle entrances

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• Natural access control limits unwanted traffic by incorporating physical features in the
project design that discourage access to restricted areas. Examples of natural access
control include the following:
- Limited points of entry
- Thorny plants or bushes near fences or windows
- Diversion landscaping
- Restricted access to roofs from adjacent buildings, dumpsters, fences, and poles
• Natural territorial reinforcement deters crime by incorporating physical features in the
project design that dissuade PTEs through public presence and social control. Examples
of natural territorial reinforcement include the following:
- Physical features that encourage community activities
- Amenities such as seating and restrooms
- Parks on-site

15.5.2 Fencing
Fencing is often referred to as the first line of defense and is one of many equipment elements
contributing to a PPS. Fencing establishes a perimeter boundary and barrier to a facility,
requiring potential intruders to make an overt action to penetrate and thereby demonstrating
intent. Fencing can deter, prevent, and delay unauthorized access. In addition, fencing can
shield a facility from visual observation and create a standoff clear zone, an area providing an
unobstructed line of sight where an intrusion detection sensor can be installed. Fencing
designed to simply give notice of legal boundary is not considered a security measure. The
Security Department will recommend specific fencing types based on the defined level of
protection for a project. The specific security standards for fencing and types of fencing are
detailed in the subsections below.
When choosing a fence, the public’s expectation of style and consistency should be considered.
Park-like or residential neighborhood settings call for placing importance on aesthetic style
when determining appropriate fencing.

15.5.2.1 Standoff Distance between Fence Line and Infrastructure

The Security Department recommends a minimum standard of a 10 feet (ft) standoff distance
between all sides of an infrastructure and the fence line (Figure 15-1). Standoff distance refers
to measures to prevent unscreened and potentially threatening people and vehicles from
approaching within a certain distance of the infrastructure. This standard applies to all levels of
security, though higher levels of protection may require a greater distance between the fence
line and the infrastructure. The distance, and thus time, combined with a high level of visibility
offered by standoff distance reduces the likelihood of an intruder. In addition, the standoff
distance can reduce the resulting damage from a vehicle’s impact at high speed.

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Figure 15-1
Standoff Distance

15.5.2.2 Fencing Foundation and Enhancements

The Security Department standards require that all fencing fabric must extend to within 2 inches
of firm ground. The fabric must be anchored to prevent PTEs from lifting the fencing by hand
more than 5 inches. In selected areas, DBTs may necessitate a continuous concrete curb at the
base of the fence. This fencing enhancement may prevent a PTE from digging under the fence
line. Tunneling prevention such as a concrete curb must be used in areas containing soft soils.
If there is an area where the fence line crosses drainage culverts, utility underpasses, streams or
other openings, the area must be secured by adding additional fencing, grills, or other barriers
to discourage penetration without impeding the utility or infrastructure.

15.5.2.3 Fencing Toppers

All fencing options recommended by the Security Department also include fencing topper
requirements. Toppers supplement fencing intrusion protection by posing as an additional layer
of defense to deter and delay infiltrations. Examples of SPU Security recommended toppers are
shown in Figures 15-2 through 15-4 below.

Figure 15-2 Figure 15-3 Figure 15-4

Barbed Wire Concertina Razor Wire Estate Style Defenders

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15.5.2.4 Chain-Link Fencing

Chain-link fencing establishes a perimeter barrier and can deter and delay intrusion. Security
Department’s basic level of protection (see DSG section 15.3.3.2) recommends 7-ft galvanized
steel fencing along with a 1-ft barbed or razor wire topper (see DSG section 15.5.2.3). Pros and
cons to chain-link fencing are as follows:

• Pros: • Cons:
- Low maintenance - Scalable
- Concealment - Easily cut

Figure 15-5 below is an example of chain-link fencing protecting an SPU asset.

Figure 15-5
Chain-Link Fencing

15.5.2.5 Estate Ornamental Fencing

Estate fencing establishes an aesthetically pleasing perimeter barrier. It is a better deterrent
than chain-link fencing, as it provides greater resistance to climbing. Security Department’s
intermediate and advanced levels of protection recommend estate fencing with 7-ft iron rod,
18-gauge pickets spaced at 5 inches. A 1-ft straight or curved topper is also recommended (see
DSG section 15.5.2.3). Pros and cons to estate ornamental fencing are as follows:

• Pros: • Cons:
- Climb resistant - Rigid structure
- Prestigious look

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Figure 15-6 below is an example of estate ornamental fencing protecting an SPU asset.

Figure 15-6
Estate Ornamental Fencing

15.5.2.6 Anti-Cut and Anti-Climb Fencing

Critical assets with a warranted DBT should consider anti-cut and anti-climb fencing, which
provides a higher level of intrusion deterrence. The Security Department’s advanced level of
protection recommends 9-wire gauge mesh with 5/8-inch mesh pattern. A 1-ft barbed or razor
wire topper is also recommended (see DSG section 15.5.2.3). Pros and cons to anti-cut and anti-
climb fencing are as follows:

• Pros: • Cons:
- Climb resistant - Defending presence
- Cut resistant

Figure 15-7 below is an example of anti-cut and anti-climb fencing protecting an SPU asset.

Figure 15-7
Anti-Cut and Anti-Climb Fencing

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15.5.3 Security Gates

Security gates are barriers that limit or restrict public access to or from an asset in accordance
with identified facility requirements. Security gates are designed to direct pedestrian and/or
vehicle circulation to and from an area. Gate installation must meet the same or greater security
standards as adjacent fencing. When determining the gate type most suitable for an asset,
project managers should consider factors such as pedestrian and vehicle traffic flow, types of
vehicles, and the facility’s operation plans. Physical gate components include the frame, top
guard, fabric, hinges, latches, operators, and locking devices. Security Department
recommendations regarding these components are as follows.
• The frame, fabric, and top guard should match the surrounding fencing aesthetically and
in the level of protection provided (see DSG section 15.5.2) when applicable. Stand-
alone gates used will depend on the protected asset or restricted road.
• Per Security Department standards, swinging and sliding gates are the only two gate
types recommended at this time. Both can be made as either a single or double gate,
depending on accessibility needs.
• Latches and locks depend on the facility's design and needs and whether the gate will be
integrated into the security control system.

15.5.3.1 Ranch Gate

In specific circumstances to control vehicle access, the Security Department recommends ranch
gates. Though not built to protect against pedestrian traffic, ranch gates are constructed using
steel to deter vehicle access on restricted roads. Figure 15-8 below is an example of a ranch gate
used on SPU property.

Figure 15-8
Ranch Gate

15.5.3.2 Automated Gate Operators

As stated in DSG section 15.5.3.2, swinging and sliding gates are the only two methods of
operation recommended at this time. Automated gate operators can open and close both
swinging and sliding security gates. These operators can be integrated into a security system and

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Chapter 15 Physical Security

controlled remotely, offering an efficient method of restricting access to a gated area. The
Security Department currently recommends two automated gate operators (HySecurity
Swingsmart DC 20 and HySecurity Slidesmart DC 15, see Figures 15-9 and 15-10 below) based on
the following standards and requirements:
• The Security Department recommends adherence to the UL 325 standards, a safety
standard designated by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), which state
that all gate operators are required to have a minimum of two independent means of
entrapment protection where the risk of entrapment or obstruction exists. To meet this
requirement, a gate opener can use two inherent-type systems, two external-type
systems, or an inherent and an external system. Although these specific safety measures
are determined after evaluation of the fence and gates, they may include loop
detectors, edge detectors, and photo eyes.
• Facility designs should prevent and discourage pedestrian use of vehicle exit gates as
the primary means to exit a property.

Figure 15-9 Figure 15-10

HySecurity Swingsmart DC 20 HySecurity Slidesmart DC 15

15.5.4 Anti-Ram Vehicle Barriers

Depending on the DBT, vulnerable areas in the perimeter surrounding an asset may require
additional barriers to prevent high-impact vehicle penetration. The Security Department
recommends anti-ram protected gates and bollards on all exposed vulnerable areas based on
the identified DBTs. These methods should act in addition to any CPTED and standoff distance,
not alone (see DSG section 15.5.2.1). Fencing alone is not considered sufficient protection
against a moving vehicle attack. Most fencing can be easily penetrated by a moving vehicle and
will resist impact only if reinforcement is added.

15.5.4.1 Anti-Ram Protected Gates

Anti-ram protected gates are restrictive barriers designed to resist vehicle penetration. The
protection methods depend on the type of gate installed but typically consist of impact-resistant
poles that reinforce the gate, allowing it to absorb kinetic energy.

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Figure 15-11 below is an example of anti-ram protected gates.

Figure 15-11
Anti-Ram Protected Gate

15.5.4.2 Bollards
Bollards are anti-ram posts cemented into the ground to provide protection against vehicle
impact. They should be positioned in vulnerable areas and individually engineered for soil
conditions. The Security Department implements these cement barriers to prevent vehicles
from approaching the barrier at high speeds.

15.5.5 Security Lighting

Security lighting, especially in parking lots, improves visibility when natural light is limited,
increasing capabilities to detect, delay, and respond to unwanted activities. Lighting should be
installed in a manner that enables employees to observe individuals at night from distances of
75 ft or more and to identify a human face at a distance of 33 ft. Security lighting also increases
the effectiveness of guard forces and CCTV by enhancing visual range. The design of each
project presents its own security challenges based on physical layout, terrain, atmospheric
conditions, and security requirements. The Security Department recommends that all points in
parking lots be illuminated using at least two, preferably four, lighting pole locations. The
Security Department recommends adhering to the following guidelines when installing security
lighting at a facility:
• Lighting should be mounted at a minimum height of 20 ft and provide a minimum of 5
foot-candles (the degree of illuminance provided by the security lighting) surrounding
key assets.
• Lighting at entry and exit points should provide at least 10 foot-candles for safety.
• Lighting in general roadways and parking areas should illuminate 5 to 10 foot-candles.
• Areas planned to include CCTV camera coverage should include lighting that illuminates
5 to 10 foot-candles.
• General outdoor areas should be illuminated to 5 horizontal foot-candles.
• Motion-activated lighting should be installed where applicable.

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• All lighting must be directed away from the infrastructure to avoid interfering with
property surveillance.
• Additional lighting depends on a Security Department assessment of both DBTs and
countermeasures.

Consult with local code officials for additional restrictions that may apply to the security lighting
levels.

15.5.6 Security Signage

Installing security signage, even in some non-required locations, deters PTEs by clearly indicating
the boundary and presenting the consequences for violation. The Security Department
recommends placing standard security signage at facility entrances and along fence lines for
facility identification and public safety. Signage should be designed to draw attention and be
stylistically consistent with other SPU signage whenever possible. Below are examples of SPU’s
recommended security signage. Figure 15-12 provides examples of SPU security signage.

Note: Signage should be designed in accordance with Seattle’s Sign Code (Seattle Municipal
Code [SMC] 23.55).

Figure 15-12
Security Signage Examples

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15.6 ELECTRONIC PHYSICAL SECURITY

EQUIPMENT
Physical security equipment can assist in intrusion detection, access control, and property
surveillance. The type of security equipment recommended by the Security Department
depends on many factors, including the agreed upon level of protection, resolution goals, type
of asset, and the history, motivation, and vulnerabilities at the facility.
Security standards and recommendations do not substitute, but must act in addition to,
regulatory and legal safety codes.

15.6.1 Critical Utility Connections

The availability of essential elements such as a power supply, wiring, and networking will govern
the security system’s overall capabilities. All utilities need to be protected from inadvertent or
deliberate damage that could interfere with operations. Preliminary discussions must take place
early in a project’s life cycle to avoid future conflict among different disciplines. Coordination
among project representatives contributes to the success of building an effective security
system. The Security Department’s Capital Projects Coordinator will assist in ensuring that
security design elements are incorporated into the initial planning phases.

15.6.1.1 Power Supply

A reliable power source is essential in the development of a successful security system.
Strategies for powering the security structure in addition to preventing power interruption must
be implemented early in a project’s life cycle. SPU security devices require numerous junction
boxes and conduit pathways. Coordination between the Security Department, electrical
contractor, and security vendor will ensure the project’s efficiency. The Security Department’s
baseline power supply recommendations are as follows:
• All core power lines entering a facility must be hardened to prevent interruption.
• Electrical wiring must be protected within a project’s pre-determined level of conduit.
All exposed conduit must be galvanized rigid. The underground conduit can be polyvinyl
chloride (PVC) Schedule 80.
• All boxes must be heavy cast; pot metal boxes are not permitted.
• Substitutions must be submitted to and approved by the Security Department.
• Neither conduit nor junction boxes should be labeled with security signage as doing so
may encourage tampering.
• A backup power source must be implemented in all physical security plans (generators,
uninterruptible power supplies [UPSs], or battery units).
• Unoccupied facilities should not have exposed wiring.

15.6.1.2 Wiring
When new or major renovation projects are being designed, the project team must determine
pathways for wiring to and from security devices with architects and structural engineers.
Planning must include implementing strategies to prevent any power or communication

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interruptions early on in a project’s development. The Security Department’s baseline wiring

recommendations are as follows:
• All security wiring must be protected within the project’s pre-determined level of
conduit. All exposed conduit must be galvanized rigid. The underground conduit can be
PVC Schedule 80.
• All exterior security device conduit must be concealed where possible. Interior exposed
wiring depends on the facility or infrastructure.
• Pathways to security devices must be provided.
• Neither conduit nor boxes should be labeled with security signage as doing so may
encourage tampering.
• Conduit must offer additional spare space for future changes and additions.
• Unoccupied facilities should not have exposed wiring.

15.6.1.3 Networking
A communication method for transmitting the security systems data must be established early
on in a project’s development. Network communication is essential to providing 24/7 remote
surveillance and monitoring for critical assets. This includes retrieving all the data from gate
operators, motion detectors, and door sensors. The Security Department recommends fiber
optic networking cables as they provide the much-needed data capacity and have fewer failures
than other restricted communication methods. Early coordination with the City of Seattle’s
Information Technology (IT) Department or any predetermined service provider is essential.

15.6.2 Access Control System

An access control system grants access to authorized personnel while detecting or delaying
access to unauthorized persons. In addition to CPTED measures (see DSG section 15.5.1),
electronic devices such as card readers, door controllers, request-to-exit devices, electric strikes,
motion detectors, magnetic contacts, and intercom systems can be strategically installed to
regulate admittance and access to an area. Typically found at entry points to a facility itself,
access control systems are also used to protect restricted areas within a facility as well. These
devices allow automated verification to grant or deny a person access to an area. Refer to
Appendix 15A - Construction/Maintenance Projects Site Security Plan for guidance on setting
access control rules for contractors and vendors.

15.6.2.1 American Magnetics Security System

The Security Department uses an AMAG security system as part of its all-inclusive integrated
security management system (see DSG section 15.4). AMAG is a unified security software
program that allows the Security Department to access and control all deployed devices using a
single interface. This system incorporates control of intrusion detection, access, video, identity
verification, and visitor management throughout SPU-managed properties and facilities. SPU-
authorized personnel can remotely access a web client computer containing the AMAG security
software to perform system-wide managing tasks. The system continuously monitors all SPU
Security device activities, such as alarms or security events, and records data from the event
into the system’s database unit (DBU).

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15.6.2.2 Controllers
Controllers, also called nodes, store and manage the data necessary for operating the AMAG
security system. Nodes store all imported access control relevant rules and manage all the
connecting devices. The Security Department recommends several different types of controllers,
depending on infrastructure layout and device needs. Because controllers typically consist of
multiple modules and other expansion options, the Security Department recommends that the
project team determine the location and installation of the controller early in the project design
process. When planning the installation of a security management system controller, the
Security Department recommends the following best practices:
• Ensure available space to accommodate all controller cabinets.
• Confirm that proper cabling routes are available, paying special attention to maximum
lengths.
• Ensure that essential utilities, such as networking and power, are available.
• Install a tamper switch on all security panel enclosures.

15.6.2.3 Card Readers

Card readers enable authorized personnel to verify access privileges. The card reader scans card
numbers and forwards the information to the controller. The controller then determines
whether access is to be granted based on stored data for the specified card number. If access is
granted, the controller sends a signal releasing the locking mechanism (electric strike, magnetic
lock, or gate operator). The Security Department recommends the following best practices for
installing card readers:
• Install card readers on doors and gates leading to critical assets or restricted areas.
• Install card readers adjacent to the controlled door or gate.
• Card readers should be HID Global’s (HID’s) multiclass or iClass with a red-light emitting
diode (LED) that turns green upon entry, unless otherwise specified by the Security
Department.

15.6.2.4 Exit Devices

Depending on operational needs and security expectations, the Security Department
recommends multiple types of exit devices, including passive infrared request to exit, push pads,
or exit loops. These devices are used to detect individuals exiting a facility or area. Exit devices
sometimes activate a relay switch to unlock the door and disarm an alarm system when a
person is exiting.

15.6.2.5 Electric Strikes

Electric door strikes enable the electrical release of a door’s lock, latch, or bolt. The Security
Department recommends specific electric strike devices based on the project’s door plans.

15.6.2.6 Keypad Locks

The type of keypad lock will depend on the operational needs and security expectations of a
facility. The most common type of keypad lock used by SPU is a numeric keypad lock, which is a
programmable keypad requiring the user to enter a code before the door or gate will unlock.

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15.6.2.7 Contacts
A contact is an alerting device generally mounted on doors, gates, hatches, cabinets, or vents to
monitor points of entry. The device can detect when and how long the monitored point is open.
This data can help determine whether the point of entry is being forced or held open. The types
of contacts recommended for a project will depend on the operational needs and security
expectations of the facility. Doors and windows that offer access to restricted areas can be
monitored and set with an alarm to alert security personnel of any unauthorized entry.

15.6.2.8 Motion Detectors

Motion detectors are devices mounted within a certain area to detect movement. The types of
motion detectors recommended for a project will depend on the operational needs and security
expectations of the project. The area of coverage can be tailored to best protect the asset.

15.6.2.9 Intercoms
An intercom is a device typically installed in a controlled point of entry. Intercoms allow security
operators to speak to individuals requesting access to an area. After verifying the requester’s
identification, operators can locally or remotely grant or deny access.

15.6.3 Video Surveillance

The Security Department implements a comprehensive CCTV system consisting of hundreds of
strategically placed cameras. Cameras deter and detect unauthorized entry and provide forensic
video evidence for investigations following a crime against SPU property. The Security
Department employs an assortment of cameras, digital video recorders (DVRs), video switches,
and viewing monitors, providing both local and remote access. These cameras are integrated
into the AMAG system, allowing operators to monitor activity from SPU’s security control
center. Performance specifications differ with each device but can include scheduled, alarmed,
or manual-triggered actions as well as video analytical programming. SPU currently deploys
cameras that are either fixed (Figure 15-13) or capable of remote, directional, and zoom control,
such as pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) or dome cameras (Figure 15-14). Each camera offers a different field
of view and is determined based on DBTs as they relate to mutually established resolution goals.

Figure 15-13 Figure 15-14

Fixed Camera PTZ/Dome Camera

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The Security Department recommends surveillance devices based on DBTs as they relate to
mutually established resolution goals, suitability based on operational needs, site conditions,
and availability of local area networks. The Security Department will provide ongoing
assessments as to which cameras will best fit each operating environment based on necessary
positioning, field of view, light compensation, housing, and mounts. Early communication with
the Security Department is important in determining the power, networking, and wiring
requirements for video surveillance installation at a facility.

15.7 COST IMPLICATIONS

Early coordination among project managers and the Security Department is imperative in
designing an all-inclusive, cost-effective PPS. Though total costs depend on an assortment of
varying factors, physical security measures should correspond with the project’s agreed level of
protection (see DSG section 15.3.3). Other factors that must be considered and may affect total
cost include equitable residential aesthetics, future expansion abilities, and maintenance
conditions.

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15.8 RESOURCES
Removed for Security

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