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(2) When the noble gases were dissoreres
Mendeleev’s Periodic Law
‘The properties of the elements are a periodic function of
are called series or periods. vane
jeev's peri
Significance of Mendcleev's periodic table or merit of the Mendel
(® Systematic study of the elements. —
(@) Prediction ofnew elements and their propertice,eg, Eke sluninio=
(iii) Correction of certain atomic masses, eg., Beryllium.
Defects in the Mendeleev’s periodic table
pte oa eather
© Position of hydrogen was not made clear because hydrogen can be placed in ei
of the group ist or 7th. beeps
@ Separation of chemically similar elements. Certain clements aa
be chemically similar like Cu and Hg, Au and Pt ete.. have been placed in sepa: 2
3 =
(ii) Grouping chemically dissimilar elements.
(iv) Position of isotopes.
(v) Position of lanthancides and actinoides.
3.3 MODERN PERIODIC LAW AND THE PRESENT FORM OF THE
PERIODIC TABLE
Henry Moseley observed regularities in the characteristi rays
Aplot of vy against atomic number (2) gave a
straight line and not the plot of Vv vsatomic weight.
+ Modern periodic law: The physical and
chemical properties of the elements are
Periodic functions of their atomic numbers, _ ‘Naas
* Modern periodic table: The elements are arranged in incr... a
atomic numbers. This table was prepared by Bohr and is mee order of the;
configuration of elements. as E pon
Spectra of the elements. CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
General Characteristics of the Long Form Periodic Table
1. There are in all 18 vertical columns called groups.
2. There are seven horizontal rows called periods.
[cc Rerdod (SS he7 Representation 100
TUPAC recommended a system of naming the new element, until their official names are
approved. The main points of their nomenclature are:
(1) The names are derived directly from the atomic numbers using numerical roots for
~s fro}
~ zero and numbers from 1.9, and adding the suffix ium. 108 CHEMISTRY—X!
oni] 88
nit | um [oi | ort | quan | pent | he
Abbreviation a i . “ ve = h | j
For example, the names of slements having atomic number more than 100 are:
a
Atomic number ‘Name abel |
101 Unnilunium| ooo |
102 Unailbium wb |
103 Unniltrium leeoee |
104 Unnilquadium ung |
105 Unnilpentium unp
106 Unnithexium eat
107 Unnilseptium uns
108 Unniloctium uno |
109 Unnilennium une
0 Ununnitium un |
iu Unununium uuu
112 Ununbium wub |
113 Ununtrium uut |
14 Ununquardium oq
[fl NCERT SOLVED PROBLEM Sra a
8.1. What would be IUPAC name and symbol for the element with atomic number |
120?
Solution. Unbinilium (Ubn). | {
3.5 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC
TABLE
An electron in an atom is characterised by a set of four quantum numbers, and the principal
quantum number (n) is represented as main energy level known as shell or orbitals.
‘The distribution of electrons into orbitals of an atom is called its electronic configuration.
For examples:
Li, = 1s?, 2s! 2° Period
Nj, = 1s, 25%, 2p8, 3s! 3" Period
Sey, = 1s”, 2s”, 2p5, 3s”, 3p%, 4s®, 3d! 4° Period.
Electronic Configuration in Periods sin 6
filliny of electro
The orresponds to the
Now this energy level has only one orbital
re, iF 088
first Per, socond
clectrons. This means that there ean be only twovelements.” inter the
‘The second period starts with the electrons besiny po be
shell (n=. ‘There are only four orbital:
accommodate ei ns, Thus, second period has eH8BP™
‘he he peo hx with the electrons entering ane one 3
may be recalled that out of nine orbitals of this energy level ur orbital to be
five 3d orbitals have higher energy than 4s orbitals. As SUCH ™ jeyel begins
three 3p) corresponding to n = 3 are filled before the fourth en
Hence, there are only the third period. orbitals.
ime turtipetiedcnrcpnt i= Testarts with the sings filled. Spee
after the 4s but before the 4p orbitals, there are five 3d orbitals al such there ar
nine orbital have té be filled and as ts from Se (
‘elements in Temay bem 9
period. There are
The a s similar to fo
ae ginning with 5s oral ore therefore, there are
in fifth period as well. there are sixteen orbitals
s with the filling of Gs orbital (w=). iige before the next
3 e t 6p) in which filling of electrons takes PIO™? De an of df
energy level starts. As such a in sixth period. The se ihe first
orbitals begins with cerium (: 1 11). It constitutes
f-transition series which is called lar ae
ee n =). It would also have containe
elements correspon: But it is still incomplete. The
filling up of 5f orbitals begins with thorium (Z = 9 ut
constitutes second f-transition series which is called actin« Tt mostly in n-
made radioactive elements. In order to avoid undue expansion o! eriodic table the 4f and
5f-transition elements have been placed separately.
The relationship between number of elements in a period and electron filling of orbitals
have been summed up in table.
and,
ements in Different Periods
Number of
elements
2s, 2p 246 2
3s, 3p 246 8
48, 8d, 4p 241046 5
5s, 4d, Bp tiibee is.
6s, 4f, 5d, 6p 241441046 a8
1s, 5f, 6d, 7p 241441046 ae SOO ee ee Re a eae
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES AAA + 444
Electronic Configurations in Groups _
e said to ea
similarly group’ 16
It may be noted that
family. For example, elements of
constitutes cl x6
Table 3.2. Electronic Configurations of Alkali Metals
Kiement.|| (ABNo.(@). | Electronic configuration |
Li 3 ‘18%, 2s) r. |
Na Se 152, 2s 2p%, 3s" >
K 19 12, 2s? 2p%, 35% 3p%, 4s*
* Rb ¢ 1.87 15%, 2s? 2p%, 3s? 3p® 3d", 4s? 4p%, 5s!
Cs 55 152, 2s? 2p%, 35? Sp® 3d", As? 4p® 4d, 5s? 5p®, 6s!
Fre. 87 a 2s? 2p8, 3s% Sp® 3d”, Ag? Ap® 4d, 58? 5p® 5d”, 63? 6p®, 7s"
——__—___#& NCERT SOLVED PROBLEM
5% period of the
3.2. How would you justify the presence of 18 elements in the
periodic table?
Solution. When n = 5,1 = 0, 1, 2, 3. The orde}
orbitals 4d, 5s and 5p increases is 5s < dd < 5p.
{2 9, The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodate:
18 elements are there in the 5" period.
: +: in which the energy of the available
‘The total number of orbitals available
.d is 18; and therefore
‘TRONIC CONFIGURATIONS AND TYPES OF ELEMENTS: 5, P> d,
3.6 ELEC
f-BLOCKS
Elements in the long form of the periodic table have been di to four block:
@ — es-block elements « p-block’elements
d-block elements ¢ f-block elements 5
4
(A) Charseteniae of s-block Elements
(vi). Most of ine) metals of this block i |
Ikali metal (ns'.)
is than that of metals.
(viii)
(el) They aro vory navn, een
Ikaline earth metal (ns*.) her a au
See eee, )
(©) Characteristics of d-block Elements (Transition Elements)
oxida
(@ General electronic soaiaasatigh —
(x) Transition elements form i
(D) Characteristics of f-block Elements
me SLASSIFIGATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES ie
Types of Elements
£A) On the basis of chemical be
j> Representative elements 0
; + Alls an Jere
fe The elements belong to th
+ The number of rel ging to Seishgetecmrtaemabeck.
al as below:
eal elements,
jour elements are class
Yormal elements ov 'Tyy
elements,
For paitoak Sto"
+ Grou
> Genin
Noble gases .
* Outer electronic configuration #2gmp*UlGroup 18")
f which are occupied are
ey
‘ified a:
= (@ Metals
‘on-metals
Gii) Semiconductors (metalloids).
Prediction of Period, Group and Block of a given Element
she pring quanti number ofthe dalence
¢ ) The blo
(iii) The group of element is predicted from the no. of electron in mite valence shell or in
= penultimate shell as follows:
Mh NCERT SOLVED PROBLEMS
3.3. The elements Z = 117 and 120 have not yet been discovered. In which family
group would you place these elements and also give the electr ‘oni
configuration in each case.
Solution. We see periodic table, an element with atomic number (Z) = 117, wou’
belong fo the ne helpers family (Group 17) andt the electronic ic configuration would be (R ‘he element,
3.4,
Solution. Metallic char,
moving from left to right
Pp>d>f
(iv) Penetration effect of the electrons, s-orbitals penetrate more closer to the nucleus
as compared to p-orbitals, Thus, electrons in s-orbitals are more tightly held by the
nucleus than electrons in p-orbitals. Due to this, more energy is required to remove
iod so cation has smaller radii
J anclern hom anasto
shell in the order.
penetration power decreases in a given
n is stable ift
(v) Electronic configuration. The electronic configuration
(@ The at ; one
(except He which has 2 electrons).
() The 2 ;
value of first ionization enthalpy.
Elements with stable configuration have high
Successive ionization enthaly
It is possible to Yemove more :
Ie pre : : na r Sthe energies required
For example,
the ionization energiés of Al are as fel
Alig) Alig) tes LE = 577 kJ mol
ANG) AIM) +e; LBq= 1616 67 mol
where LE AiG) APG) +5 Eg = 2744 kd mol
ere LE.,, 1E., and LE., are the first, second and third ionization enthalpy respe
ctively.
due to the simultaneous
ons are held more
keeps
ee of ionization enthalpy in periodic table
S ariation in a period. On moving across a period from left to right,
i ani the valence electr
fightly by the nucleus, Therefore, the amount of energy required to remove 20 electron
oni
tom in a group of periodic table, the ionization
Variation in a group. As we move from top to bo CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
119
@ Ionization enthalpy of hitrogenlis greater thanthatofearhorItis due
n. to thi 4
configuration of nitrogen (1s? 2s? 2p, '2p,12p,") which is * Sleetronie
electrome
more stable than
i more stable tha
configuration of carbon (1s? 26? 2p,' 2p.) 3p). O fe di apy
(@) Halogens have the highest negative electron gain ental
r alkals'> e© +e in NAM CHEMISTRY—XI
220 f chlorine.
that ol y
negative than Be, Mg, N
Gi) Blectron gain eather of fluorine is unexpectedly less DoF Je those 3
(Gi) Electron gain enthalpy values of noble gases are post
and Pare almost, zero.
‘nd P are almost-zero.
Successive electron gain enthalpies jveionand the. enthaley
When the first electron i forms a uninega! nis added to
ctr s ii s 2 ul 1 lect ro!
change during fe adided toa gaseous atom, ior NO the energy
; xe Dro ions tro)
Hheluninexative ion, it experiences ese ee trom the ani. = ad the second electron,
as to be supplied to overcome the repucive feeee Thus, in Order te reecond electron gain
the energy is required ero ehe epulsive force, Thus, -OUIEE TF cond electron Hain
a ither than released. Therefore, the val o require:
Fuithalby is Bositive. Similarly, addition of third, fourth electrons. 2 example, let us study
Hence, the values of successive electron gain enthalpies are positives For
the addition of electrons teeter ain enthalpies are posusves
ns to oxygen atom. ii
O@ +e —" Ow) alt= (4,40, =~ 141 kd mol? (Enersy is
OW) +e OF) att = ATED, = + 720 kd mot (Enerey is
s released)
abserved)
NCERT SOLVED PROBLEM
2 2 — rs in enthalpy
3-7. Which of the following will have the most negative electron gain
and which is the least negative? Explain your answer.
P,S, CLF. 7 is
Solution. As we move in a period from left to right the electron enthalpy is
generally more negative. Within a group, electron gain enthalpy becomes les lsign’
down a group. However, adding an electron to the 2p-orbital leads to greater rep si
than adding an electron to the larger 3p-orbital. Hence the element with suost negate
electron gain enthalpy is chlorine; the one with the least negative electron gain enthalpy
is phosphorus. Soe
©) Electronegativity
Itis the tendeney of an atom in'a molecule to attract towards itself the shared pair of electrons.
Factors on which electronegativity depends
(@) Greater the effective nuclear charge greater is the electronegativity.
(4) Smaller the atomic radius greater is the electronogativity-
atomic radius greater is the electronegativit
Variation of electronegativity in periodic table
Variation in period. When we move from Jeftito’right ina petiod! Of periodic table,
clectronegativity increases due to increase in nuclear ch: shag and decrease in atomic radius,
Halogens have the highest value of electronegativity in their respective periods,
Variation in group. When we move from top to bottom in a group of periodic table,
electronegativity decreases due to increased atomic radius. Fluorine has the highest value of
lectronegativity among all the elements.
_ Hatogens - 4 vatue yo Hechonegalivd, CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES cana
Difference between Electron Gain Enthalpy and Electronogativity
e Electron Gain Enthalpy s Electronegativity
j 1. Itis the tendency of an isolated gaseous | 1. It is the tendency of an atom in a molecule to
x atom to attract an electron. attract the shared pair of electrons.
2. It is the property of an isolated atom. 2. It is the property of a bonded atom.
8. It does not change regularly in a 3, It changes regularly in a period or a group.
period or a group. ,
4. It is measured in electron volts/atom 4, It is a number and has no units,
or kcal/mol or kJ/mol.
Relationship between electronegativity and Non-metallic (or metallic)
character of an element
() Electropositivity or Metallic Character
The tendeny of atoms ofan element tle ‘sletrs anid form positive fon is known as
j ‘The periodic trends of various physical properties are given below. radii deorens®
ocron gain ens ONES
eres?
renizaton ona
ase
Tecvonegatviy vies nee
eee
s:block
ae
Noble gasses
n gain enthalpy values decrease
Atomic radiates
Metallic properties increase
Electronegatvity values decrease
Metals” \ non-metal
inner transition elements
ay block
properties in the periodic table.
(G) Valence or Oxidation States
i : n
Glements of group'1'have valency equal to 1 and those of group 2 have an pat rhe oe
0 2.
"Using the peers, desdlict the fobiaclas ot
formed by the following pairs of elements; "POURS Which might be |
(@)silicon and bromine ©) aluminium and sutph
ur, clas:
‘SIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES: 423
: Solution.
(a) Silicon is group 14 e i i
| a . ip 14 element with a valency of 4; bromine belongs to the halog
family with a valency of 1. Hence the formula of the compound formed would be
“4
(>) Aluminium belongs to group 19 with 9 valency of 3; sulphur belongs to group 16
elements witha valeney of, Hence, the formula of the compound formed would be
2S
4 Anomalous properties of second period elements. The figstelement of the group
.. This anomalous behaviour }
‘attributed to the following factors. ¢ .
@ atomicsize s -. |
ie ‘Mg
Cause of diagonal relationship
state and covalency of Al in [AIC(H,0),]** same?
f Al is +3, and the covalency is 6.
“Are the oxidation
Solution. No, the oxidation state 0
"periodic trends and chemic
oiaiy gainjenthalpy and valency.
al reactivity.
a. CHEMISTAY—xI
124
i i i for the element at the extreme left
As already discussed the, a z Hest
of the period/and the electron is most negative for the elemé the extr
right of the period (For grou} elei is), the elements ong hae pe
Gain enthalpies due to thelrstableslecieonic configurations. Ava result the chemical re
is maximum at the two extremes and lowest in the centre. The extreme reactivity of sroup-L
elaments is due to the ease with which these elements can lose an electron leading to the
formation of corresponding cation. On the other hand the gence eee te
ase with which these elements can wrm_the corresponding anion. Thus,
clomonta at (gsi Hl ubehaviour whereas thetélements at
(atta
Nature of oxide. Wh:
compound is called oxide.
The ndrimal oxides of the elements at thé/extféiie IéfPlof the periodic table are most
basic in nature, On the other hand, the elements at the extreme right of the periodic table are
most acidic in nature. Oxides of the elements in the centre are amphoteric or neutral.
For example, Na,O is strongly basi¢ whereas C1,0, is strongly acidic, Al,O, is amphoteric
while CO, NO and N,O are neutral. See
Se OSES
A baie oxide when dissolved ini water gives a Basie solution whereas ah acidic oxide
gives an aci ion. For example, —
Na,0(s) + H,O() > 2NaOH(aq)
Basic oxide A strong base
€1,0,(0) + H,0 —— 2HCI0,(aq)
Acidic oxide A strong acid
An amphoteric oxide exhibits acidic behaviour in the presence of bases and basic
behaviour in the prasence of acids. A neutral oxide exhibits neither acidic nor basic properties.
‘The amphoteric nature of aluminium oxide is evident from the following reactions:
Al,0,(s) + 6HCl(ag) ——> 2AICI,(ag) + 3H,00)
Al,0,(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H,0@) > 2Na[Al(OH),] (aq)
(fi NGERSOWVED Pron
D PROBLEM
3.10. Show by a chemical reaction with water that Na,0 is a basic oxide and C1,0,
is an acidic oxide.
Solution. Na,O with water forms a strong base whereas C1,0, forms strong acid.
Na,O + H,O —— 2Na0H (base)
C1,0, + H,O ——> 2HCIO, (acid)
Their basic or acidic nature can be qualitatively tested with litmus paper.
What is
Solution. The basic theme of organisation of elements in the periodic table is to facilitate
the study of the properties of all the elements and their compounds. On the basis 0
similarities in chemical properties, the various elements have been divided into differen
