LEM TRIADS

LAW OF CLASSIFICATION
The PERIODIC
GENESISOF
triad. atomic
the of inThe triad. of
themember triads.
called
Dobereiner
In
elements Periodic
Modern
Mendeleev's
PeriodicOctavesNew
law land's
lawDobereiner's
Lothar Triads earlier aticmentsTomatter.
At
Elements
between
01DAY
|AtomicElement Atomic
weightElement Atomic
weightElement present
rationalise
properties a way
triad
weights Mayer's attempts and
was exist - are
thOse the observed Periodic to i18
weight the
predictelements the
the in
of of atomic Atomic
ofthe
arithmetic groups to known basic
35.5 the the classify table'
CI 40 Ca 7 Li new
middle other
other that curve are units
weight of is fact
ones,
80 Br 88 Sr 23 Na three
certain elements developed. known.
two
element twomean about of
a all
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elements system types
127 137 Ba 39 K ele
middle
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were are
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LOTHER-MEYER
ARRANGEMENT Element
WtAt. Element
WtAt. Element
WtAt. 0CTAVES
LAW OF THE
graph.
the volume
lar Lothar
elementsJohn
the atomic
resembles eighth
Applicable In
order
Thiserties. cal pleseach arranged der.being
linesthe derA.E.B.
curv.theon curve.the Ba
|Halogens The pyTheproperties this TELLURIC
the Meyer first of He with de
)
alkaline alkali and Alexander
concept line other
Way of
occupy 39 23 Na 7 Li element
element and 16 their Chancourtois, drew
peaks k weights fell 16
atomic the in the the
metals occupied plotted only in equidistant
occupy 40 Ca 24 Mg Be the dishowed
d veryincreasing
atomic a
on first elements helix
elementsparallel SCREW
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e for likeincreasing not
the weight. hadNewlands
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Li,Na,K,Rb, a 27 Al B
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curve. the graph properties used
noted on atomic on 45to lines (OR
ascending Elements
positions
similar on 29 Si 12 that
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and 14
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3
 CHARACTERISTICS MODERN PERIODIC LAW
01.According to the law of triads,
The table is divided into 9 vertical columns Henry Moseleyobserved thata plot/vwhere v
and 7 horizontal rows theproperties of the middle element were is the frequency of the X-rays emitted) against
Elements with similar properties occupied in between those of the other two members atornic nurnber (Z) gave a straight line and not
No the same vertical column or group (2) three elements arranged according to in the plot of vagaínst atornic weight
The atomic mass of beryllium was correct
creasing weights have sinilar properties
ed from 13.5 to 9. The physical and chemical properties of the
The atomic mass of indium, gold,and plati (3)the elements can be grouped in the groups elements are periodic functions of their atomíc
num was also corrected. of six elements numbers.
Metolioid and transibon metaks Vacant spaces were provided for elements (4)every third element resembles the first ele
which were not discovered at that time ment in periodic table.
Atomic werght
Gallium and germanium were unknown at
the time Mendeleev published his Periodic
THE MODERNPERIODIC TABLE
Table.
He left the gap under aluminium and a gap
under silicon, and called these elements
Eka-Aluminium and Eka-Silicon.

40 Bo 02.Law of octaves stated,

Eka-aluminium Gallium Eka-silicon bemanlum
Na Cl Ca Sr V Property
(predicted) (found) (pradictod) (found) )every eighth element had properties simi
Br SbTe lar to the first elenment
Atomic weight 68 70 72 726
20 As se , Mo cd Nd
M No Density/(glam) 59 594 55 53 (2) every third element had properties similar
A v Fe Nb bo Ru Rh to the first element
Be Meting pointk Low 30293 High 123

90 TIO 130 150 Formula of oxide E2013 Ga,0. EO GeC (3)the properties of the middle element were
50 7O
Atomic Moss, gm/mol
Formula of chlonide ECI_3 GaC, ECI GeCl in between the other two members PERIODS
(4) the properties of the elements were re
peated after regular intervals of 3,4 or 8 el The horzontal rows are called periods
LIMITATIONS ements.
There are atogether seven periods
MENDELEEV'SPERIODIC LAW Position of hydrogen was not assigned cor The first period contains 2 elements

The properties of the elements are a periodic rectly. The subsequent periods consists of 8
function of their atomic weights. No separate position has been given to iso 81818 arnd 32 elements respectively.
topes of an elenment. Sixth and seventh periods are incomplete
Mendeleev arranged elements in horizontal Some elements having higher atomic mass and theyl4 elements) are piaced separate
rows and vertical columns of a table in order panels at the bottom called Lanthanoids
of their increasing atomic weights in such a are placéd before the elements with lower and Actinoids
atomic mass.
way that the elements with similar properties
occupied the same vertical column or group 03.Which of the following is not a merit of
Mendeleev's periodic table?

(Ak) (lo Ni) () It helped in correcting the atomic masses GROUPS

of some of the elements.

(T4 D) (Th Pa)

The vertical columns are called groups
(2) He predicted the properties of some undis
covered elements and left gaps for them.
The groups are numbered from l to 18
(3) He framed the periodic table with vertical replacing the older notation of groups IA.
and horizontal columns and gave shape to VIIA VIIL IB_VIIB and 0.
it.

(4) He gave separate places to isotopes in his Groups are also called Families.(Alkali. A
periodic table. kaline earth,oxygen, etc-)
5
OXYLEM OXYLEM
Cop6 Calcec
NOMENCLATURE OF ELEMENTS WITH ELECTRONICCONFIGURATIONS OF ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS Periodicity
Elernents with similar properties reapper at
ATOMIC NUMBERS >100 ELEMENTS IN PERIODS 288181832832
Repetítion of the elernents vith similar proper
Digit Abbreviation The period indicates the value of n for the ties in the order of íncreasing otomic number
Digit
Word The principal quantum number outermost or valence shell. as in the periodic table is called periodicity
() defines the main energy level Magic Numbers -28818183232
nil Period number indicates the highest princi
known as Shell
un u ple quantum number (n).
2 b The nunmber of elements in each period is
The filling of electrons into twice the number of atomic orbitals avait
3 tri
different subshells, also able in the energy level that is being filled. We can classífy the elements into four blocks
4 quad referred to as orbitals (s, p, d, f) viz, S-block p-block d+block and f-block de
5 pent Period Orbitals being No.Of pending on the type of atormic orbitals that
6 hex filled elements are being filled vithelectrons.
The distribution of electrons
7 2
sept into orbitals of an atom is
oct called its electronic 2 2s 2p 8
configuration
enn 3 3s 3p
4 4s 3d 4p
Atomic number Systematic name symbol IUPAC Official Name IUPAC symbol
5s 4d 5p 18
Unnilunium Unu Mendelevium Md
6s 4f 5d 6p 32
102 Unnilbium Unb Nobelium No
7 7s 5f 6d 7p 32
103 Unniltrium Unt Lawrencium

104 Unnilquodium Ung Rutherfordium E

105 Unnilpentium Unp Dubnium Db GROUP WISE ELECTRONIC

106 Unnilhexium Unh Seborgium Sg CONFIGURATIONS S-BLOCK ELEMENTS
107 Unnilseptium Uns Bohrium Bh
The s-Block Elenments : The eiemnents of
108 Unnilloctium Uno Hassium Hs Elements in the same vertical columnor group Group 1(alkai metas) ond Group 2 (aik
have similar valence shellelectronic configu line earth metals)
109 Unnilennium Une Meitnerium Mt rations, the same number of electrons in the
Low ionisation enthalpies
Ununnilium Uun Damstadtium Ds
outer orbitals, and similar properties.
form + ion (in the cose of aikai metais) or
Ununnilium Uuu Roentgenium Rg AtomicSymbol|Electronic configuration 2+ ion (in the case of aikaiine earth met
Number als).
112 Ununbium Uub Copernicium Cr

Ununtrium Uut Nihonium Nh

3 Li s° 2s' (or) (He) 2s' The metallic character and the reactivity
Na 1s 2s 2p° 3s' (or) (Ne]3s increase as we go down the group
Ununquadium Uug Flerovium F The compounds of the s-block elements
19 K 1s? 2s 2p° 3s' 3p° 4s' (or) with the exception of those of lithium and
Ununpentium Uup MoScovium Mo [Ar] 4s'
beryllium are predominantly ionic
Ununhexium Uuh Livermorium Lv 37 R 1s' 2s' 2p° 3s² 3p° 3d° 4s?
4p° 5s' (or) (Krl5s
117 Ununseptium Uus Tennessine Ts
55 Cs Is' 2s 2p 3s' 3p° 3d" 4s
T18 Ununoctium Uuc
Oganesson Og
4p° 4d° 5s' 5p° 6s(or) Ne’0
He
n9 Ununennium Uue (Xel6s
120 Unbinilim Ubn 87 Fr (Rn]7s

6 7
OXYLEM OXYLEM
p- BLOCK ELEMENTS
04.Which of the following elements shown as 08.Which block of the periodic table contains n.The electronic configuration of few ele
pairs with their atomic numbers belong to elements with the general electronic con ments is gíven below. Mark the statement
Group 13 to 18 which is not correct about these elements.
the same period? figuration (n-2)fm(-i)a'ns'?
Representative Elements or Main Group E ()1s 2s 2p° 3s'
ements. )z=19 and Z=38 i4 ()s-block (2) pblock
(2Y-12 and Z=17 =) (3) d-block 4-block () 1s 2s 2p-Joces
The outermost electronic configuration
varies from ns'np to ns'np in each period. (3) z=land Z=21 > (ii) 1s? 2s 2p - Ns e
Preceding the noble gas gamily are two
(4) Z=16 and Z=35 ) (in) 1s' 2s' 2p>/-i
chemically important groups of non-nmet ())is an alkalimetal
als. They are the halogens (GrOup 17) and ns Cr-e i) is a noble metal
the chalcogens (Group 16). These two (3) () and () form ionic compounds
groups of elements have highly negative (4) (v) has high ionisation enthalpy
electron gain enthalpies
The non-metallic character increases as
we move from left to right across a period
and metallic character increases as we 05.To which group, an element with atomic
go down the group. number 88 will belong? 09.Few general names are given along with
) Group 12 (2) Group 17 their valence shell configurations. Mark
(3) Group 10 (aGroup 2 the incorrect name.
()ns' np- Noble gases
(2) ns² np- Halogens
d -BLOCK ELEMENTS (3) ns'- Akali metals
12 Which is the most no-metallic element
among the following?
(ns' np- Chalcogens ()1s 2s 2p° 3s' r
These are the elements of Group 3 to 12 in
the centre of the Periodic Table. (2) 1s 2s 2p
They are all metals.
(3) 1s² 2s*23s² r r
They mostly form colloured ions, exhibit 06.To which group, an element with atomic
variable valence (oxidation states). para number 88 will belong?
magnetism and oftenly used as catalysts. () Group 12 (2) Group I7
Familiar ngme "Transition Elements". (3) Group 10 sAGroup 2
ns (n-n
f- BLOCK ELEMENTS
grp=ns n
four elements
METALS,NON-METALS
The two rows of elements at the bottom of 10.Electronic configuration
the Periodic Table, called the Lanthanoids is given below. Which of the following does AND METALLOIDS
and Actinoids not belong to the same group?
07.Which of the following statements is cor
rect? () krj4d 5s ueJolock, Metals comprise more than 78% of all
These two series of elements are hence () Elements of 3d and 4d-series are kept sep (2) [Ar]3d 4s 30 >ß known elements and appear on the left
called the InnerTransition Elements side of the Periodic Table
arately in periodic table. (3) [Xe<4r"5d° &s'->
2Elements of 4f and 5f-series are kept sepa Arl4s>s(a Nonmetals are located at the top right
They are all metals.
rately in periodic table. hand side of the Periodic Table.

Actinoid elements are radioactive (3) Elements of 5p and 6p-series are kept sep
arately in periodic table. Metals are usually solids at room temr
(4) All statements are correct. perature [mercury is an exception: gallium
The elements after uranium are called and caesium also have very low melting
Transuranium Elements. points (303K and 302K, respectively).

8 9
OXYLEM OXYLEM
 V.D> MR>R

COVALENT RADIUS VAN DER WAAL'S RADIUS 22. The correct order of the atomic radii of
160
It is half of the inter nuclear distance between It is defined as the half of the inter nuclear c,CsAl, andSis:
distance between two non bonded atoms tLi
two covlenty bonded (single bonded) atoms. of separate molecules in the solid state. 140 cs< Al<Cs (2) s<C< Cs <Al /
pm
radius/
Atomic (4)c<s< Cs <Al
It is used to express the atomic radius of (3) s«c<A] <Cs
non-metal atoms.
120

Be
Distanco botwoen two nucloi

100
The inter nuclear distance between two
adjacent chlorine atoms of the two neigh
bouring molecules in the solid state is
360pm. The van der waals radius of chlo
rine atom is 180pm.
The inter nuclear distance between two
60
2 4 8 10
23. The order of increasing szes of atomic rodi
adjacent hydrogen atoms of the two among the elenents PSse and¤sis
neighbouring molecules in the solid state Atomic number (Z)
240pm. The van der waals radius is 120pm. () As <S«0Se (2) se<s<As <O
distonee
(3) o<s<As <Se Gosse<AS
Convoient rmde- Hald the
between the two nuclei
VARIATION OF ATOMIC RADIUS
For example, the bond distance in the chlorine
Across a period
molecule (C) is 198 pm and half this distance No. of shells remains same but nuclear 300

(99 pm), is taken as the atomic radius of Cl, charge increases. radius/pm
Atomic
Atomic radius decreases across a period 250 Cs(262)
Max. Size Alkalimetals Rb(244) 24. Covalent radius of Li is 23pm The crystai
K(23)
Min. Size Halogens 200
radius of Li will be
In a group Na(186)
J60 S123pm (2) =123pm
METALLIC RADIUS No.of shells increases and nuclear charge LI(152) (3) <123pm (4) 23/2pm
also increases I(133)
For metals, we define the term Metallic Radius 100 Br(n4)
which is taken as half the internuclear distance Increase in nuclear charge predominates ci(9)
over increase in nuclear charge 50 F(72)
separating the metal cores in the metalic crystal.
Atomic radius increases from top to bot
tom
2
Atomic number (z)
Atomic radii Across the Period
d
Atom (Period I) N F
25. Among O,NCLF and Ne, the van der Waal
Atomic radius 15 88 74 66
radii increases in the order
Atorn (PeriodI) Nc Mg AI |P CI

Atomic radius 186 160 143 no 104 99 )F,NO,Ne, CI

NOBLE GASES VS HALOGENS (2) Ne.F.0,N,CI
Atomlc Radii Down a Family Atomic radius of noble gases is larger than (3) NF,O, Ne, CI
Atom Atomic Atom Atomic that of halogens y)F.C,o,N Ne.
(Group ) Radius (Group 17) Radius

For example, the distance between two adja

152
Noble gases are monoatomic ns
N 186 C 99 So Vander Waals radius is used to express
cent copper atoms in solid copper is 256pm.
Hence the metallic radius of copper is as 231 BI 14 the atomic radius which is greater than
Rb 244 133 covalent radius
signed value of 128pm
Cs 262 At |40
13
12 OXYLEM OXYLEM
 26. Tvan der Wool)1S
Efective nuclear charge N 28. The correct order of the ionic radii of 0 31. Thegroup having isoelectronic species is :
The actual amount of positive (nuclear) charge N, F,Mg?t, Na and A1P* is: ) 0,F, Nat, Mg?"
)) half the bond length experienced by an electron in a multi-electron (2) o,F, Na, Mg
atom. () N°«0<F<Na'<Mg"«A|3*
(2) twice the bond length 2 (3) o, F, Na, Mg"
3fhalf the distance between centres of nuclei (2) A<Na<Mg«0*<F<N (4) o, F,Na, Mg"
of two nonbonded atoms,ofadjacent mo Shielding or screening effect 3) A"<Mg?<Na'F<0N?
ecules in solid state In atoms with higher atomic number the inner (4) N«F0<Mg'"<Na'<AP*
(4) half the distance between the nuclei of two electrons partialy shield the attractive force of 2*<2
the nucleus.
nearest atoms in the metallic lattice.
So the outer electrons do not experience the
full attraction of the nucleus
32. The ionic radii (inA) ofN,o and Fare re
spectively:
Nat Mg? 17140and L36
Na Mg (2) 1.711.36 and L40
29. The increasing order of the atomic radii of
(3) 136,140 and L7
186prm 95pm 160pm 72pm the following elements is: (4) 1.36,171 and L40
IONIC RADIUS
()c ()o (ii) F (iv) al (v) Br
+r
anion cation
C
() ()< (G) <(iv) <)< (v)
C (2) (v) <(i) <() <() <()
64pm 136pm 99pm 181pm (9) () <(i) <(i) <(iv) <() F ’ n=2
33. Which of the following arrangements rep
resents the increasing order (smallest to
Isoelectronic species largest) of ionic rad+i of the given species
ionic radius Atoms and ions which contain the same num O,S, N,pp
ber of electrons, we call them isoelectronic
The ionic radii can be estimated by measur species
(2) 0<Pp<NS
the distances between cations and anions For example, 0,FNatand Mg* have the same
(3) NO<p>cs
ingccrystals
in

In general, the ionic radii of elements exhibit

the same trend as the atomic radii.
number of electrons
Their radii would be different because of their
different nuclear charges. 30. For Nat, Mg2Fand Q: the correct order of
increasing lonic radii is:
(4) NSt«0cp

A cation is smaller than its parent atom be Gie o ve cho SyK

cause it has fewer electrons while its nuclear () o<F<Na'<Mg?*
charge remains the same. So the effective n 27.) The ionic radii of K»NaAP" and Mg are in (2) NacMgcF«0
clear charge is high the order. 8 Mg*<Na'<Fz0 34. Which one of the following has largest
(4) Mg'<O<Na<F ionic radius?
The size of an anion will be larger than that of ()Na<K'Mg«AP*
the parent atom because the addition of one (2) A"<Mg?<K<Na' ) Li
or more electrons would result in increased
repulsion among the electrons and a de (3) B (4) F
crease in effective nuclear charge. (4) K'«AP"CMg?cNa
isc'elechewe <p

14 OXYLEM 15
OXYLEM
 35.What are the two radishown as 'a' and 'b'
in the figure known as?
38.Which one of the following groups rep
resents a collection of isoelectronic spe
DAY For example, the 2 s electron in Iithíum is
shielded from the nucleus by the inner core of
1s electrons. As a result, the valence electron
cies?
(At. nos.: Cs-55, Br-35) 02 experiences a net positive chorge which is less
than the actual charge of +3.

G ()Na, Ca, Mg*k aeN,F, Na

(3) Be,AlP cr K (4)Ca, Cs, Br
IONIZATION ENTHALPY
Pepusn
() g= Atomic radius, b= Molecular radius It represents the minimum energy required to
o=Covalent radiuS, b= van der Waals' radius remove the most loosely bound electron from
Attroction
(3) g= lonic radius, b= Covalent radius an isolated gaseous atom (X) in its ground
state.
(4) a= Covalent radius, b= Atomic radius 39.Consider the isoelectronic species, Na'. Nucleus

Mg, F and 0. The correct order of in First ionization enthalpy

creasing length Otheir radiiís
T. Enthalpy = finny
)F<O <Mg2< Na
eMg*< Na'<F<O xg)’ x(g)+er
Second ionisation enthalpy
(3) 0* <Fe Nat< Mg
(4) O <F<Mg< Nat x9)’ xg)+e
36.Which of the following statements regard
FACTORS EFFECTING I.E
ing the variation of atomic radii in the pe
riodic table is not true?
Energy is always required to remove elec Atomic size
) In a group, there is continuous increase in trons from an atom and hence ionisation
size with increase in atomic number.
enthalpies are always positive. Cv Nuclear charge LE
In 4f-series, there is a continuous decrease P-blolk The second ionization enthalpy will be higher
in size with increase in atomic number.
Shielding effect 1
than the first ionization enthalpybecause it
(3) The size of inert gases is larger than halo is more difficult to remove an electron from
geps. decnease apositively charged ion than from a neutral Electronic configuration (stable) cE
(4n 3d period, the size of atoms increases atom
with increase in atomic number.
d blok
gn
9P =nst+(nd
To understand these trends, we have to con
sider two factors
gP ) The attraction of electrons towards the
nucleus
37.K*and ct ions are isoelectronic. Which of
the statements is not correct? (i) The repulsion of electrons from each oth
er.
() Both K* and Ct ions contain 18 electrons.
(2) Both K* and Ct ions have sane configura The effective nuclear charge experienced bya
tiÍn. valence electron in an atom will be less than
the actual charge on the nucleus because of
aKion is bigger than Ct ion in ionic size.
"shielding' or "screening' of the valence elec
(4)Ction is bigger than K* ionin size. tron from the nucleus by then intervening core
electrons.

16
OXYLEM OXYLEM 17
VARIATION IN L.E C. has the Lowest L.E ’ most electropositie
element 40.Consider the elements Mg,Al,S,P and Si, the 43,The first and second ionisation enthalpies
of a metal are 496 and 4560 kJ mot', re
Acrossa period. increasing nuclear charge 2500 -He
correct increasing order of their first ion spectively. How many moles of HCI and
outweighs the shielding. Consequently, the
NG 0zation enthalpy is:
H,SO4, respectively, will be needed to react
outermost electrons are held more and )Mg sA| <Si <S <P completely with i mole of the metal hy
2000
more tightly and the ionization enthalpy in 2)Al< Mg< Si<s<P droxide?
creases across a period 1500 Kr (3) Mg <AI <Si<P< S ()1and1 (2) 2and 05
Xe
" As we go dowNn a group,the outermost elec (4) Al <Mg<s<Si <P (3) 1and 2 etrand 05
tron being increasingly farther from the nu 1000

cleus, there is an increased shielding of the 500

nucleor charge by the electrons in the inner Li
No K Rb
Cs
levels. In this case, increase in shielding out
10 20 30 40 50 60
weighs the increasing nuclear charge and
the removal of the outermost electron re Atomic Number
quires less energy down 41.The five successive ionization enthalpies
Noble gases has highest l.E. in respective pe of an element are 800,2427,3658,25024
riods 44.The first ionization energy (in kJ/mol) of
2500 550 and 32824 kJ mol The number of valence Na.Mg,Al and Sirespectively, are:
U(520) electrons in the element is :
2000 (200) s0o NOl496) 496,737,577,786 (2) 496,57,137,786
N (1581 450
()5(2) 4 (3) 786,737,577,496 (4) 496,57TI,186,737
Be (402os4) Rb403 83 (4) 2
(B9e)c(086) 400 K(419) The first ionization energy of magnesium is
(520) smaller as compared to that of elements
5 0 0 t1Atome number O Atomic number Z
Xand Y, but higher than that of 2. The ele Na
ments X,Y and Z, respectively, are
orchlorine, lithium and sodium
(2) argon, lithium and sodium
Neargon, chloring and sodium 45.The element having greatest difference
(4) neon, sodium and chlorine 42.B has asmaller first ionization enthalpy between its first and second ionization en
than Be. Consider the following state ergies, is:
ments:
() Ca (2) Sc
Second ionisation enthalpy is higher than
first ionisation enthalpy ’ Difficutt to re Mycci. ) it is easier to remove 2p electron than 2s
electron (3) Ba
move electron from acation due to high () 2p electron of Bis more shielded from the
effective nuclear charge nucleus by the inner core of electrons than
the 2s electrons of Be
(I) 2s electron has more penetration power
Boron has less ionisation enthalpy than than 2p electron i
beryllium ’ Stable electronic configura (v)atomic radius of Bis more than Be (atomic
tion of berylium &high penetration pow
Neoust number B=5,Be=4)
er of 2s orbital 46.The electronic configuration with the high
The correct statements are: est ionization enthalpy is:
()0.() and (V) (2) (). () and (V) () [Ne]3s 3p' (2)[Ne] 3s 3p
Oxygen has less ionisation enthalpy than eY0. 0) and (u) (4)(). () and (V) (3Ne]3s 3p (4)[Ar]3d 4s* 4p
nitrogen ’ Stable electronic configura dewsh
tíon of nitrogen

18
OXYLEM 19
 ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY SUCCESSIVEE.G.E
47.Which is the correct order of second ioniza 51.Which of the following elements will have as -
tion potentialof C.N,O and Fin the follow highest second ionisation enthalpy? When an electron is added to a neutral gas O+leOtojaotH= -140kJ
ing? \er8 2s? 2p3s eous atom (X) to convet it into a negative -ns s
()1s? 2s² 2p° 3s? O() + le’0 o)AH, = +720kJ
()0>NF>C ion, the enthalpy change accompanying
(3) 1s? 2s² 2p° 3s 3p? (4) 1s? 2s' 2p° 3s? 3p S +le Sa g H=-200 kJ
(3) F>0>NC (4) C>N>0>F the process is defined as the Electron Gain
Enthalpy (aegH). S)t le S) Augt,= +600KJ
Electron gain enthalpy provides a measure AH, is always we because energy is
of the ease with which an atom adds an requaired to overcome the repletion between
electron to form anion as represented by -ve ion and the incoming electron.
x(g)+e’x g)
Depending on the element, the process of
48.Which among the following elements has adding an electron to the atom can be ei
52.Which of the following can most easily form FACTORS EFFECTING E. G.E
thehighest first ionization enthalpy? unipositive gaseous iop? ther endothermic or exothermic.
OXítrogen (2) Boron )1s? 2s? 2p N1s 28 2p° 3s3p 1
Atomic size
(3) Carbon (4) Oxygen (3) 1s? 2s° 2p* 3s (4) 1s² 2s2 2p° 3s² 3p? EGE

Nuclear charge c EGE

ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY
Shielding effect
EGE

Electronic configuration
Negative Positive
49.Which of the following transitions will in
volve maximum amount of energy? 53.A sudden large jump between the values of
second and third ionisation energies of an
Exothermic Endo thermic
()M M+e| (2) M’ M* 2e element would be associated with which Halogens have very high negative electron
) M+e1, (4) M-’ M
+a of the following electronic configuration? nebe gain enthalpies because they can attain
NEGATIVE E.6.E stable noble gas electronic configurations
() 1s?, 2s? 2p°, 3s' 3p?
(2) 1s², 2s? 2p°, 3s? 3p' by picking up an electron
Negative E.G.E indicates the energy re
(3) 1s, 2s 2p°,3s' leased when electron is added
Noble gases have large positive electron
wis 2s° 2p*3s) For most of the elements energy is released gain enthalpies because the electron has
As the ease of addition of electron increas
to enter the next higher principal quantum
50.The first ionisation enthalpy of the ele level leading to a very unstable electronic
es,E.G.E becomes more negative
ments CN,P,Si are in the order of configuration
0e«N«Si <P (2) N<Si <C<p
(9) Si <P<c<N (4) P<Si<NC POSITIVE E.6.E
Positive EG.E indicates the energy gain
when electron is added

As the difficulty of addition of electron in

creases, E.G.E becomes more positive

21
20 OXYLEM OXYLEM
ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPIES (KJ/MOL) of electron affinity of chlorine is
54.The correct order of electron gain enthalpy 58.The electron gain enthalpy (in kJ/mol)re 62.The
3.7eV.l gram of chlorine is complete
fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, gaseous state.
OF SOME MAIN GROUP ELEMENTS is:
spectively, are: ly converted to Crion in a
()o>s>Se>Te (2) Te>Se> S>0 (1ev-23.06kcalmot).
)-296,-325,-333 and-349
Group AgH GroupAH Group AogH Group AogH (3)S >O >Se>Te (4Ys> SeTe>0 Energy released in the process is
16 (2)-349,-333-325 and -296
)4.8kcal (2) 72kcal
He +48 (3Y-333,-349-325 and-296
H -73

-60 4) F -328 Ne +16

(4)-333-325-349 and-296
(3) 82kcal eakcal
No 53 200 C -349 Ar +96

K 48 Se ]95 Br 325 Kr/ +96

Rb -47 Te -190 295 Xe +77

-46 Po -174 At -270 Rn +68 2-7

55.The process that is NOT endothermic in ng 35-5 35.
ture is
59.Within each pair of elements F & CI, S & Se,
VARIATION IN E.G.E. () Ar(g)+e’ Ar(g) -EaE,oble ga AHe and Li & Na, respectively, the elements 63.The correct order of electron gain enthalpy
2YH(g)+eH)’ EuE,-ve, that release more energy upon an elec with negative sign of FCLBr and l, having
atomic numbers 9,17,35 and 53 respec
The variation in electron gain enthalpies of (3) o(g)+e’0(g) > n e v n tron gain are:
tively, is :
elements is less systematic than for ioniza () CiSe and Na cIsand Li
tion enthalpies. As a general rule, electron
(4) Nalg) ’ Na'(g) +e TE -ve endo
(3) F. S and Li (4) F. Se and Na
()FCPB?l cF>Br>1
gain enthalpy becomes more negative with (3) Br> Cl >|>F (4)1> Br>CI >F
increase in the atomic number across a pe
riod.

. We should also expect electron gain entha

py to become less negative as we go down a
group because the size of the atom increas
es and the added electron would be farther 60.When the first electron gain enthalpy (AoGH)
from the nucleus.
o<S 56.Which of the following will have lowest of oxygen is -141 kJ/mol, its second elec 64.The formation of the oxide ion o (g) re
electron affinity? tron gain enthalpy is:
However, electron gain enthalpy of O or F is quires first an exothermic and then an en
less negative than that of the succeeding e ()Nitrogen 2) Oxygen ()amore negative value than the first dothermic step as shown below
(2) almost the same as that of the first oge =0 g)AHP=-42kJrmot
ement. This is because when an electron is (GYArgon (4) Boron
added to O or F, the added electron goes to (3) negative, but less negative than the first og+e=0 (g) AHO= 844kJmot
the smagller n=2 quantum level and suffers Kaapositive value This is because
significant repulsion from the other electrons
oion will tend to resist the addition of a
other electron
(2) Oxygen has high electron affinity
57.Which of the following arrangements rep
ELEETRON AFFINITY resents the correct order of electron gain (3) Oxygen is more elecronegative
enthalpy? 61.The correct order of electron affinity is: (4) oion has comparatively larger size than
Oxygen atom
-ve electron gane enthalpy is called as Elec
tron affinity
h0es<F<CI (2) CkF«S<o
(3) s <o <CKF (4) F<Cl<o«s ()oF»CI (2) F>0>CI
-EA
Absolute zero 298K O K
= EG.E
(3) F> CI >0 YCI>F>o
EG.E =- EA. - 5/2 RT

27
OXYLEM 23
OXYLEM
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY ELECTRONEGATIVITY &PERCENTAGE " Sirnilarly, the decrease in electronegativ
ity down agroup is accompanied by ade
65.Which of the following statements is not IONIC CHARACTER crease in nometallic properties (or i
correct about the electron gain enthalpy? "A qualitative measure of the ability of an crease in metallic properties) of elements
() In general, the electron gain enthalpy be atom in achemical compound to attract %lonic charactor =16(X-X) + 3.5 (X-X)2
comes less negative in going from top to shared electrons to itself is called electro
bottom in a group. negativity 17’ 50% loníc + 50% Covalent ELECTROPOSITIVE CHARACTOR
2The electron gain enthalpy becomes less Anumber of numerical scales of electroneg
negotive in a period from left to right. XA-Xa 17= lonic
ativity of elements viz, Pauling scale, Mullik Measure of an elenent's ability to dongte e
(3) The elements having stable configuration en-Jaffe scale, Allred-Rochow scale have
like noble gases have large positive elec <1.7’ Covalent and therefore from the te ions.
tron gain enthalpies. been developed
It is opposite to electronegativity
The one which is the most widely used is the
(4) Halogens have highest negative electron FACTORS INFLUENCING Metals are highly Electropositive
gain enthalpies. Pauling scale
ELECTRONEGATIVITY Trend

Along a period EP. !

2 1
Atomic radius Along a group EP. t
ELECTRONEGATIVITY VALUES (ON E.N
Effective nuclearcharge c E.N
66.Which of the following statements regard
ing an anion is not true?
PAULING SCALE) ACROSS THE PERIODS
() The goin of an electron leads to the formna
tion of an anion. Atom Electro Atom Electro VARIATION IN ELECTRONEGATIVITY
(2) The radius of the anion is larger than the (Periodi) negativity (Period i) negativity
atomic radius of its parent atom. Na 0.9
Across a period
3 The effective nuclear charge increases Be 15 Mg 12
Electronegativity generally increases across a
when an anion is formed.
B A 1.5 period from left to right
(4) Electron cloud expands due to increased
repulsion among the electrons. 25 18 In a group
N 3.0 21 Electronegativity generally decrease down a
3.5 25 group
4.0 CI 30

ELECTRONEGATIVITY &NON-METALLIC,
nonmtalllG chouatel
67.Why do noble gases have positive electron ELECTRONEGATIVITY VALUES (ON CHARACTER EN d
68.Jn which of the following, the order is not in
gain enthalpy?
PAULING SCALE) DOWN AFAMILY AAttrteate accordance with the property mentioned.
() It is ditficult to add an electron due to small Electronegativity is directly related to the () Li<Na<K<Rb -Atomic radius
size. non-metallic properties of elements.
Atom Electro Atom Electro (2) F>N>O>C- lonisation enthalpy
(2) It is difficult to add an electron due to high (Group i) negativity (Group 17) negativity " It can be further extended to say that the (3) SicP«S<Cl- Electronegativity
electronegativity. Value Value
electronegativity is inversely related to the (4«CI<Br< | -Electronegativity
(3ht is difficult to gdd an electron due to stable 10 F 4.0 metallic properties of elements.
configuration.
Na 0.9 C 3.0
(4)it is difficult to add an electron due to high Thus, the increase in electronegativities
electron affinity. 0.8 Br 28 across a period is accompanied by an i
Rb 0.8 2.5
crease in non-metallic properties (or de
crease in metallic properties) of elements.
Cs 0.7 At 2.2
25
24 OXYLEM
 PERIODIC TRENDS IN CHEMICAL PROP Group 2 13 14 15 16 17

69As We move from left to right, the electro NH, H,O HF

Formula of LiH cata 8,H, CH,
negativity increases. An atom which ERTIES hydride NaH AlH3 SiH4 PH, H, HCI
highly electronegative has HBr
KH GeHa AsH, H;S
)large size Valence or oxidation state SnHa SbH, H,1e HI
(2) low electronaffinity Anomalous properties of second period of B,0, CO, N,O, N, O, SO,
Formula of Li,O Mgo
ohigh ionisation enthalpy elements oxide Na,O CaO Al,O, Sio, P.O P.O SeO, CHo
(4) low chemical reoctivity. A Chemical reactivity K,O Sro Ga,O3 GeO, As,O, As, O5 TeO,
BaO In,O, SnO Sb,0, Sb, Os
PbO, Bi, O,
VALANCE
TYPICAL ELEMENTS
70.The electronegativity of the following ele The anomalous behaviour is attributed to their
ments increases in the order The valence of representative elements is usu
small size
()C.N. Si, P (2) N, Si, C, P ally (though not necessarily) equal to the num Elements of third period are called typical e
ber of electrons in the outermost orbitals and ements large charge/ radius ratio
SSPCN (9) P. Si. N, c lor equal to eight minus the number of outer
Ng Mg Al C
most
P high electronegativity of the elerments
The properties of all elements belonging to a Non-availability of d+ orbitals
Number of Valence particular group resemble the properties of the
Group
valence electron
corresponding typical element of that group.

TLThe correct decreasing order of electroneg 2 2 DIAGONAL RELATIONSHIP

gtivity is 13 3 3
The behaviour of lithium and beryllium is more
YF>0N>Be (2) Be>F>0N 4
BRIDGE ELEMENTS
14 similar with the second element of the follo
(3) O>F>N> Be (4) N> Be>0>F
15 5 3,5 ing group ie, magnesium and aluminium re
Elements of second period are also called as spectively. This sort of similarity is commonly
16 6 26 Bridge elements. The properties of these ele referred to as diagonal relationship in the pe
ments resemble the properties of the elements
17 7 7 riodic properties
of the third period placed diagonally.
18 0,8
72Fluorine has the highest electronegativity Li Be C
on the Pauling
among the ns n 3nityof CHEMICAL REACTIVITY
scale, but the electron fluorine is Na Mg Al Si P
less than that of chlorine because OXIDATION STATE The ionization enthalpy of the extreme left e
()the atomic number of fluorine is less than
thot of chlorine ement in a period is the leastand the electron
Nowadays the term oxidation state is frequent gain enthalpy of the element on the extreme
(2) fluorine being the first member of the family
behaves in an unusual manner
ly used for valence. ANOMALOUS PROPERTIES OF SECOND right is the highest negative
The oxidation state of an element ina partic PERIOD OF ELEMENTS The metallic charactêr is highest at the ex
(3) chlorine can gccommodate an electron
better than fluorine by utilising its vacant ular compound can be defined as the charge tremely left and nonmetallic character is high
Bd-orbital acquired by its atom on the basis of electro est at the extreme right
The first element of each of the groups 1(lithi
negative consideration from other atoms in
4) small size, high electron density and an in the molecule. um) and 2 (beryllium)and groups 13-17 (boron This results into high chemical reactivity at the
creased electron repulsion makes addition to fluorine) differs in many respects from the two extremes and the lowest in the centre
of on electron to fluorine less favourable other members of their respective group.
thon that in the case of chlorine.

26 OXYLEM OXYLEM 27
 Thus, the maximum chemical reactivity at the 81.When we go from left to right in a period,
extreme left (among alkali metals) is exhibited 74.Which pair of oxides is acidic in nature? 78.Choose the incorrect statement.
by the loss of an electron leading to the for () the basic noture of the oxides increases
) Caosio, (2) B,0, Cao () Chemical reactivity tends to be high in group
mation of a cation and the extreme right 1metals, lower in elemnents in middle and (2he basic nature of the oxides decreases
(among halogens) shown by the gain of an 3>6,0, sio, (4) N,O, Bao increases to maximum in the group 17. (3) there is no regular trend in the nature of oX
electron forming an anion. (2) Halogens have very high negative electron ides
gain enthalpy. (4) oxides of only last tWo groups are basic in
(3) Noble gases have large positive electron ngture.
ggin enthalpy.
73.Following statements regarding the peri 4 Decrease in electronegativities across a
odic trends of chemical reactivity of alkali period is accomnpanied by an increase in
metals and halogens are given. Which of non-metallic properties.
these statements gives the correct pic 75.The acidic, basic and amphoteric oxides,
ture? respectively, are:
() Chemical reactivity increases with increase ()Na,0, SO, Al,0, (2) CI,o, CaO, P.Olo
in atomnic number down the group in both (4) Mgo, C,O, AI,0,
the alkali metals and halogens (3)N,0, Li, O,Al,0,
j In alkali metals the reactivity increases but 82,Which of the following sets of oxides is am
in the halogens it decreases with increase photeric in nature2
gtomic number down the group v AI,O, As,0, Zno (2) co, NO. N,O
(3) The reactivity decreases in the alkali met 79.An element' P'has atomic number 56. What (4) No0. Mgo, BaO
willbe the formula of itshalide? (3) so, So, ChO,
als but increases in the halogens with in
crease in atomic number down the group () PX
(4) In both,alkali metals and halogens chem
ical reactivity decreases with increase in
(3) PX, (4) PX4
atomic number down the group 76.Which of the following oxides is amphoteric
in çharacter?

osno, (2) sio,

(3) co, (4) Cao 83.Among the elements with atomic numbers
9,12, 16 and 36 which is highly electroposi
tive?
80.Predict the formulae of the binary com ()Element with atomic number 9
pounds formed by combination of the fo
NATURE OF OXIDES Jaspeslei, Nauhy lowing pairs of elements: YElement with atomic number 12 a
() Magnesium and nitrogen (3) Element with atomic number 16
Metallic oxides are basic and non-metallic ox (4) Elemnent with atomic number 36
(i) silicon and oxygen
ides are acidic
) MgN, Sio,
T7Among Al,O, Sio, P,0, and SO, the correct
order of acid strength is Mg.N, Sio,
) A,0,< Sio,< SO,< P,0, (3) Mg,N, Si,O.
(2) SiO,< SO,«Al, O,< P, O, (4) MgN,SiO,
Oxides of elements at the Centre or amphoter
a (3) so,<P, O,< SiO,< Al,O,
ic or neutral MnOC,02.
4A,0,< Sio,< P,0,< SO,

Neto/o NO, N,o

28 OXYLEM OXYLEM 29