MIM CENO17F06474. Pon City lesnational University Experiment 4947 Determination of Total Solids, Dissolved Solids (79) and Suspended Solids in Water (158) a ae wer 2na wide range of natural isthe matter tal ironmental engineering is concerned with the solid material i ran ids (referred to as "total solids") ‘and wastewaters. The usual definition of soli ts of "tot hat remains as residue upon evaporation at 103~105°C. ‘The various component solids” can be simplified as follows a ‘ od ot 103°C. ‘ rinaty PANE pista Solis con Ld oe Vote Suspends mes pamasio] oils (VSS) ante, spend lis A138) ‘ Fixed Suspended Sob FSS) Total Solids (TS) are the total of all solids in a water sample. They include the total suspended solids and total dissolved solids(Total Suspended Solids (TSS) is the ‘amount of filterable solids sos ater sampleySamples are filtered through a glass fiber filter. The Tie OA dried and weighed to deternfine the amount of total otal Dissolved suspended solids in me/l of sample! Solids (TDS) are those solids that pass through a filter with a pore size of 2,0.micron (1/1000000th, of a meter, Also known as a Micrometer) or small ey are said to be non- rltcrable. After filtration the filtrate (liquid) is dried and the remaining residue is weighed and calculated as mg/l of Total Dissolved Solids. Enyironment: jificance: Total solids. measurements can construction, agricultural pra others is also affect w of the effects of runoff from (reatment plant discharges, and solids decrease the passage of ter clarity. Hight affect ‘photosynthesis by y aquatic f ; concentrations often increase sharply during toa lower temperature regime. As with turbidity, rainfall, especially in developed Watersheds. They can also rise sharply during dry weather if rath disturbing activities are occurring in or neat the stream without erosion control practices in place. Regular monitoring of total solids can help detect trends that might indicate increasing tresion in developing watersheds, “Total solids are related closely to stream flow and velocity fnd should be correlated with these factors. Any change in total solids over time should be measured at the same site at the same flow. Water with total solids generally is of inferior palatability and may induce 2° unfavorable physiological reaction, 1t may be estheticaly ‘unsatisfactory for purposes such as bathing. Total solids will be higher in hight ly mineralized ers, which result in unsuitability for many industrial applications. It indicates effectiveness Nrisedimentation process and it affects effectiveness of disinfection process, in killing microorganisms. Iris used to assess the suitability of potential supply of water for ‘various uses, Inthe case of water softening amount of total solids determine the type of softening procedure. i iosion control is frequently necomplished by the production of stabilized waters through Comjvstment “The pH stabilization depends to some ‘extent upon the total solids present as Pr alas alkalinity and temperature other ‘otal solids al: a roan water, thereby slowing more rapidly and hold more heat; this, in turn, might adversely ic plants. Water will heat up affect aquatic life that has adaptedGuideli | (According to Bangladesh Environment Conservation Ee (1997), Contain more than 1000 mg/l of total dissolved solids (TDS).) potable water should not Pri ie measurement of solids is by means of the gravimetric fpreciino ee solids are determined by weighing after the appropriate handling provetlat™. © it ot ae concentration ofa sample can be found directly by weighing the sample t f the sample. For at 103°C. However, the remaining forms, TDS and TSS require filtration o ple. liquid samples, all these solids levels are reported in mg/L. A rapid assessment of the dissolved solids content of water can be obtained by specific conductance measurements. Such measurement indicates the capacity of a sample to carry an clectric current which in turn is related to the concentration of ionized substances in the water. Most dissolved inorganic substances in water are in ionized form and so contribute to the specific conductance. Although the nature of the various ions, their relative concentrations, and the ionic strength of the water affect this measurement, such measurement can give practical estimate of the dissolved mineral content of water. The TDS content can be approximated by multiplying the specific conductance in micro-Siemens per em (jtS/cm) by an empirical factor varying from 0.55 to 0.90 depending on the chemical composition of the TDS. mple handling and preserv: Preservation of sample is not practical. Because biological activity will continue after a sample has been taken, changes may occur during handling and storage. Both the characteristics and the amount of solids may change. To reduce this change in samples taken for solids determinations, keep all samples at 4” C, Do not allow samples to freeze. Analysis should begin as soon as possible. Precautions: The following precautions should be observed while performing the experiment: Water oF Wastewater samples which contain high concentrations of calcium, chloride, magnesium or sulphate can rapidly absorb moisture from the ai. Such samples may need to be dried fora longer period of time, cooled under proper desieation and weigh rapidly in order to achieve a reasonable constant weight. We should be aware prolonged drying may result in loss of constituents, particularly nitrates and chlorides © Non-representative particulates such as leaves, sticks, fish and lumps of fecal matter should be excluded from the sample if it is determined not desired in the final result. 1 Floating oil and grease, if present, should be included in the sa a blender device before sub-sampling. Volume of sample should be adjusted to have residue left after drying as 100 to 200mg, Its mainly to prevent large amount of residue in entrapping water during evaporation. © Highly mineralized water containing significant concentration of calcium, magnesium, chloride, and/or sulphate may be hygroscopic. Hence prolonged drying, desiccation and rapid weighing. We should be aware prolonged drying may result in loss of constituents, particularly nitrates and chlorides. that their inclusion is imple and dispersed by2s Pont City Intemational University 1. Balance 2. Beaker 3. Measuring Cylinder 4. Filter paper 5. Funnel 6. Dropper feasurement of Total Solids (TS) (1) Take a clear dry glass beaker (which was kept at 103°C in an oven for 1 hour) of 150ml. Capacity and put appropriate identification mark on it. Weight the beaker and note the weight. ea 100m!. of the thoroughly mixed sample, measured by the measuring cylinder, in the eaker, ) Place the beaker in an oven maintained at 103°C for 2shours. After 24 hours, coo! the beaker and weight. Find out the wei; ight of solids in the beaker by subtracting the weight of the clean beaker determined in step (1) (4) Calculate total solids (TS) as follows: Measurement of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) (1) Same as above (step 1 of total solids). (2) Take a 100 ml. of sample and filter it through a double layered filter paper and collect the filtrate in a beaker. 3) The repeat the same procedure as in steps (3) and (4) of the total solids determination and determine the dissolved solids contents as follows: Total solids, TS (mg/l) = mg of solids in the beaker x 1000 / (volume of sample) ‘Total Dissolved Solids, TDS (mg/l) =mg of solids in the beaker x1000 /(volume of sample) ‘Total Suspended Solids, TSS (mg/l) = TS (mg/l) - TDS (mg/l) Assignment: 1, Explain why groundwater typically contains high TS compared to surface water. Why the situation reverses for suspended solid? 2. How can the amount of dissolved solids concentration be estimated from measurement of specific conductance? 3. Why are solids content in water an important factor? 7wt Port City International University Experiment 5 Determination of CO2 in water 2»Port City Intemational Urine, y “ the for ss I waters normal ir ra dissolved gas. Surface er in the form of a dis ¥ a whl some Over theo finary temperature == water. Over the ordinal x that concentration. Carbon dioxide ble in water. ind magnesium Caleium and magnesium cis really sol ygen, Calcium ai range (030°C) the solubility is about 200 times tat de ombine with earbon dioxide fo form carbonates and bie em is somewhat comp! Carbon Dioxide is present in v n less than 10 ppm free carbon lex. First the Carbon dioxide does dissolve in water; however, the syst CO? dissolves according to: Pt C02 (g) = CO2 (I) 3 (00 ml water ‘At room temperature, the solubility of carbon dioxide is about 90 cm? of CO2 Lahniaien a (cee = 0.8). Any water-soluble gas becomes more soluble asthe temperature to the thermodynamics of the reaction: GAS (I) = GAS (9) ‘This effect is particularly large for gases like CO2 that undergo specific reaction: Equilibrium is established between the dissolved CO2 and H2CO3, carbonic acid. 5.2 1s with water. CO> (I) + H20 (1) = H2COs (I) 53 Carbonic acid is a weak acid that dissociates in two steps. HCO; + H,0 ¢? H30" + HCOs HCO; +H,0 © H30° + CO;” ‘The test for determination of free carbon dioxide in water is based on the titration of water sample with standard Sodium Hydroxide solution in the presence of phenolphthalein indicator. ‘The CO? reacts with NaOH to form Sodium Bicarbonate with a consequent increase in pH. ‘The reaction of NaOH with free CO2 reach a completion at a pH of 8.3. CO; + H20 = H:COs H:CO; + NaOH = HCO; +Na"+ H,0 HCO; + NaOH = CO;* +Na°+ H,0 Environmental significance: Aquatic _plant life depends upon_carbon_dioxide_and bicarbonates in water for growth, ficroscopic plant life suspended in the. water, phyfoplankon, as wel as large rooted plant esate pesos aie cee pe a Tae aba al ese ratetals comes from Ue carbon d in in all these materials comes from the carbon dioxide in water. ” . When the oxygen concentration in waters containing organic matter is reduced, the carbor n n ec 1 in waters containing organic 1 l bon oa he rise in carbon dioxide makes it more difficult T the limited amount of oxyge- present. To take on resh Oxygen, Tish must Hier goes ese carbon dioxide in their blood streams and this isa much slower process when thee weet concentrations of earbon dioxide in the water itself. ee Corrosion is the principal difficulty caused by carbon, produces carbonic acid resulting in lowering of characteristics is induced in water resulting severe etc. Corrosion in boiler system takes place due to although Carbon dioxide is not present in this case, : | ide, This gas on solution in wa id ter pli. With a decrease in pH corrosive corrosion of heat exchanger, pipes, the presence of carbonate and bicart valves 5 bonate