GD ours verbs and adjectives can have thefllowing endings noun + -s/-es (plural) books ideas_-—matches verb +-s/-es (after he/she/it) works enjoys. washes verb +-ing working enjoying washing verb +-ed worked enjoyed washed adjective +-er (comparative) cheaper quicker _brighter adjective +-est (superlative) cheapest quickest _ brightest adjective + -ly (adverb) cheaply quickly brightly When we use these endings, there are sometirnes changes in spelling, These changes are listed below. GQ W010 and verbs + sh08 The ending is -es when the word ends in ~5/-ss/-sh-ch/-x bus/buses miss/misses wash/washes match/matches _search/searches._box/boxes Note also: potato/potatoes _tomato/tomatoes do/does go/goes @Q Words ending in y (baby, carry, easy etc.) if a word ends in a consonant* + y (-by/-ry/-sy/-vy etc.) y changes to ie before the ending -s: baby/babies story/stories _country/countries._secretary/secretaries hurry/hurries study/studies _apply/applies try/tries y changes to i before the ending -ed: hurry/hurried study/studied _apply/applied try/tried xy changes to I before the endings -er and -est: easy/easier/easiest —_heavy/heavier/heaviest_lucky/luckier/luckiest ¥y changes to i before the ending -ly: easy/easily heavy/heavily temporary/temporarily y does not change betore -ing: hurrying studying applying trying y does not change if the word ends in a vowel* + y (-ay/-ey/-oy/-uy) play/plays/played — monkey/monkeys —_enjoy/enjoys/enjoyed —_buy/buys ‘An exception Is: day/dally Note also: pay/paid lay/laid —say/said © ve12s ending in -ie (die, lie, tie) If a verb ends in -ie, ie changes to y before the ending -ir die/dying —lie/lying _tie/tying *aei ou arevowelletters The other letters (b c d f g etc) are consonant letters 298Appendix 6 | Wiorss encing in -e (hope, dance, wide etc.) Verbs If verb ends in -e, we leave out e before the ending -ing: hopeshoping ——smile/smiling—dance/dancing —_—_confuse/confusing Exceptions are be/being andverbsending in-ee —se/seeing—agree/ngrecing Ifa verb ends in -e, we add -d for the past (of regular verbs): hope/hoped smile/smiled dance/danced confuse/confused Adjectives annvadverbs IF an adjective ends in -e, we add -r and -st for the comparative and superlative: widelwider/widest _late/later/latest large/larger/largest If an adjective ends in -e, we keep e before -ly in the adverb: polite/politely extremelextremely —_absolute/ahsolutely IF an adjective ends in -le (simple, terrible etc), the adverb ending is ply, -bly etc. simple/simply terrible/terribly reasonable/reasonably © ouhling consonants (stop/stopping/stopped. wet/wetter/wettest etc) ‘Sometimes a word ends in vowel + consonant. For example: stop plan rub big wet thin prefer regret Before the endings -ing/-ed/-er/-est, we double the consonant at the end. So p—> pp, n> nnete. For example: stop ppp _ stopping stopped plan nnn planning —_ planned rub bbb rubbing —rubbed big ggg bigger biggest wet ttt wetter wettest thin = nnn thinner thinnest If the word has more than one syllable (prefer, begin etc.), we double the consonant at the end only ifthe final syllable is stressed: preFER / preferring / preferred perMIT / permitting / permitted reGRET / regretting / regretted beGIN / beginning If the final syllable is not stressed, we do not double the final consonant: Visit / visiting / visited deVELop / developing / developed HAPpen / happening / happened reMEMber / remembering / remembered In British English, verbs ending in -L have -UL- before -ing and -ed whether the final syllable is stressed or not: travel / travelling / travelled cancel / cancelling / cancelled For American spelling, see Appendix 7, Note that we do not double the final consonant ifthe word ends in two consonants (-rt,-Ip, -ng etc) start / starting / started help/ helping /helped _ long / longer / longest, we do not double the final consonant if there are two vowel letters before it (-oil, -eed etc) boil / boiling / boiled need /needing needed explain / explaining / explained cheap / cheaper/ cheapest loud / louder /loudest quiet / quieter / quietest we do not double y or w at the end of words. (At the end of wards y and w are not consonants) stay / staying/ stayed grow / growing new / newer / newest 299