Pago No.

Date 16 1 22
dhunual Analis
Gualitatin Quaritotiw
h a t u prtsent) Houu Muxh is prust)
- Volumtric

Gttamimetric
Valumitri Amatyais:
dttsa mgdl aA qMantctimy analusw mhich is baMd on
detumimtion sb walum oß knour solwtion
LOmired to uact aualitatiuy uuh a aclution oh
Aubstanu to be analysud. AKA Titratmu
Amalypis
Tbant: Tu uagUnt os knoun Lontuntration
whch ls addled to dalutiom et Aubatance to b analysuuo

Tuband:Subtancu tu le analupid.

Tibation Cwm : A plet «6 solution prt weAUs

toramt volumu dwung Tibuatuon.

pt

Vakuumu as Titmndltma
itadion: Prvcts o6 inding out thi wolume o4 rant
ua whd to complett uith e khouun solwtion sg
Cwdain wolume ltitratu) unaur analsis

ndicalor: A Jpe ddiod to aunalyt to gu a

gbsuNablu chuna at [wmhich s th end point).
 AbUity to
Page No.
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Date 28 2
End Pount: The pount uhuu thi ayptum changMu DuA6Lremt aA. a prtying Mcmtradien
mud
wun thi Malts 06 uOching ittand w/w. snluhon
Mou ubtanu bune adottol ibiatd. Amownrt o4 Anluti (in m) presmt in 0O m ab
e6-
w/wy = weight a a l u t
l00
Muiot 6 Alutien
EQuuvalunu Paint:[hu enact paint tn tituotion
wuhun tu mulw ab t a n t emcuLd He Aubstanu
bune titatd. b)WIV7.
Amoumt 4 AaUtI Þrealmt Un 00 ml 4 4auhem
standand salution : AAnlTon a6- Rnaun) W/v wught a aauut
dukunuL LOMLUMtytiem. Vauumu aG Aalwhon
PRumary tandand AQluUSn AAlution uuhich C)V/V
ho cotain poputiL Amawhr of doui (un m) pYAAUmt un l0omt
ag saluhon
eautumy pwu Con hi uighud easy v/v = votuuma a Aalui 100
i g h y stablu anolcd bi Huaong to uusA Voluwmu ug dalion
Amhydrous Nn koyuic
dLs hua0atopit shoulN bu chuap. dMoar ihy:
fNo s molts aß aaluts pur itre valwmu s aaludien
SACenday atandand A0tiom: M Mp: MOlLs
us pwu haan uimauM atandard sal
Vo dok. (in L)
Lws Atablu mau HUashe han pumay
t d aokn
umain atablu 60 Lonim
No. mols al Anlu pur ko wwighe 4 Aaluiem.
bvdud Against rimay otd asl". m No o Mols
G Normality:
No 64 gm eauivalemt af AAlui per litre volum sh
Acluhoh
N No 04 qm aivatemt
Vale a Anluhien unl)
 |Page No.
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Date
t RAlon titratiom
No a4 gm eouivalint
ALA idation redution ruactlon.
Molar Mam 9n thib, Thu
euvalmt uuight
=
chumica) rex" taks poc wilh transhl
-60ckar. 66 e in reortiny on a4 aouou &altlon
19 ar mality: Precibitdion Türadion
No ram 8armula m a s oA Agluti
disold
TUtratiom baatd on hu insoubu precibitat
bur t e volumi 8
aln 0rmation, whtn the tuo rearing oubat anu afe
brouoht into contact iv callud PfT kilraluon
F:No 04 ram 4ormua ma
Vam o6 saln [n L). Comyplemomitiu itrodien.
Thu ryb o4 tir couen s similar to pht tikration, in
Formula Mas: 0ontdiIDN NLApaer una Hnat a dAld precuhtatu t ag 0ampl
Emburcal Garmula masM a subt anca uhun reagunt id adoud
DiGgurenu u tmat tn compluomitr, th dolid
TUTatisM: gormid more auicRy and compltely nan n
baAd om naaue a dMOnt a n d chumica! prectpitalim uhich Teduucss errar in miaausemunt
titratior bi categorizAD in 4
Can EDTA: Enlimu duin TetraOcuhc ACa i
Teartiom: u
Commomty uaud un th .tration bLawm *
typLs
Acd - aa
Pruipdation reoudlluy rcatts
RLCo - CombluONitruc.
hLory 64 Anoicator
Acid baL TÜIatien An undicotor a a ubatancu uhith s umd to
On a o i CAn be a l i t r m u n d ditur min1 end þaunt una titration.
Th arength a6
Ubung Atandard Aoluom a4 baal u rUld n acid-baas timabon, rganu Subatarncs
atkaimutry wak acio baaA) are gnu alyusud as
Sumilar) strengtn a4 b0u can bibanundknauwm uduatar.
hlp s &tandard aalog acid
is aour uwthun a urtain ptl
wtth Thn Cha
O acidi mutr_ rang Ihu calauu changt and mu pR range s4
BaALd on racuim thot nutialization blw bm CDmmom undicatur a u e
abau or an aKid and amalayt
 |Page No. Page No. .
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alouur Shik 13) omadr ive 2 um nducator phurcpnalin (mLaR
Induato pH Rang Yellow Aud) L mum arag Cuok p ) oatwald can
rd
-
3 . 2 - 45Puhk/
5
Munyl orang| be Aratuo O 0 s
Yelou.
Murhu rd A.4 6:5 Ruc-
Phunopnalin: Con be represunt ed as HPh.
tLOnusw un Anlutiom to a amall entnt as
5.S-7S RLo
Ltmus HPh H 1 Ph
Yelou Ro olourus funk
PhuntRId 68 84
h unduotualLd raluouu hPh are colourlw
Phunabhthalin8 3-10 S |Colorlus Punk whiu Ph i pLNR in ADUr. Ih presencu o an
acid iomizahion cé HPh u Pracuially nugigibe
Tuuuo thworuu hcmm
blun prabaAlD 6 eaplain as earuium hikt to LHs du to hueh conc. ag HT
bODA indicator Thus ADudiom remairs colDurlow
h change oß ColDur&6 acid
wwth chang ùn pt on adoion alkal Hon 0Ue rumoneol by
OH on tn orm H0 molcul.and hi eaillbri
um dhufA to RHS. us conc of Ph iomsthcrensu
| Un é0lutiwn Qnd umpart pink colour to Aeution.
Per to this thuor
u
(4) Thu Color dhangi iu d u to omizaum 6has
Mathu orang t u a r y uak baal amd can b
acid baM indicoior tu tonyaud gam
dibrnt Colour fhan un wnwad jrm repreAlnha as Me0H, wmwed in Anliom a
M On M L TOn
ncdicater w argtly a46ieteod
2) 90nization aßbOALs nu M Ound 0H Lons
un acid cund
CLA euthur a unak M On Me +0n
Inoicator s a wak RLol
acid ar wuok basl. S6 Yel
tn preunu o an acid on wro are remad un
Lbms uhuu t u Giry vomaud &orm 04 uatur melun eauillUbrun ahist o RHS
Common H bas
n CUka. Similaro, ib ndicadoriu uuaR hus u4iumt Mt on ure praducid uhuth unpart
Lomuzationar in atid andlouu in alkouli edcolouu to soludion
duu to Common On Lons on adodtien of aRalu COme a4 OM Uom nireass un
a w n o n CLnd iaMUuu brum ahißt o Lis
iC oni zaion 6 MAOH i prathoally nugijbu uue
As a nu Calbwr G wnmi Eid M OH molLLu
e Yellouu
 |Page No. Page No.
|Date Date
2) Guminúd ThLony
Acc to mis thiorn
un t u o tauomui
ru rid b o Úduator e i t OR
atruchuse Tu ruuo orms
&ams haind diturunt as
On &erm u ermud
are in eajuili bruum,
athes uinomus garm HT COO
Bununoid
C404 H20 hudid) ALRalin)
Bentunoid |tslourlus) uwhonod(PunkB)
CC
Mumy orang has uininoid borm in acidi
C=c mudium and binzunoid Gorm UnalRalun miduum
= Guninoid Coluour 04 Bunun ewd borm w YUlau wuhiu that
Bunzunoid
Guunonaid Gorm Rd
rm.
2)Thuuo &om ha duA6erent colouurs.Th
Colou hanq u duu o
h untu wmMr Aon o,s N-N ENKn-
o orm to annthr.
Guin ood gornm
A U t uduumn
nmioum
(3) Omu m maunty i a t Un atudi
und ahar in alRali muduim 0,s N=NSNG
Thus durie tibatiwn hu miduum ehango benun ald garm
ar uu wuroa
rom aMdir o alkalun PR CLlUn Miouum
Th change in p conurts ome tautomir
Gom o athur. and mus tol chang oncOuNs.
Phunop Halin has bunun ad &om un aticu
mudium aand hu itu colarRass nhilu
in alkolinN mLodnum
LA tha qjuunoroidfar m
u h h hos pinA Colnur
 Page No. (H t NaD)
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SLctom af siüablu inditater phnphoatin
ure o mi &0Llouino
ruutralizatign reaKtion
ih
Fivalnu pmt
4 Hypis PH
ST@ng Acid
Vs STong bas imt
Wia Aus VS StTomg basd HAmiy oramg-
Vs mtoak Bas
3) Srone Acid Valr
wunk Bas Vs lgaR Acd Vor
4 SA + SB WA VS Sh
udokor u nusaurH_ eg 2)
n ordur b ho0s dutablu n abue + HTahon
to u n d r a t a n d ph charu
Tha unan in pH n urnuty g eouivalunu
Paind more ump. r hiu pLrpaal p o vatnu pant
vS M a l u m
ph
Thu u L abtaned be Plottung
r n o w n os n u T izaHon/
6 alRalu or acid u
rahon cur pum
HATatuon CurA. Fash
rHcou Gar aomudibtanu and hin blnds auuuay V@n Valn
duois SA VS WB
agin.Thu requom 6 abruptchang in ph
WA WA WB
h eau valun paint. 6 3) Gu 4)
he irairator ahoulo b ) wuhen a sTOng Atid nuwrali
Fora porhicuular tirallom a shTO baAA.
ucd AUUth maf t hongu u colouur
wibhin rhcol distaru s curu.
2). h n a
Strang Acud nuwtoluus a wak b a mu
r e u n g anen pH wiu b us man
pH
3 wun a Tong b n u u t a u s LAR aid hu
reaulk in n pM uu be gíeakr tman t
V
Nutrai 2ahon ren u whun an aud and a
Aalt t nvalus
Gomm watr and
a
baLurea +o
on and On on o
t mbinahom H
unuratu uotu
 Page No.
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STong basA frat ingeLwHon paint (ph -
8 5) indlcatud
Srong Acid
COnMrALoN B Cor bonak o bicar bonati
Ha +NaoH) (8 1)
AAution
bath diouiatu l100. n
AUHtrcact wuith On o ma water nuuuttalia oct Nagco t H NaiCD3 t NaC PH : 8.5).
sA VS SB is werhcal omir ph rang4 ashu n4tuuhon poimt ias n hs pr ranB-10
pH Curw sß
4-10 phenabhthalin a n b u d o inducot abami Conursie
Suttabl nducaron: phunapthalun 8.3-10:5
mehurt r d 4.4t -6-5 SLcona inAlchon peint (pM: 4 3 unduatu galUaung
mmyl orano 3 2-4 SS rean.
Nantogt hCe Nal+ H20 1CO2
O blw 3- 5 þH rangX mihy
wlear Acid t Stom Las. 1 2 ) as hu pont
arang can b Uald.
CcoOH +Na0h1.)
Cur WrHCal o appron rang t ] p.
Suutab undic auar: phnopthalun. AURainity Turatien Cuuu 06 Wattr)
AURALinity. U mu miAAre o6 th capablity to
ShrOng ACd+ WLak Das t 3) nuraiu acids.
h + NH4OH) AORaLinuty b usualy imparttd b bl casborat
TtTahon Curu u warhcal onr t-+ pM. |(Dg) COrbonati (0) and hnydronid oru fo
Suuitabe ndicaer: muh rd Gor th wahr aamb uunou tnitlal pH u abou
muthy ararg. 8.3 th hitatin u conoluwid tn tuo atip
9n irat anp hu ütration s cerdueted ntis he
|WaR Acud +WLaR baar (G4) pH LouY to 8 2. ha Þoint aut uhich phirebhUhalin
C3C00 M+NM40H. uuraiorHur rarm pink o Loler us Tris valus
ND Werhcol pat om itraiiom c u r u Correapona to h baind gor conmerauon oß On to Hz0
ustd
eru n0Auitabt aukator can bu and car bonatu o bicarbonah Lom.
LsOdum)._ Thu 2 phast a Hatiom u conduhd untt pH
Tttration 04 Soluublu arbona Uuih shomg Aid. RDuur to 4S. (errespord o Muthg or angi end pmt
which marks hu tmmUrsion s4 bi caur bonati to
uth H shos uo
pM wru Na 2CD 3 CorbomM aCd
ingchn painta.
 Page No. -
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OHH H20 2phunalphthan an indicator capabu og produring a distinct
COtHts HLo e d point Calouur hange u uualy uiddo detec end point.
8 2. Metal T
Tndicator MInEOA M-EDTA D
stag 1 M)
HE0+H H24+¬d n)_ompeen) Conplen)
H2CD
Muralochroml LOR
inducotor. (Color 2)
(Shrong
Stane2 Mtht oranQA- Color 3)
end pouin. (ColLOur
Acud Addod Compleung aQmt: a con be uni dentads anol
Multi dantatn[EDTA) (h20,NH3
I da Pytdin )1hani I 2 di ammin) [en1
Possibly Combirvation o4 Lom casU akaIUniy
n ahr are. OH LOm, CO Lon, HCO3 iom
OHTand CO3,CO3 and Hc0 StANAtnQ agunt: Ligand ubich erm watr
oolubl compln h mutaR leM: EDTA)
Pamiblihy ogoH and HCOZ togatner lA rulsd Out so tcant b dutictod, so 6er datu , prUupitatur
bcaual tny Combin to Gorrm (O5on ar uaur aalubi agnis are UAnd
OHT HCO CO+H20
Prunciply 46 Complanomitrik Agunt:
omplenomikric tibratim
uwch
Ethyun diammin tibraactt aid IEDTA)
in
et is aGerm o6 V@lumutric analypis is
8A Wur umbortant ru0Qunt r Compl or matimn
h armatiom 06 a colourecl comblUn itradlom. at hos ow cor boy greupo 2 tuo
Usd to indica endpQint es ittodion. amin aroup
COmplts are armid bH_Ractiom og
mutal Lon nod ligarod
M+ L M-L
Comple
N CH CH2=NCoo
MUUtaR igamo oOc
acCupor) (e dene) tCalouE)
Leis Acid Base Ltommonly reptesuntud by H4Y)
WAAu Gor dutrminatiom sk miuue ag diblcerent
mutol on in a soluhom.
 Page No.
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Thu albility o4 EDTA tD peurtialL donati i
Coorduuirate DASUent orm a6 EDTA:
Lom pair s e Ger &Qr mahon o4 Thu 8uuLty pratomaad orm (H4Y) onlya
bond dD MLtal n makLs EDTA A henadntal majouur compomunt in
higly aidin solution (pH<3)
igang
2).H2Y and H3Yare predomin amt at pH rang
3 Thu &uly de pratonatd Garm(Y**) ls dominant
Onuy in very basic anlution (pM>I0).
LE t 6 pM
(Mutal-EDTA )-
Houee, in practisi ED TA Uualy pas ialy
Durne a comolino mitri tirotiom hu pH muuat b
Conatant by uung a bugkar Anlutim. Comtral a%
Lomisicl and hus Gorma gAur than an Coerduinak p u y Amportant &uiu thi HT play an umpor tount
bondl wuith mutol cotions. du to louu Aolubli rol Un chuoimTung Grmotiom)
c i o 6om a4 EDTA in uaku t s di a0dium
MAt uand are bas nd bund o H Lo
du hydrah EDTA Garm That is:
#hraughsLut a uuil Yang s6 pH aonme aß hiu H*
Na2 Ha .2H20 uaud (Butar A0luubu
oms are graundiy displacd rom igond
Ly tru metal duurung thilada 8ermaion
E NUOtom blou ahuus comelenotion blw muta
H20 ven ond H' Lon e r luyOnd
o --C C2-OH
N-CH-CHa N*h-OM M tH EDT A M-EDTA r 2-H7
Nao- - { Thus Axabuity ee complun i ph dupendent louer hu
pH a Aolutiom Amur uauld be aeabiiily sg Compiun.
Na MzY ony 8arma 4caordunati bond bAcau mere n Loms e aNoülablu o computl uith
to mitad Catigm M2* ion gor ürdo. mutals hat arm
ury sobl tomplen Can ba titratid in acidi sol
and mial gormung ultak mpluus on onug ba
eguhly tibratud n alnalin aeluutim.
 Page No
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Adwantaqi a4 EDTA 0A Tirant: Mutall0chrouk anditalor
EDTA &ormu Atablu ombluns uuth VarLoiuu
mka ioms A.agan mup Qd uwnudh are CupObli 06 Gormira
2) ComblwM atiom occaurs in a singu atep and intenauuy Colaurd Lomplun uth mtu ion.
honu he tibation produce in humuta
DY Comuntr ation atN eajnivatunu pou. 2 MAta indicator mplan u Rakur man mutcu
EDTA Compla nd has dibsurent (olaus
han un.
omplUnLd incuator
-
LogC] End Pai
9). Durung hu cOural 0ß titratim , Thi mtas ion
&on mutal inducaior Comaloniu replorLd to
Germ
mital EDTA UOmpln
Nao4EDTA
Th mutas EDTA Comblox Qre matr sotubls 4 TM coleur muat b aug6iLertly inana uh hod
hunu) a l atudius Can bi pur Aormid in
munimum amount s undicator can be used.
onuLouu miduum
5|Th color contsaat bluw incliuotor and p Mn complu
EDTA orms |:l comblr wth al mital iom ahauld be roCiy aoaurna- Oblu
arrupctin ob Chargg on ntal ions} TA
AtaichomutTy u hunu Dom &Araw mital ion.
6) Mta Lndicatar ompln ahauld hams auGGiLLnt
R can bi ruprerte Os. ataJoilty o enaure aharp Color changs hahouto be
4-2)- kable han mtal ED1A CoYmplea.
M H4Y MY +4H
charg in enbrlium rom Man to MPTEDTA
Ahoud be aharp ord rapid
8) Color reoublon al ndik ator Ahould bi Arlotkie
d i c o o r muat b ver onaiue o meteu anen AD
Hhat color dhang Ltor at ae {niar cuvalunu
Pont)
 PageNo Fage Nc.
Data Dete
atabk in tttaHon ediiur 3) In EDTA kibratim E6T ems rad alau
10) enduator m a t b
and a r a g MAtas EBT UAa complun. as Taratiom bgirs
EDTA i u replacs indicater ion Omd t wiu sorm
AU hu abo reQuiremunt wat bi ulfilud ATOM Mutai EDTA Cmpla.
tiiaion i coriud
prang in wwhwh M n Mn EDTA M-EDTA
hed wui
(aler
12)Commerualts aNailably in acuouoi qnartity_
End pount: Aecl to .
sreng)
eH- 7-il Apbrex),
Metai om indiator
Eambl g
Ei c h r o i t BAack T EBT
2) MAreid
o-N
ND2
N N
-oNat
NEN 4)-pinkIAh brauun peudr
Socuium dalk 06 -(L-hydromy 2 DU6Arent Gorm and Alor:
-
2- naptano6- nitro-2apma - 4 aulphomi PH Colour
aud
Reddish Vialut
Dark edl] Brauun Paudsr wuh a
alight -10 Violut
m u t a l l i ualire >10 BLw Vinld
2) Ditburnt &arm nd Lalaur og EBT_
pH Pob reuioalon olauur
HaD Biak
STOnaln ulis
RLd
2
+-11 Buu
12 03
orang
 Page No.
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RacLon Tibradion:
KMnD4acts osa pauuorku onuduing ngin ouhough
mi Co a ojnon oambu KMnO4 Qb as an oudisuine aQunt in analin
A MAnod o ditrmning
Onaugt be cousinq a redlon reackn. medium alo, 8ar Maitatiw analuysis mostu
sumultanLous Ondalion CLuldi madium u wsed. T idiung nature og
2 Ldon reacion irwelus KMnD4 s as LOuA:
and reduction
dependert. ie titratiom
3)
3).Mot redon rar are_pH adu moium. Mn041 8HT 5e >Mh 420
are usually carreied ouut in 0-
A). 9n redon titradion ueu 0 Chang Un oudatin
ahnuld b Thu Qid wsed n hu tbration u di M2S04,hNOg
tunbiaU 0 Agsdeum Thi indicotor uaLd
unaitiu o chang in oudation pokenhal ònat sud osit u itauls an oidising agent
Sclal RLdon indicabor h a e an ougtotion and MU is uuali Meided becau & reacts
Pountia) intermediatu b\u he valLs r utth kMn 04 to produC hiari uuhdh u alsa
Rlution bung Hihatud and th tibant and Ououang aglnt in Aolution
h ne ahorb rtadily dotucd aby Lelouu
change 2 Mn04t l6 Hu2k t2-Mnt2 tS2 T8 H2o
TybtYedlon tirotion Rado eropery 06 kHn04 pH dlepundent
fer mongomutry Strono acidi Se: MnD4+8HTrtSe MntH20
2). Dichromoliu Moderatly acidi salr:
3 Lndomibu
Ladin Tn Mn0a 12n, 07 3e- Mnot 40M
SATOnolm AURalin
Per manQao mey TUraton Mh04 te Mn
don tiration uunh imolme u a pu mang
naBs to mLAsure he ameunt o6 anauytt aliu acia ants as a rtduing agunt and tah be
preunt in wnkneuun ehmica) oample bihratud againt Mn04 un acioli mudiu
5C20+2Mn04r|6 130>2MnTT DCOr 14 1o
9t umolMs 2 sths:
RttckHon
. Trotion a4 amalut uisth kMhD4
standardizatin
tandad
KMnD4 s0lution uith
NazCO4 2oltom (inU * U net
Oudatm
(soduuum onlat prumary andard)
 PageNo
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acts as a sIg T nlor char Gr hu indirator i auun to wipt
Sn his titratiom kMn04
ndicator, inutia calouro6 KMn O4 For Ocudukuotien beth Hzs04 and nco can b uwd
to s reduchom wuith Onaliu
disthargd o
acio. aGtur Combliti conaumption G6 CaO renrsbl
Lom ed þoint ü nduuatd bu abbiarne
ptnR
04 uight gpe cOlDur proouucd y
adoltion o Lit s wnreOrted kMn04. di phunyamin +2H 2e
oler ) Di phenu bunidion
Dichromatiu itunti (ColorLs)
fotaauum dichromati (k,r2O) b uALd as titrand. BK2C204 1
| pauur qul ouudising aqKnt than kun04
Ka&,0 exhubds muwh grtaky stabuliky in
Aaludiom Combasuon to kun04 and t u
auuDw
obtainab in a atau cg high Buridy and can be Anplut +2H 2e
uALd os primary atondard Hs04 (Vt)
Halg reacuom C20 u: Snpica Corwurta Fe tormed backto Fe24
Cr 0+14H4 6e 2C3t+TH0 Phoaphoru Aud HgH3 P04
Thu most ump. applicabim o4 K2207 s s rn
|Eatenal undicotor is Ad in this bitu atim,
wth Ft1 im KaLFe (tN)G] Patassium miumraid is uol as
Hal4 ruortum i eturnal undicotor.
Fe2t Fe +e
And tota reacion io: Fe Fe37
KaTfeltN)E Ufe (CN)¢]
Cr06Fe
Fe+14Ht 231+ 6 Fe3TttH0 Pruan Bu lor No ren CoRoriw
Guean Calur Bikare EOuivalenu At Eaivalenca.
Patamium dichramate cauws on inhrent orauNgs
calou hak is nat enouwgh to duru t ouun nd
point oimas( dpiukially n preunw s6 guln Cr'l)
which Auppoad o reptesent at tnd þeint hurnw
udon ndicato au usud to locah nnt nd polid
E: Di phenyt anir
 PageNo.
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Sod in Tikiation: 90olomty
90dim
AAAAL
Sodomi n thi titratien , an onidi &ung cgent aloid to
Durrct tibaiiom 9nduect Turaiom
react in nuultal/ ulokly atidu mduuum ut
fudueing #TI 0uduing +k9 92 n t u C6 ks 8 To uburat re tboli. tan
Aount Aount ndirestitradioy mimed.
Tunknom) unenpuun)
n thu titration tthu lodirv Aalubon Qre emplota rEr Lòdinu ib titratd aganst ataundard reoung
|derectly6er asay er an tomiyalurt amount u anunt 9enuraluy Thiosulpha aaluton Na2Sz203)
ibrated indieclty Brom rtaekiom minbureand Hun OAt K9 92 Na S Os
tuted , F9
Sodumtry 92 t2S0` 29 S40 Analt
No,9,0 anthis bilration 8r Lodin ú usud uhe Starch i use as inoicator at t h end onoucoter
un analytu LRuducung Annt) is POint a Lwcinv wid react uuith Hhiaulphot
btratid dueclly wwith a Atndard ano producs Ladid ton thu inolicotor doeanot
+ndkdir odiry solution and commrad to 9 Lm Ahou ony reaction h B0ouic wn and the
RLcuc 29 BuL Wolat Color ois aphLaIs
Agunt Onidibung Aubatanu IE°> 054V) u *tentud with
Stanciord nuducino agunt io usud:
82+2Na S2032N a9+ Na2S4%
THypo Aolutiom). Phcipitatim Tutadium: Th
(mea ("ea) gA
=
Na;SL°3 Tye a4 TUratiem uhich umelm krmahion a4
n this itratim atarch s sud as n precipitat1 during tikrahon.
indir atr
tirant reacta with eLat analj and Gorms an
Starch t92 Blu Colr Complun in 40lublu aulbatanc. Titatin COntihued i i ast
Staurch +9 NoCoter drop 04 anal wmsumed. whun thu titrant
End Point: Vokt to Colorlus |Un encem treact with indir ator ond ougmals to
t is a duert mithood 04 tikfato terminatu tiratien proiRs
Ruducin Aubstarc [E, < 0-54V) are diu dty
titrahd with iodr. Pruipl ttiom ocouks onty whun Limi pr oouu enueo
Aublih4 procuc. PPT Garmecl s ag luw Aouube
COmp und
 Page No.
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fh Date 12 1222
PPt agtnt uald un
5 Chr omatt Aarms Ppt uith Aq DUt
FhNO3 u most Common Nu PPT has areatir
Taion. HenCi ase enun as salublity product men hat aß an
trakiom. Thi majouurviy s6
aguntao MLtr ic Csp)Aga CrO42 sp)Ane-
thuL tratien are wsud tw dutrmini holuu wwhin au i s Conauumud, Thu Girat
drop aG AT in
[ c r9) uhuch recct wuth Fg NO3 o gunurat encas wuiu react uuuth Crg04 gmine a reddiah
nsolubl product brouun pPPE
6) TT atiom mudium ahauld nuutral. an alRalin
Thre Tyee a PPT iration muned dependun
on
muiwn 49 uiu eout wk oH to eorrm Ag0H.
gndiator are uud tunch has brOun colr. An in acuok mdium
Mohr's Mthod Chromati in iw protDnatid o garm crom acid
Volh ard's Muhecd thurejore no PPT preduucd
Fajan's MUhed
12]12/22
Volhards Mutrod Anauyt
Mchu's Mthod 4) BacR iration memed K2r044
ouect itratiom mithed 2 UAed to ditumin amiom iR haliou, phosphati ounnd
2). Usud to dcttr min halidu [apuukically Cl) chromat u acdic mium bg usng silnr im
Tirant: AqN03 n basu alulien, ron dens gt PPT as hydrated oniou
ndicator: Kr04 fokoium Chroma 9ron Los are usLd as indicotor in his muthool.
3) Aat thu end pourt au om are comAumO b_ 3) n this mutmod, irat analtu (haicu or any trer
iomb and Rddish Bron (alour PPT amionu AQludion) is titratod uh a meamued eucess
Aormd by feun 4 A and Cr04 6 NO3. h amalytt mtauns chie id ien
reactiom wiw bi as GalLouus:
AgNOg-
AgNOt Ag tNOg
NH4CT AqN0g "
Aatyu NH4 NO3 tAgU
2ATCr04 Aggr04 The PPT s Agt giltea ag6 and iitr ati containing
Srec-broun ppb) e c u s Agf oms are tikratid uuih a Atand ard Thio
Cannid aalutiom. n breunc ag Guric salt
4 Prucipidatud Ag tr0a opariml sotubli)AA Mere CFurc Ammenum Suephati1 [Fe(NH4) (S04)]
0ubl tham AgU. Thu redouish broun calaur as inodis otor uuhich qmey red eolci unernel pount
ansnot abpar wtil au chlorolu wn hame biun AgNO 3T NH4 SCN CN NH4 NO3
pucipitatid as C
feNH4)(S04l2 + 3NH4SCN*Fe (SCN)2 t 2|NH4)zSO4
(RLd Cotour)
 Page No.
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Ag NOy Date
tSampu Date
n o u e c t muthod Aar
chdAriau ditermunaHo A end pont
n
o C solumon Nact AgNO3 Agt NaNO09
wnure an e n c M aG Aq* à adcld
Fe3* as inducater. Thu emcLs AQT
COmtauning
Atandard sCN A a l u h o n
hen Hraad uuwth
F:Fuoreacion
Fajan MUHOd
adorpHom indicator
UAnd AguAg Auim
) 9n h u muthod
Ag
ndicotor acsarphon
ninu also khown as
muthod
2. The 9ndicater run eccAurs m aurkau a P
uith adserph'or inditaor Thu indicato whweh u tharqed with Aa as Main Lau.Thu at racte and
a dy nuaud aoutuen (umaly Cs an adsarbs hi indicdor ancion uwhich nas nunai
char un thi Ounter lo
Cunuom)
3). Sn PPT Titrotion adaorehon indicator r e argamiu anduiccr: PuerOAciia, Dichioro FuuoroAcuin,
alr@ac og Bromo Crtsal gren, EAUn, M u h Vblt
molculs Hhot tend o b adsor bd n
u d PPT
NaCI Tutraion uuth AqNO3. Us h ome rtas0n Gor uolor ehanoy is hat inocautos &orm
4) Coaisdlur a
emcus o r e onuuwalunu point.und h U ColouredComplux uith ho whin w aurid by
h dominant adserbid Lyr CLcLsorphion on PPT Ar&0L.
9n: snoiL arn
Tmis repuu thi indicator anism andmu sucomdry AQ tRqCr a AgU-Rgt-s n
adserbid iom maolu up o4 cahon k emcuo) PunR c o l Y
ouyr ag
NaT Complm
At a i N alunc paind4 End
Nau t AgN03 AgA t NaNog
Na
Na
CL Na1
Na
C Na
Ng
Na
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d9 KOc dx
branch

Sbcbosoy
a6 AcUnu uhuch ialD u t h interachiom
o
- en Lt

I
hca T (Trans mitanc
o
uht with mutal au&a
bond
breaRuA,
oRAunormniram o Ray Ema min
- nT
-R0g T=
KCa
KCa a k =(Absorphívidp
XRa 2 303 2 303
akorard Wtaviolt ERcToniu Tranuion
aCa
- loy T
=
i a i Light
Wibratubn p6 maltpulu h -Lo0 T (A Abserbanc).
angrared
Micro uam Retatuom
Rodio wuonu Emin AA oCa
Nucuar Shin ranaili A E Cm Cm mat comciNraien
& entinchon coeisicort
molr
r motar Absorptiwity.
|UV spertroocopy Ran: 200- 800nm)
Aaabonaiblb 8or elctr on sanambaton
Conc. 1d gL resulted abrorbantu
100-20drmVatcwm UV G-A Combound haMung
Vakus 0-2 at man= 510 nm u n g 10 um c e
200 4+00 nm UV
4D0 8 0o n m i i b Calcula albsorbhiuihy and molarabsorptiT yalu
Molecular ueight a compound is 400
Beor-Lambert Lau
Ameurt as adluorprion dtoperd A aCA A
Ca.
antnity o4 incolent uRht
Comcuntr arion 0-2
103 x Io 20
Path gth a
Cnarg - d9
ax M 2X10 x 4-00 T6*8XID
T-d9 = k9c
d
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ale
Enuroy ordor
0 8
I = 2a. 0:2
Io Io
a 20.0 O- m-gt> 1-T*> m-n
C-P
SalActiom rulu
2 XIx C 4). AS o lapin auartum number)
Cog 0 8 =
C Lo 514) 0 06 2). Symmary shouLd be aliouer
2 2 AL E (Azumutha oMomhum numbur )
C 0-04-89L gGuradt antre ag dummitry ( )
wUnquradi No Comre o Sig YmmiTY
Satuatedb unsohrated AX4 AX3Y.
Te UnA aurat2o
Nom bonding e": do no taku pastin bondung- X
9Hutero atdm. Coradi 19) s e Un&uradutu).
Tyete Tranaiton:
saurald LUn saruratecl) : nad om onr iap. | )
TTTT unsaurattd)
Hutero Atom
Tm* U ron eame phaa u).
CH4 5 -o
H - *
C2 Ha -6 T. T T1 )ungeraou
T-T 19 urade
Crt CHon-
 Page No.-
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g u)( sulncion ru Nood uard Fa u : Tb calcati aeer ptiom mamuima
Aman) im d i m
-TTT 9 x) AS =0
9
9 ) IV* Suymmuy
allouLd a(mm)
9-u ru-& V
u - u ) x). Momo Anrular dilme 253
9-9 9-9X t r o Amrular dutm 215
V Simpu butaden 2.
Comgugatd m
Camo b dateted
My hugh (UV 9nCciu onremmts:
0 emirt
ALRthain | Rung Rlandnu 5nm
Eo uclia olouble bond 5nm
Etumdud Cmjuabm 30nm
tVActivt
-
UVMatuu Auno chOm.-0R 6 nm
-SR 30 nmn
CONaluntly bomded
Chromophore Awnsaburaud Guunion@ai qrOup. --Br 5 nm
-NR 6 0 nm
Lmp adA COLor
Auochromu: Satwatid &unchonas grouup O nm.
-OCOCH
Lolouu initnady by nnseasing Bosic Value: 253nm
Ampiii
Conjugation tpeerehroraushigi. CH CH ena Alkyl Residue: 5 nm
(Bu Shil Ring Aesidue: 5nm.
THupoehromui bathachromiu ShAA Exocydic DB: 5nm_
Atbsorphiont Shuk RLd ShiAA),_ 21+8 nm.
p o r o m n ahigt
CH3 CooH
CHs farent Value 25 nm.
Exocyclic D65x3Snm
CH Extended Conjugatien 2x30=6Onm
Aing Kesidue S 25 nm
Wamelemyth 353nmn
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ParentValu! 253nm
UV-Vis instrumotion
C CH3 Aing Resuduw:4x5-20 nm
273nm.
Thoirumnt: UV-Vu spurtrophoto mutor
speckrophatpmitir: t u modu up o tup porta.
SpLckromutur Probmutu
(Produc liht g omy Uud Minue h
wOnalurgtn) n i t y 0 uit)
sompkr Deuctor functng9
Loht Eut
Byystum
Source Entttantt SLd
Siu (Quartz)
0 Lipnt Souurce:50ICe 0 Radatiom
9AApcTOOCObY Entronu su
3Pruam| Guating Morochromako
Euit suid
Sambl solution (Curuttn) (MOdi wb o Guaste)
puuctor
fcordinp Devics
Feotues
fychromati ipht bourc is COmrted into a
nuraw wamilungth inedry monocrromali)
band
bya uomalurgth auickor pasd hrouph oampl
OUmpostmwnt amd he ramsmitted tnttmaity iu
muonunid oy dutAo.
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80wrcu radiatiom: Dutcton: Conmets nodiomt n v 1 nt strurol
uuhich
maat atabe, pmd ougnnks hich u inaly dusplogu by
loest Lugbt sou mo Untena
u s disiid namg o6
apuubom
HIpwding auyptimm . A dutcto ahwld be asrbiw
Cumd has tant nuaporas m a wnidabs
Comiineus sowcu: emit radiatem ob a l homoy s wnnlmgth
uDmlemgth uuithin thi spiebral negion Eucticsinasd Tronurrits imteruisy
dututon ou photo miur dotuctou
alusd as
wbauuolt Aadiatim Phutobubes Phuto nultipluin TuUr
(200-400)nm
damblA6
mtunaus Sauned Dutum
Photo tubes: Evauatd eos tule uwruch conaists
Viaibl amd mar Ih nadiatimn 4phato cathudi wrd kolctol amds
Tumgahn dampl 2e320-2500 nn) Emit eucbon wm phato Unsitiu mugatuuy
chargtd ounko tnch by hadioim
Wamlumgth sulictors: eou mough vaLcum to anodi od podur
Honochromati C nemt
Mono Chumata
Palychwmatt fhotomuiplas Tubes
Apinnp mplaytd wmusuiplicolim of hato
Sdially Output oh uualongth seuctos ahouid be el n by ummuan sh awondary elsbon
Odiotion af simg1 uaualngth. No uas
wnunlmgth Alicon iu deal, uaually bamd aG
Odiatim è abtaimud. NOUO tw omduiath
he betu burjomamu.
Sompu Cornpartmynt (ils
The a U SAmple wntainvs uuhich hold Lianuid A phao Cathod amd a i s G omudi (dmeos)
oomplt.They a u biamaparumt. metls Each is maintaimid a t 15-10DV highe tham
mads aut of go, quartr o ailica pocudng one ond emmiaon is uultiplisd
GUas i Aitaol foi Vibb matDVas bya Gactn o4 4-to S oluuu to aucoraary
Crlos aloaorbs uv. emmiAOm
Guanta i utabs6r koth Can detct uueak mals
No G6eon (zthasd amods dutmur iutemity
 PageNo.
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Ruadung Syetim:
A ignas o m dutistar u recmed by ADUa

Tye c6 abumomitn

Simo BUam Spickrmd:

dght e n t though emtsramw slitu collimald
amd ocuad om dispirung elumimt, Hicaiy
a clieactien aOaing
duohto duinnd wuomilumgth is alectud by
TOAning thi monnchromatoA amd mpuugud
n ha 0mple. uunaity af Aoduot
tamsmitis raugh ompli amd
USmMtao to abousamu amd iommitaru
DOulsl biam Spictromiitu
r e r u Cel

dibutor

Sorc E Mmodromalur
MUTOr Spttttr
Ampy
freured owr h g blom. Sumb dilacor

tuvutcts