STATICS OF RIGID BODIES

PART-2 Equilibrium of Forces System

Prepared by: Engr. Billy Joe Godoy

EQUILIBRIUM OF CONCURRENT FORCES
• The sum of all forces in the x-direction or horizontal is zero.
• ΣFx=0 or ΣFH=0
• The sum of all forces in the y-direction or vertical is zero.
• ΣFy=0 or ΣFV=0

Important Points for Equilibrium Forces

Two forces are in equilibrium if they are equal and oppositely directed.
Three coplanar forces in equilibrium are concurrent.
Three or more concurrent forces in equilibrium form a close polygon when connected in
head-to-tail manner.
EXAMPLE 1.

THREE CYLINDERS ARE PILED IN A

RECTANGULAR DITCH AS SHOWN IN
THE FIGURE NEGLECTING FRICTION.
WA= 15 LB, WB=40 LB AND WC=20 LB.

DETERMINE THE REACTION

BETWEEN THE CYLINDER A AND
THE FLOOR.
Analyze the FBD:
Consider the Cylinder C,

Rc
C
𝟕
R1 ( )
𝟏𝟏
R1

𝟔 𝟐
R1 ( )
𝟏𝟏
Wc=20 lb
11
𝑦 𝟏𝟏 2 −(𝟕)² 𝟔 𝟐 6 𝟐
Slope = = =
𝑥 𝟕 𝟕
7
y = 6 2 , x =7 , c = 11
 ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

6 2
R1( )– 20 = 0
11
11
R1 = 20 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟗𝟐𝟕 𝒍𝒃
6 2

Consider the Cylinder B,

𝟔 𝟐
R1 R1 ( )
𝟏𝟏
𝟕
R1 ( )
𝟏𝟏 10
B Rb
𝟖
R2 ( ) 8
𝟏𝟎

y = 𝟏𝟎 2 − (𝟖)² =6
R2
𝟔
R2 ( ) y = 6 , x = 8, c=10
𝟏𝟎 Wb=40 lb
 ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

6 2 6
(-25.927)( ) – 40 + R2( ) = 0
11 10
10
R2 = 19.999 + 40 = 59.999( ) = 99.998 lb
6
Consider the Cylinder A,
𝟔
R2 ( )
𝟏𝟎

R2
𝟖
Ah A R2 ( )
𝟏𝟎

Wa=15 lb

Av
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

6
(-99.998)( ) – 15 + Av = 0
10

Av = 59.999 + 15 = 74.999 lb
EQUILIBRIUM OF NON-CONCURRENT FORCE
SYSTEM
• There are three equilibrium conditions that can be used for non-concurrent, non-parallel force system.
• The sum of all forces in the x-direction or horizontal is zero.
• ΣFx=0 or ΣFH=0
• The sum of all forces in the y-direction or vertical is zero.
• ΣFy=0 or ΣFV=0
• The sum of moment at any point O is zero..
• ΣMO=0
• The three equilibrium conditions can solved up to three unknowns in the system.
• If the system involves more than three unknowns, it is called indeterminate.
• Indeterminate structures are beyond the scope of Engineering Mechanics, it is one of the topics in Strength of
Materials and Theory of Structures.
EXAMPLE 2.

A 12-FT BAR OF NEGLIGIBLE

WEIGHT RESTS IN A HORIZONTAL
POSITION ON SMOOTH INCLINES
IN THE BELOW FIGURE.

COMPUTE THE DISTANCE X AT

WHICH LOAD T=100 LB SHOULD
BE PLACED FROM POINT B TO
KEEP THE BAR HORIZONTAL

DETERMINE ALSO THE REACTIONS

AT B.
 ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

RAy + RBy -200 -100 = 0

RACos30+ RBCos45 -300 = 0 ----Eq.1

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0

RAx - RBx = 0
RSin30° - RSin45° = 0
RAx RBx RA = RB𝑆𝑖𝑛45
𝑆𝑖𝑛30
----Eq.2

Substitute Eq. 2 in Eq.1

𝑆𝑖𝑛45
RB Cos30+ RBCos45 -300 = 0
𝑆𝑖𝑛30
RA RB
RAy RBy
1.225RB + 0.707 RB = 300
RB = 300/1.932 = 155.271 lb
 ෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 0

RBy (-12) + 200(3) + 100 (12-x) = 0

(155.306)Cos 45 (-12) + 600 + 1200 –100x = 0
-1317.815+ 1800 –100x = 0
100x = 482.185
x = 4.822 ft
RAx RBx

RA RB
RAy RBy
METHOD OF JOINTS | ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE TRUSSES

• Method of Joints
• The free-body diagram of any joint is a concurrent force system in which the summation of
moment will be of no help. Recall that only two equilibrium equations can be written
• ΣFx=0 and ΣFy=0
• This means that to solve completely for the forces acting on a joint, we must select a joint with
no more than two unknown forces involved. This can be started by selecting a joint acted on by
only two members. We can assume any unknown member to be either tension or
compression. If negative value is obtained, this means that the force is opposite in action to
that of the assumed direction. Once the forces in one joint are determined, their effects on
adjacent joints are known. We then continue solving on successive joints until all members have
been found.
EXAMPLE 3.

FOR THE TRUSS SHOWN

DETERMINE THE REACTIONS AND

THE FORCE MEMBER IN BC & BF.
 ෍ 𝑀𝐷 = 0
RDx
RA (18) + 2400(-9) + 1200 (-12) = 0
18RA = 36000
RDy RA = 2000 lb

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0

-RDx + 1200 = 0
RDx = 1200 lb

෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

RA RA + RDy - 1200 - 2400 = 0

RDy = -2000 + 1200 +2400
RDy = 1600 lb
 FBC
Consider Jt. C
FAC FCF
1200 ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

FBC -2400 = 0
1600
15 12 2400 lb
FAB FBC = 2400 lb Tension
9 5
4 FBC
Consider Jt. A
3
FAB
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

4
FAB ( ) + 2000 =0
2000 5
FAB = - 2500 lb FAC
FAB = 2500 lb Comp .
2000
 1600

Consider Jt. D
1200
15 12 1200 ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
9 5 FBD
4 3
FBD FBD( ) -1200 = 0
3 1600 5
FDE FBD
FBD = 2000 lb Comp.
FBF
2500 5 FBE
4 Consider Jt. B
3 FAD
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
FBF
2400 15 4 4 4
12 FAB ( ) - FBD ( ) + FBF ( ) - FCB=0 FCB
5 5 5
2000 9 4 4 4
2500( ) - 2000 ( ) + FBF ( ) - 2400=0
5 5 5
4
FBF ( ) = 2000
5
FBF = 2500 lb Compression
METHOD OF SECTIONS | ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE
TRUSSES
• Method of Sections
• In this method, we will cut the truss into two sections by passing a cutting plane through the
members whose internal forces we wish to determine. This method permits us to solve directly any
member by analyzing the left or the right section of the cutting plane.
• To remain each section in equilibrium, the cut members will be replaced by forces equivalent to the
internal load transmitted to the members. Each section may constitute of non-concurrent force
system from which three equilibrium equations can be written.
• ΣFH=0, ΣFV=0, and ΣMO=0
• Because we can only solve up to three unknowns, it is important not to cut more than three
members of the truss. Depending on the type of truss and which members to solve, one may have
to repeat Method of Sections more than once to determine all the desired forces.
EXAMPLE 4.

FOR THE TRUSS SHOWN

FIND THE FORCE ACTING IN BAR

CE & CD OF THE COMPOUND
TRUSS AND THE REACTIONS AT A
&F.
 ෍ 𝑀𝐹 = 0

RA (30) + 180(-20) + 540(-10) = 0

30RA = 9000
RA = 300 lb

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0

RFx = 0

RFx
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
RA RFy
RA + RFy - 180 - 540= 0
RFy = -300 + 720
RFy = 420 lb
 Consider Section a-a right part ,to find for
force member FCD:
6 𝟕𝟒
10 ෍ 𝑀𝐸 = 0
a 14
10’ 5
420 (-6) + 540(-4) + FCD( ) (-4) +
74
𝟕𝟒 7
FCD 5 FCD( ) (-10)= 0
74
7 −45 74
( 37
) FCD = 4680

FCD = -447.321 lb
FCD = 447.321 lb Compression
14’ 4’
300 30’ 420
a
 Consider Section b-b left part ,to find for
force member FCE:

෍ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
b 5
6 𝟕𝟒 300(10) + FCE(-10) + 447.321( ) (-4) +
74
10 7
447.321( ) (10)= 0
14 74
FCD=447.321 -10FCE = -5600
𝟕𝟒
5 FCE
7 FCE = 560 lb Tension

4’ 14’
300 30’ 420
b
METHOD OF MEMBERS | FRAMES CONTAINING
THREE-FORCE MEMBERS
• A three-force member is in general a non-axial member that is not simply in tension or
compression. A member of this kind has shear forces perpendicular to the member and
subjected to bending loads. If forces are applied to more than two positions on the member, it
is three-force member. Any beam is a three-force member according to the above definition.
• Frames are pin-connected structures with some or all members are three-force members. To
analyze a frame, we can disconnect the three-force member from the structure and draw the
free-body diagram of the member. This approach is called the method of members.
• In this method, three equilibrium equations can be written
• ΣFH=0, ΣFV=0, and ΣMO=0
METHOD OF MEMBERS | FRAMES CONTAINING
THREE-FORCE MEMBERS
Below is a figure that shows the difference between axial and non-axial (three-force)
members.
EXAMPLE 5.
FOR THE STRUCTURE SHOWN,
MEMBERS AD, DC, AND ABC ARE
ASSUMED TO BE SOLID RIGID
MEMBERS; MEMBER ED IS A CABLE.

DETERMINE THE REACTION AT A,

THE TENSION ON CABLE ED, AND
THE FORCE IN MEMBER DC.
REx ෍ 𝑀𝐸 = 0

5 RAx (6) + 100(2) + 800(6) = 0

3 TED 6RAx = 5000
REy 4 RA x= 833.333 lb
x = 4m
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
RAx - REx = 0
RAx = REx = 833.333 lb
y = 3m
Consider the Jt. E to find Cable TED:
Analyze the Truss to find for the slope in cable
RAx 𝑥 𝑥
Cos37° = =
𝑐 5
x = 5Cos37° = 4m
RAy 𝑦
𝑦
Sin37° = =
𝑐 5
y = 5Sin37° = 3m
833.333 REx=833.333
5
5 3
3 TED TED
4
REy 4 REy
x = 4m
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
4
-REx + TED ( ) = 0
5
y = 3m
4
TED ( ) = 833.333
5

833.333 TED = 1041.666 KN

RAy
833.333 REx=833.333
5
5 3 TED=1041.666
3 TED 4
REy 4 REy
x = 4m ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
3
REy - 1041.666 ( ) = 0
5
y = 3m REy= 625 KN
Consider the whole Truss system

833.333 ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

RAy + REy – 100 - 800 = 0

RAy
RAy + 625– 100 - 800 = 0
RAy = 275 KN
 Using method of members for bar ABC:
FCD
FAD
𝟏𝟑
3
A B C
2
833.333

x = 4m 275 2m 4m 800
100
FCD
෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 0
y = 3m 3 𝟏𝟑
3
2 100 (2) + 800(6) – FCD( )(−6) = 0
13
833.333 18
FCD( )= 5000
13
2m
275
FCD = 1001.542 KN
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