This document provides an overview of topics in mathematics including calculus, linear algebra, real analysis, complex analysis, ordinary differential equations, algebra, functional analysis, numerical analysis, partial differential equations, topology, and linear programming. Key concepts in calculus include functions of multiple variables, derivatives, integrals, and optimization. Linear algebra covers vector spaces, linear transformations, matrices, and inner product spaces. Real and complex analysis involve continuity, differentiation, integration, and series. Differential equations, algebra, and functional analysis present additional fundamental mathematical structures and theories. Numerical analysis provides numerical methods for solving equations and integrals. Partial differential equations, topology, and linear programming round out the wide-ranging mathematical concepts summarized.
This document provides an overview of topics in mathematics including calculus, linear algebra, real analysis, complex analysis, ordinary differential equations, algebra, functional analysis, numerical analysis, partial differential equations, topology, and linear programming. Key concepts in calculus include functions of multiple variables, derivatives, integrals, and optimization. Linear algebra covers vector spaces, linear transformations, matrices, and inner product spaces. Real and complex analysis involve continuity, differentiation, integration, and series. Differential equations, algebra, and functional analysis present additional fundamental mathematical structures and theories. Numerical analysis provides numerical methods for solving equations and integrals. Partial differential equations, topology, and linear programming round out the wide-ranging mathematical concepts summarized.
This document provides an overview of topics in mathematics including calculus, linear algebra, real analysis, complex analysis, ordinary differential equations, algebra, functional analysis, numerical analysis, partial differential equations, topology, and linear programming. Key concepts in calculus include functions of multiple variables, derivatives, integrals, and optimization. Linear algebra covers vector spaces, linear transformations, matrices, and inner product spaces. Real and complex analysis involve continuity, differentiation, integration, and series. Differential equations, algebra, and functional analysis present additional fundamental mathematical structures and theories. Numerical analysis provides numerical methods for solving equations and integrals. Partial differential equations, topology, and linear programming round out the wide-ranging mathematical concepts summarized.
This document provides an overview of topics in mathematics including calculus, linear algebra, real analysis, complex analysis, ordinary differential equations, algebra, functional analysis, numerical analysis, partial differential equations, topology, and linear programming. Key concepts in calculus include functions of multiple variables, derivatives, integrals, and optimization. Linear algebra covers vector spaces, linear transformations, matrices, and inner product spaces. Real and complex analysis involve continuity, differentiation, integration, and series. Differential equations, algebra, and functional analysis present additional fundamental mathematical structures and theories. Numerical analysis provides numerical methods for solving equations and integrals. Partial differential equations, topology, and linear programming round out the wide-ranging mathematical concepts summarized.
Calculus: Functions of two or more variables, continuity, directional derivatives, partial
derivatives, total derivative, maxima and minima, saddle point, method of Lagrange’s multipliers; Double and Triple integrals and their applications to area, volume and surface area; Vector Calculus: gradient, divergence and curl, Line integrals and Surface integrals, Green’s theorem, Stokes’ theorem, and Gauss divergence theorem.
Linear Algebra: Finite dimensional vector spaces over real or complex fields; Linear transformations and their matrix representations, rank and nullity; systems of linear equations, characteristic polynomial, eigen values and eigen vectors, diagonalization, minimal polynomial, Cayley-Hamilton Theorem, Finite dimensional inner product spaces, Gram- Schmidt orthonormalization process, symmetric, skew-symmetric, Hermitian, skew-Hermitian, normal, orthogonal and unitary matrices; diagonalization by a unitary matrix, Jordan canonical form; bilinear and quadratic forms.
Real Analysis: Metric spaces, connectedness, compactness, completeness; Sequences and
series of functions, uniform convergence, Ascoli-Arzela theorem; Weierstrass approximation theorem; contraction mapping principle, Power series; Differentiation of functions of several variables, Inverse and Implicit function theorems; Lebesgue measure on the real line, measurable functions; Lebesgue integral, Fatou’s lemma, monotone convergence theorem, dominated convergence theorem.
Complex Analysis: Functions of a complex variable: continuity, differentiability, analytic
functions, harmonic functions; Complex integration: Cauchy’s integral theorem and formula; Liouville’s theorem, maximum modulus principle, Morera’s theorem; zeros and singularities; Power series, radius of convergence, Taylor’s series and Laurent’s series; Residue theorem and applications for evaluating real integrals; Rouche’s theorem, Argument principle, Schwarz lemma; Conformal mappings, Mobius transformations.
Ordinary Differential equations: First order ordinary differential equations, existence and uniqueness theorems for initial value problems, linear ordinary differential equations of higher order with constant coefficients; Second order linear ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients; Cauchy-Euler equation, method of Laplace transforms for solving ordinary differential equations, series solutions (power series, Frobenius method); Legendre and Bessel functions and their orthogonal properties; Systems of linear first order ordinary differential equations, Sturm's oscillation and separation theorems, Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue problems, Planar autonomous systems of ordinary differential equations: Stability of stationary points for linear systems with constant coefficients, Linearized stability, Lyapunov functions.
Algebra: Groups, subgroups, normal subgroups, quotient groups, homomorphisms,
automorphisms; cyclic groups, permutation groups, Group action, Sylow’s theorems and their applications; Rings, ideals, prime and maximal ideals, quotient rings, unique factorization domains, Principle ideal domains, Euclidean domains, polynomial rings, Eisenstein’s irreducibility criterion; Fields, finite fields, field extensions, algebraic extensions, algebraically closed fields
Functional Analysis: Normed linear spaces, Banach spaces, Hahn-Banach theorem, open mapping and closed graph theorems, principle of uniform boundedness; Inner-product spaces, Hilbert spaces, orthonormal bases, projection theorem, Riesz representation theorem, spectral theorem for compact self-adjoint operators.
Numerical Analysis: Systems of linear equations: Direct methods (Gaussian elimination, LU
decomposition, Cholesky factorization), Iterative methods (Gauss-Seidel and Jacobi) and their convergence for diagonally dominant coefficient matrices; Numerical solutions of nonlinear equations: bisection method, secant method, Newton-Raphson method, fixed point iteration; Interpolation: Lagrange and Newton forms of interpolating polynomial, Error in polynomial interpolation of a function; Numerical differentiation and error, Numerical integration: Trapezoidal and Simpson rules, Newton-Cotes integration formulas, composite rules, mathematical errors involved in numerical integration formulae; Numerical solution of initial value problems for ordinary differential equations: Methods of Euler, Runge-Kutta method of order 2.
Partial Differential Equations: Method of characteristics for first order linear and quasilinear partial differential equations; Second order partial differential equations in two independent variables: classification and canonical forms, method of separation of variables for Laplace equation in Cartesian and polar coordinates, heat and wave equations in one space variable; Wave equation: Cauchy problem and d'Alembert formula, domains of dependence and influence, non-homogeneous wave equation; Heat equation: Cauchy problem; Laplace and Fourier transform methods.
Topology: Basic concepts of topology, bases, subbases, subspace topology, order topology, product topology, quotient topology, metric topology, connectedness, compactness, countability and separation axioms, Urysohn’s Lemma.
Linear Programming: Linear programming models, convex sets, extreme points; Basic feasible solution, graphical method, simplex method, two phase methods, revised simplex method ; Infeasible and unbounded linear programming models, alternate optima; Duality theory, weak duality and strong duality; Balanced and unbalanced transportation problems, Initial basic feasible solution of balanced transportation problems (least cost method, north- west corner rule, Vogel’s approximation method); Optimal solution, modified distribution method; Solving assignment problems, Hungarian method.
