Science Module Form 1 Chapter 1
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE
1.1 WHAT IS SCIENCE?
Definition Science is the systematic study of nature and how it affects us and the environment. Science covers broad field of knowledge that deals with observed facts and the relationship among those facts.
Importance of Science
Improve our standard of living. Improve quality of environment. Understand the world around us. Prevention and treatment of diseases. Increase food supply
Areas of science
Biology Study of living things. Physics Study of matter, energy, force and motion and the way they relate to each other. Chemistry Study of composition, properties, reactions and uses of substances. Geology Study of rocks and minerals. Astronomy Study of universe. Meteorology Study of weather.
Career in science
a) Doctors c) Pharmacists e) Chemists g) Physicists i) Microbiologists
b) Engineers d) Teachers f) Architects h) Astronauts j) Computer experts
Prepared By : Abiana Bt. Jaafar(GCSC)
e-mail : abianajaafar@yahoo.com
Science Module Form 1 Chapter 1
Review 1 : What is Science
1. What is science ? _____________________________________________________ 2. Name three natural phenomena that bring about bad effects to living things. (a) __________________________________________________ (b) __________________________________________________ (c) __________________________________________________ 3. List three benefits of science to our lives (a) __________________________________________________ (b) __________________________________________________ (c) __________________________________________________ 4. State three main branches of study in science. (a) __________________________________________________ (b) __________________________________________________ (c) __________________________________________________ 5. Give five examples of career that related to science. (a) __________________________________________________ (b) __________________________________________________ (c) __________________________________________________ (d) __________________________________________________ (e) __________________________________________________
Prepared By : Abiana Bt. Jaafar(GCSC)
e-mail : abianajaafar@yahoo.com
Science Module Form 1 Chapter 1
1.2 SAFETY RULES AND APPARATUS IN THE LABORATORY
Laboratory Safety Rules
Do not enter the laboratory without teachers permission. Do not take anything out of the laboratory. Read all the instruction before start any work Read the label on a reagent bottle before using its content Do not taste or smell any chemical Do not eat or drink in the laboratory Do not run and play at the laboratory Do not throw solid waste into the sink. Do not pour any unused chemical into its bottle. Clean apparatus that you have used.
Prepared By : Abiana Bt. Jaafar(GCSC)
e-mail : abianajaafar@yahoo.com
Science Module Form 1 Chapter 1
Hazard Warning Symbols
Prepared By : Abiana Bt. Jaafar(GCSC)
e-mail : abianajaafar@yahoo.com
Science Module Form 1 Chapter 1
Common Laboratory Apparatus Apparatus Use
To hold liquids or chemicals
Test tube
Beaker
To hold liquids or chemicals.
Retort stand and clamp
Hold apparatus while carrying out experiments.
Gas jar
To collect gas
Conical flask
To hold liquids and chemicals
Prepared By : Abiana Bt. Jaafar(GCSC)
e-mail : abianajaafar@yahoo.com
Science Module Form 1 Chapter 1
Apparatus
Use
Filter mixture of solids and liquids
Filter funnel
Measuring cylinder
To measure the volume of solutions .
Evaporating dish
To evaporate liquids from a solution.
Tripod stand and wire gauze
Support apparatus during heating
Bunsen burner
To provide a flame
Prepared By : Abiana Bt. Jaafar(GCSC)
e-mail : abianajaafar@yahoo.com
Science Module Form 1 Chapter 1
Apparatus
Use
To measure small volume of liquid
Burette
Pipette
To measure a fixed volume of liquids.
Round-bottomed flask
To hold liquids or chemicals.
Flat-bottomed flask
To hold liquids or chemicals.
Crucible
To hold solids for strong heating over a flame.
Prepared By : Abiana Bt. Jaafar(GCSC)
e-mail : abianajaafar@yahoo.com
Science Module Form 1 Chapter 1
Review 2 : Safety Rules and Apparatuus
1. What action that should take when chemical get into your eyes? ______________________________________________________________ 2. Name the following apparatus and state its function. Apparatus Name Use
Prepared By : Abiana Bt. Jaafar(GCSC)
e-mail : abianajaafar@yahoo.com
Science Module Form 1 Chapter 1
3. Complete the table below Hazard Warning Symbol Meaning Example
Prepared By : Abiana Bt. Jaafar(GCSC)
e-mail : abianajaafar@yahoo.com
Science Module Form 1 Chapter 1
1.3 SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
PREPARE REPORT
IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM
MAKE A SMART GUESS (HYPHOTHESIS)
PLANNING THE EXPERIMENT MAKE CONCLUSION SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION CONTROLLING VARIABLES INTERPRET DATA ANALYSE DATA COLLECTING DATA
Prepared By : Abiana Bt. Jaafar(GCSC)
10
e-mail : abianajaafar@yahoo.com
Science Module Form 1 Chapter 1
Review 3 : Steps In Scientific Investigation 1. Complete the following steps in scientific investigation. Step 1:
Step 2: Making a hypothesis
Step 3:
Step 4: Planning the experiment
Step 5:
Step 6:
Step 7:
Step 8: Writing a report
2. In the pendulum experiment, state the (a) Manipulated variable : _________________________________________ (b) Responding variable : ________________________________________ (c) Constant variable : ________________________________________
Prepared By : Abiana Bt. Jaafar(GCSC)
11
e-mail : abianajaafar@yahoo.com
Science Module Form 1 Chapter 1
1.4 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND THEIR UNITS
DEFINATION Quantities that can be measured.
Physical Quantities Length Mass Time Temperature Electric current Prefixe Tera Giga Mega Kilo Hecto Deca Deci Centi Milli Micro Nano Pico Femto
SI Units Metre Kilogram Second Kelvin Ampere
Unit Symbols m kg s K A
Symbol T G M k h da d c m n p f
Value of the symbol X 1012 X 109 X 106 X 103 X 102 X 101 X 10-1 X 10-2 X 10-3 X 10-6 X 10-9 X 10-12 X 10-15
Multification Factor X 1 000 000 000 000 X 1 000 000 000 X 1 000 000 X 1 000 X 10 X 10 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.000001 0.000 000 001 0.000 000 000 001 0.000 000 000 000 001
1 cm = 10mm 1m = 100 cm = 1 000 mm 1 km = 1 000 m = 100 00 cm
Value of physical quantity 2 000 000 000 A 8 000 000 m 5 000 g 0.02m 0.005m 0.000007s
Prefix form 2 GA 8 Mm 5 kg 2 cm 5 mm 7 s
Prepared By : Abiana Bt. Jaafar(GCSC)
12
e-mail : abianajaafar@yahoo.com
Science Module Form 1 Chapter 1
Review 4 : Physical Quantities and Their Units 1. State 5 physical quantities and their SI unit .
Physical quantity
S.I unit
Symbol
2. Change the value of the physical quantity given to the standard form and the prefix form. Value of physical quantity 1 000 m 0.03 m 5 000 000 m 0.000 008 m 0.006 m 3. Change the values of the physical quantities to the prefix forms. (a) 5 000 g = ___________ kg (b) 0.008 kg = ___________ g (c) 7 500 g = ___________ kg (d) 5 500 m = ___________ km (e) 200 m = ___________ km (f) 0.03 m = ____________ cm Standard form Prefix form
Prepared By : Abiana Bt. Jaafar(GCSC)
13
e-mail : abianajaafar@yahoo.com
Science Module Form 1 Chapter 1
1.5 THE CONCEPT OF MASS
Weight The pull of the Earth on an object. The force that pulls of body towards the centre of the Earth is called gravitational force. The weight of an object may change in different places. Types of tools for measuring weight : - Spring balance - Compression balance The S.I unit : Newton (N) Mass
The quantity of matter in an object. The mass of an object is constant and not affected by gravitational force. Types of tools for measuring mass : - Lever balance - Triple beam balance - Electronic balance The S.I unit : Kilogram (kg)
Various balances for measuring mass and weight
Lever alance balance
Triple beam balance
Electronic balance
Compression balance
Spring balance 14
e-mail : abianajaafar@yahoo.com
Prepared By : Abiana Bt. Jaafar(GCSC)
Science Module Form 1 Chapter 1
Review 5 : The Concept of Mass 1. State the definition of : (a) Mass : _____________________________________________________ (b) Weight : ____________________________________________________ 2. State the S.I unit for : (a) Mass : _____________________________________________________ (b) Weight : ____________________________________________________ 3. State two example of tools to measure : (a) Mass : _____________________________________________________ (b) Weight : ____________________________________________________ 4. Complete the following table. On Earth 78kg 780N On Moon In Outer Space
Mass Weight
5. Name the balances. State whether it is used to measure the mass or weight of an object.
____________________ ____________________
__________________ __________________
________________ ________________
Prepared By : Abiana Bt. Jaafar(GCSC)
15
e-mail : abianajaafar@yahoo.com
Science Module Form 1 Chapter 1
1.6 THE USE OF MEASURING TOOLS
Measuring Length
Length is the distance between two points. The SI unit is metre (m). Other units that can be used for length : o kilometer (km) o centimeter (cm) o millimeter (mm) The relationship between the units of length 1cm = 10mm 1m = 100 cm = 1 000 mm 1 km = 1 000 m = 100 000 cm Instruments for measuring length ; o Metre rule to measure short straight line. o Measuring tapes to measure distances of up to several hundred metres. o Internal calipers - to measure the internal diameter. o External calipers to measure the external diameter. o Vernier calipers to measure the internal diameter, external diameter and the depth of an object. o Micrometer screw gauge When taking a reading, the eye must be placed vertically above the mark of scale to avoid parallax error. Parallax error an error in measurement due to the eye not being correct position while taking a reading.
Vernier callipers
Micrometer screw gauge
Prepared By : Abiana Bt. Jaafar(GCSC)
16
e-mail : abianajaafar@yahoo.com
Science Module Form 1 Chapter 1
Measuring Area
Area is measure of the amount of a surface. Its SI unit is square meters (m2). Other units that can be used for area Square kilometers (km2) Square centimeters (cm2) Square millimeters (mm2) The relationship between the units of area 1cm2 = 100mm2 1m2 = 10 000 cm2 1 km2 = 1 000 000m2 The areas of regular-shaped object can be calculated by using mathematical formulae. The areas of irregular- shaped object can be estimated by tracing the object on a graph paper and counting the number of completed, half- completed or more than halfcompleted squares.
Prepared By : Abiana Bt. Jaafar(GCSC)
17
e-mail : abianajaafar@yahoo.com
Science Module Form 1 Chapter 1
Measuring Volume
Volume is a measure of the space occupied by a substances. Its SI unit is cubic meters (m3). Other units that can be used for volume Cubic millimeters (mm3) cubic centimeters (cm3) Milliliters (ml). Liters (l). The relationship between the units of area 1ml = 1cm3 1l = 1 000 ml = 1 000cm3 1 m3 = 1 000 000ml = 1 000 000 cm3 Tools for measuring volume of liquid: Measuring cylinder Burette Pipette The volume of regular-shaped solid objects can be calculated by using formulae. The volume of irregular-shaped solid objects can be measured by using water displacement method.
Prepared By : Abiana Bt. Jaafar(GCSC)
18
e-mail : abianajaafar@yahoo.com
Science Module Form 1 Chapter 1
Review 6 : The Use of Measuring Tools
1. Complete these following table: Quantities
a. Area
SI Unit
Tools/Method
b. Volume of liquids
c. Volume of irregular shapes
d. Volume of regular shapes
e. curved line
f. short straight line
2. State the function of : (a) Vernier caliper : ______________________________________________ (b) Opisometer : ______________________________________________ 3. What is the parallax error ? ______________________________________________________________ 4. Why do we need to take reading for 3 times ? ______________________________________________________________
Prepared By : Abiana Bt. Jaafar(GCSC)
19
e-mail : abianajaafar@yahoo.com
