DARRELL ER (COPYRIGHTED) ©

DARRELL ER (COPYRIGHTED)

TOPIC 2.3 - 2.5:

CHEMICAL BONDING
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THE ABOUT

TIME

CHAPTER
ANALYSIS EXAM

WEIGHTAGE
ELEMENTS,
COMPOUNDS,
MIXTURE
Elements Compound Mixture

Formation Naturally found Combined using chemical Combined using physical

methods methods
Separation Cannot be separated further Separation by chemical methods Separation by physical methods
technique (Decomposition, electrolysis,
reduction with carbon) (separation techniques)
Composition Exist by itself or in diatomic Fixed ratio Any ratio
molecule form for gases such
as H2 or O2.

Melting Point / Fixed MP & BP Fixed MP & BP Melts and boils over a range of
Boiling Point temperature

*A compound is a subset of a molecule, but a molecule does not need to be a compound.

Definition of a molecule is when 2 or more atoms chemically combined. Understanding

the term
An element can also exist as a diatomic molecule. (N2, O2, H2) ‘molecule’

A compound is defined as 2 or more elements chemically combined, hence a compound must be a molecule.
ELEMENTS,
COMPOUNDS,
MIXTURE

*A compound is a subset of a molecule, but a molecule does not need to be a compound.

Definition of a molecule is when 2 or more atoms chemically combined. Understanding

the term
An element can also exist as a diatomic molecule. (N2, O2, H2) ‘molecule’

A compound is defined as 2 or more elements chemically combined, hence a compound must be a molecule.
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MUST KNOW
BASICS

Why are chemical bonds formed?

Atoms of elements strive for stability by achieving a stable electronic configuration (2,8,8). This is by
forming chemical bonds with other atoms.

The formation of chemical bonds can be done by transferring electrons, sharing electrons or
forming a metal lattice.

Non-metal atoms, such as the Group VII halogens, would form ionic bonds with metal atoms. They can
also form covalent bonds with other non-metal atoms.

Metal atoms can also form metallic bonds with other metal atoms.

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COVALENT
2 types of bonds

IONIC
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KEY CONCEPT

IONIC BONDS
METAL ION + NON-METAL ION
GIANT IONIC LATTICE STRUCTURE
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Recall:

Cation: positively charged ion

 t = ‘+’ sign, positive

Anion: negatively charged ion

KEY CONCEPT
IONIC BONDS  n = negative

Ionic bonds are formed between metals and non-metals.

The transfer of electron from the metal to the non-metal would allow both atoms to have complete
valence shells and to attain a stable electronic configuration.

The metal would become a cation while the non-metal would become the anion.

Ionic bond formed is the forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.

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GIANT IONIC LATTICE STRUCTURE

Ionic compounds have a giant ionic lattice

structure that is held together by strong
electrostatic forces of attraction between
oppositely charged ions.

Naming convention: (Cation)(Anion) eg: Sodium Chloride

GIANT IONIC
LATTICE
STRUCTURE
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ADVANCED High melting and boiling points

Ionic compounds usually have high melting and boiling points. (<1000 Degree Celsius)

These ions are held together by strong ionic bonds which require a huge amount of
energy to overcome.

giant Solubility
Ionic compounds are soluble in water because the partially charged (polar) water

ionic molecules can attract the ions, causing disruption to the ionic lattice structure.

This results in the ions separating and dissolving in the solution.

lattice
Physical properties
Electrical conductivity
- High MP & BP To conduct electricity, there needs to be the presence of mobile charge carriers.
- Soluble in water
- Able to conduct electricity in molten & aqueous state In its solid state, as the ions are all held tightly in place, ionic compounds in solid
state do not have the ability to conduct electricity.
- Poor conductor of heat
- Not volatile (does not evaporate easily) However, when in molten or aqueous state, the ions are able to move freely, able to
- Strong act as mobile charge carriers to conduct electricity.

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KEY CONCEPT

COVALENT BONDS
SIMPLE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
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KEY CONCEPT
COVALENT BONDS
Covalent bonds are formed between non-metal & non-metal atoms.

A covalent bond is defined as the electrostatic force of attraction between the nuclei of the atoms
and the shared electrons.

To attain a stable electronic configuration, the two atoms share their valence electrons so that they
can both attain stable and full valence shells.

Covalent bond is formed from the sharing of electrons.

Examples:

Methane Compound: Water Compound: Chlorine molecule:

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SIMPLE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

Covalent compounds that are made up of small,

discrete molecules have simple molecular structures.

Between the small molecules, they are held together

by weak intermolecular forces of attraction, AKA
van der Waals’ forces.

These weak intermolecular forces can be overcome

easily, hence they have low melting and boiling
points.

However, atoms within the molecules itself are held

together by strong covalent bonds.

GIANT IONIC
LATTICE
STRUCTURE
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SIMPLE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

For example, ammonia has a simple molecular structure.

These ammonia molecules experience weak intermolecular forces of

attraction between other ammonia molecules. Hence, they have low
melting point & boiling point.

HOWEVER, within the ammonia molecules are strong covalent bonds that
holds together a single nitrogen atom and three hydrogen atoms.

TAKE NOTE!

Are covalent bonds strong? Yes, very strong.

Then why the low MP & BP? Because it is the weak intermolecular forces
that are being overcame.
GIANT IONIC For example, it is easy to change the state of water (melting/boiling) but
extremely difficult to break a water molecule back into the individual

LATTICE hydrogen and oxygen atoms, as that would involve breaking the strong
covalent bonds.

STRUCTURE Covalent bonds & intermolecular forces of attraction are different

things!!!
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ADVANCED
Low melting and boiling points
The molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces of attraction.

Melting or boiling only requires the breaking of the weak intermolecular forces between
molecules, and not breaking the covalent bonds within the molecule itself.

Hence, little energy is needed to overcome the weak intermolecular forces,

resulting in low melting and boiling points.

simple Solubility
Most simple molecular substances are soluble in organic (non-polar) solvents.

molecular Simple molecular substances are insoluble in water.

structure
Physical properties

Electrical conductivity & Thermal conductivity

- Low MP & BP (usually exist as gas or liquid state at rtp)
- Insoluble in water Simple molecular substances are unable to conduct electricity due to the absence
- Unable to conduct electricity in any state of mobile charged carriers (electrons or ions).
- Poor conductors of heat
They are also poor conductors of heat.
- Highly Volatile

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